Neuro Exam 1

what are chromosomes composed of

DNA

chemically, what is the route from genes to their expression

DNA to RNA to proteins

chemicals known as ____ and _____ guide neuron migration

immunoglobulins; chemokines

diaschisis refers to the

increase in activity of neurons surrounding a damaged area

a group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. what term refers to this group of structures

limbic system

after cells have developed into neurons or glia, they

migrate

the cerebellum contributes to the control of what function

movement

changes in single genes are called _____

mutations

which part of the cerebral cortex is most important for the sense of touch

parietal lobe

together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the _____ nervous system

peripheral

continuing sensation of an amputated body part is called

phantom limb

proliferation is the

production of new cells

nerve growth factor (NGF)

promotes the survival and growth of the axon

color blindness is an example of a

sex linked recessive trait

in humans, myelination first occurs in the

spinal cord

brain cells that are neither neurons nor glia, but which are capable of dividing and then differentiating into neurons or glia, are called

stem cells

you are walking after dark. a sudden noise frightens you. your heart pounds, your pulse races, and your breathing rate increases. these responses are due to your _____

sympathetic nervous system

which of the following brain areas or systems is correctly paired with its behavior function

sympathetic nervous system - fight or flight behaviors

fetal exposure to nicotine or alcohol has a high chance of distorting brain development. these chemicals are considered to be

teratogens

the basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies that are lateral to the _____

thalamus

which structure provides the main source of input to the cerebral cortex

thalamus

a relevant example of brain plasticity is

that you can make new connections between neurons throughout your life

in general, sex-limited genes are located on ____

the X chromosome

an electroencephalograph measures _____

the average activity of the cells in a given region of the cortex

an independent variable is a condition or event that

the experimenter varies or manipulates to see its effect on the dependent variable

according to the bell-magendie law

ventral roots carry motor information while dorsal roots carry sensory information

found in the midbrain, the superior colliculus is to ____ as inferior colliculus is to ____

vision; hearing

computerized axial tomography creates an image from ____

x-rays

damage to the basal ganglia would most likely result in _____

a movement disorder

Breeding some animals selectively because they possess some desirable characteristic is called ____.

artificial selection

which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs

autonomic

when developing neurons differentiate their

axon grows before the dendrites sprout

the central nervous system is composed of the _______

brain and spinal cord

what structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain

brain stem

a sharp blow to the head resulting from an assault or trauma that does not actually puncture the brain is called a

closed head injury

myelination in the human brain

continues well into the adult years

if one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ______ to each other

contralateral

the medulla controls a number of reflexes through _____

cranial nerves

a cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is ______

densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites

what is the process called when a primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon

differentiation

which statement is true with respect to evolution

evolutionary success is assessed by the number of one's offspring surviving to reproduce

the field of epigenetics deals with how

experiences can turn genes on or off

which technique measures brain activity by detecting the release of oxygen from hemoglobin molecules

fMRI

the ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all _____

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

which of the following is not one of the many ways that genes can affect behavior

genes can act indirectly by making it more likely you will be raised in a particular environment

As the neural tube sinks under the surface of the skin, the forward end enlarges and differentiates into the

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

an individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. the brain area most likely damaged is the _____

hippocampus

recessive genes manifest their effects only when the individual is _____ for them

homozygous

which plane, or slice through the brain, shows brain structures as they would be seen from above (looking down on the brain)

horizontal

an impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure

hypothalamus