NEURO 277: Exam 1

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mPFC

- stimulated by BLA efferents + cholinergic pathways from NBM - has ability to inhibit amygdala

Low input res is sent directly to ___________, other info is sent to ____________________ to be processed then sent to the _______________---

- the BLA - higher sensory regions - amygdala

the amygdala drives

- Hypothalamus - Brainstem - Substantia innominata - Insula - Hippocampal formation - Prefrontal cortex

Bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST)

- Identical neurons to CeA, also gets signals from BLA - Projects to hypothalamus, brainstem - Generally results in heightened arousal and vigilance

Panic disorder circuitry

0. Decreased PFC activity, trait marker 1. Insula 2. Amygdala

MDD: amygdala ______activity to negative stimuli and _______activity to positive stimuli.

-hyper -hypo

William's Syndrome -- nonsocial stimuli: Amygdala ______activity PFC ______activity

-hyper -hypo

William's Syndrome -- social stimuli: Amygdala _____activity PFC _____activity

-hypo -hyper

Thalamus and sensory cortices

Auditory -- medial geniculate nucleus Somatosensory -- ventral posterior nucleus Visual -- pulvinar

Nuclei in the amygdala

1. Basolateral complex (BLA): Receives sensory input of thalamus, HF, PFC 2. Central nucleus of amygdala (CeA): 3. ICMs:

What is special about the parabrachial nerve?

Afferents to amygdala about nociceptive stimuli

In disorders, the ______ is shouting and the _____ is not listening.

Amygdala; PFC

Hippocampal lesions for fear learning

Conditioned response is still present

Fear _____________ dominates over fear _______________

Conditioning over extinction

____ often precedes MDD

GAD

_____ CU, amygdala _____activity, callousness

High, hypo

What is the hypothalamus inhibited by?

Hippocampal formation (drives negative feedback of PVN)

________activity in the vlPFC implicates a trait-like anxiety, regardless of mood episode.

Hypoactivity

PTSD is about failure of fear ______________ not fear ___________________

Extinction, not conditioning

What did early studies of ASD not consider?

Eye gaze

What is the dominant emotional state in ASD?

Fear

Post-diagnosis of PTSD

Decrease functional connectivity between HF and mPFC

_____ pupils increase amygdala activity

Dilated

What sense bypasses the thalamus and goes straight to the BLA?

Olfaction

Amygdala lesions for fear learning

Patients still remember experiments

Predictive of PTSD

Increased amygdala activity

lPFC

VENTRAL: reappraisal DORSAL: planning

Anatomically continuous with CeA

Substantia innominata

Increased ________ is unique to currently depressed individuals.

dmPFC

PTSD (amygdala, HF, mPFC)

high, low, low

William's Syndrome -- positive faces amygdala _____activity

hyper

William's Syndrome -- negative faces amygdala ______activity

hypo

Patients comorbid GAD and MDD show unique _______ hypoactivity

vlPFC

Main components of the CL circuit

1. Thalamus 2. Amygdala 3. Hypothalamus 4. Brainstem 5. Substantia Innominata 6. Insula 7. Hippocampal formation 8. Prefrontal cortex

Which universal facial expressions elicit amygdala responses?

- Anger - Fear - Possible surprise - Blank face (unknown person)

Greatest amygdala activity for what combination of emotional expression and gaze

- Anger, averted - Fear, directed

Nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM)

- Releases ACH -- cholinergic potentiation - Targets: insula, HF, PFC, poserior fusiform gyrus

Subpopulations of substantia innominata

1. Nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) 2. Bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST)

BNST lacks _______ inhibition

ICM

_____ sclera results in increased amygdala activity

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