NEURO 277: Exam 1
mPFC
- stimulated by BLA efferents + cholinergic pathways from NBM - has ability to inhibit amygdala
Low input res is sent directly to ___________, other info is sent to ____________________ to be processed then sent to the _______________---
- the BLA - higher sensory regions - amygdala
the amygdala drives
- Hypothalamus - Brainstem - Substantia innominata - Insula - Hippocampal formation - Prefrontal cortex
Bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST)
- Identical neurons to CeA, also gets signals from BLA - Projects to hypothalamus, brainstem - Generally results in heightened arousal and vigilance
Panic disorder circuitry
0. Decreased PFC activity, trait marker 1. Insula 2. Amygdala
MDD: amygdala ______activity to negative stimuli and _______activity to positive stimuli.
-hyper -hypo
William's Syndrome -- nonsocial stimuli: Amygdala ______activity PFC ______activity
-hyper -hypo
William's Syndrome -- social stimuli: Amygdala _____activity PFC _____activity
-hypo -hyper
Thalamus and sensory cortices
Auditory -- medial geniculate nucleus Somatosensory -- ventral posterior nucleus Visual -- pulvinar
Nuclei in the amygdala
1. Basolateral complex (BLA): Receives sensory input of thalamus, HF, PFC 2. Central nucleus of amygdala (CeA): 3. ICMs:
What is special about the parabrachial nerve?
Afferents to amygdala about nociceptive stimuli
In disorders, the ______ is shouting and the _____ is not listening.
Amygdala; PFC
Hippocampal lesions for fear learning
Conditioned response is still present
Fear _____________ dominates over fear _______________
Conditioning over extinction
____ often precedes MDD
GAD
_____ CU, amygdala _____activity, callousness
High, hypo
What is the hypothalamus inhibited by?
Hippocampal formation (drives negative feedback of PVN)
________activity in the vlPFC implicates a trait-like anxiety, regardless of mood episode.
Hypoactivity
PTSD is about failure of fear ______________ not fear ___________________
Extinction, not conditioning
What did early studies of ASD not consider?
Eye gaze
What is the dominant emotional state in ASD?
Fear
Post-diagnosis of PTSD
Decrease functional connectivity between HF and mPFC
_____ pupils increase amygdala activity
Dilated
What sense bypasses the thalamus and goes straight to the BLA?
Olfaction
Amygdala lesions for fear learning
Patients still remember experiments
Predictive of PTSD
Increased amygdala activity
lPFC
VENTRAL: reappraisal DORSAL: planning
Anatomically continuous with CeA
Substantia innominata
Increased ________ is unique to currently depressed individuals.
dmPFC
PTSD (amygdala, HF, mPFC)
high, low, low
William's Syndrome -- positive faces amygdala _____activity
hyper
William's Syndrome -- negative faces amygdala ______activity
hypo
Patients comorbid GAD and MDD show unique _______ hypoactivity
vlPFC
Main components of the CL circuit
1. Thalamus 2. Amygdala 3. Hypothalamus 4. Brainstem 5. Substantia Innominata 6. Insula 7. Hippocampal formation 8. Prefrontal cortex
Which universal facial expressions elicit amygdala responses?
- Anger - Fear - Possible surprise - Blank face (unknown person)
Greatest amygdala activity for what combination of emotional expression and gaze
- Anger, averted - Fear, directed
Nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM)
- Releases ACH -- cholinergic potentiation - Targets: insula, HF, PFC, poserior fusiform gyrus
Subpopulations of substantia innominata
1. Nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) 2. Bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST)
BNST lacks _______ inhibition
ICM
_____ sclera results in increased amygdala activity
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