Neuroscience Exam 1 Chapter 1-4
Donald Hebb
"Cells that fire together wire together"
Behaviors contribute to
"fitness"
Humans have
23 pairs of chromosomes, with an allele on each chromosome
when did Homosapiens emerge
275,000 years ago
Release of Neurotransmitters
AP arrives at terminal buttons, Voltage-gated calcium channels open, Ca++ enters, Synaptic vesicles fuse and empty contents (exocytosis)
Depolarized
Action Potential: - 65 to - 50 mv
Evolution of Amphibians
Bony fishes leave the water. Advantages: Fresh water and New food sources
Evolution of Vertebrates
Chordates have dorsal nerve cords and Vertebrates have spinal bones
Minnesota Twin Study
Correlations on complex human traits and behaviors
Pure research
Curiosity of the researcherFocus on basic concepts
The idea that the human brain and human mind are separate entities was formalized in the 1600s by
Descartes.
Evolution of Mammals
Develop mammary glands to nurture young, Raise young in mother's body, Humans emerge from the order primates
Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules
Diffusion of neurotransmitter, Binding to receptors,
Somatic nervous system
Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body
EPSP
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential, increase
examples of fitness (obvious)
Finding food and Avoiding predation
Advantages of Humans Subjects
Follow Directions, Report Subjective Experience, Less Expensive, Human Brain
Darwin presented 3 kinds of evidence
Fossil records, Structural similarities, Selective breeding
The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing "The Organization of Behavior" is
Hebb
Emergence of Humankind
Humans belong to family hominids, genus Homo, First homo species emerged from Australopithecus 4 million years ago,
Microglia
Immune system responsibilities, Role in cell death, synapse formation, and synapse elimination
IPSP
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential, decrease
Concentration gradient
Ions want to move away from high numbers of same
Velocity of axonal conduction
Larger/myelinated are fastest
Evolution of Reptiles
Lay shell-covered eggs; covered by dry scales-Can live far from water
Conduction in myelinated axons
Nodes of Ranvier, Saltatory conduction, Faster transmission, Requires less energy
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the
PNS and the CNS.
Threshold
Point of summation where action potential is triggered
Electric gradient
Positively charged ions want to equalize charge on other side of membrane
Glial Cells
Provide support for neurons to grow on and around, Deliver nutrients to neurons, Produce myelin to coat axons, Clean up waste products and dead neurons
Heritability Estimates
Range between 40 and 80 percent
Hyperpolarized
Refractory Period - 75 to - 95 mv
Polarized
Resting Potential: - 70 mv
Two Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Deactivation in Synapses
Reuptake and Enzymatic Degradation
CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to
Schwann cells
Neuroscience
Scientific study of how the brain and neurochemicals effect behavior
Advantages of Nonhuman Subjects
Simpler Nervous SystemsComparative ApproachFewer Ethical Constraints
Not so obvious examples
Social dominance and Courtship displays
Astroglia
Support and provide nourishment, Form blood-brain barrier, Send signals, Establish and maintain connections
Small-molecule neurotransmitters
Synthesized in cytoplasm & Packaged by Golgi
Large-molecule neurotransmitters
Synthesized in soma by ribosomes & Carried down microtubules
Neuron
The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system
Blood-Brain Barrier
Tightly packed cells, Protects brain, Active transport for large molecules
Applied Research
Use basic research to answer specific problems
Experiments
Used for cause and effect relationshipsBetween subjects designWithin subjects designIndependent variablesDependent variablesConfounding variables
Case Studies
Used when conditions are rareSingle-subject designQuestionable generalizability
Quasiexperiments
Used when controlled experiments are impossibleSelf-selected subjectsKey Problem-Can't control confounds
Humans have only existed for
a brief time
One way to study self-awareness in nonhuman animals is to confront them with
a mirrior
Interneuron
a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons. Interneurons also make up bulk of neurons in the brain
Sensory neuron
a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system - Also called an afferent neuron
Motor neuron
a neuron that carries messages from central nervous system to muscles of body - Also called an efferent neuron
Neuron cannot fire
action potential during refractory
Spatial summation
amplitude
All behavior is the product of
an organism's genetic endowment, an organism's experience, an organism's perception of the current situation
Which part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?
axon
The Golgi stain colors neurons
black
Brain size is generally correlated with
body size
Dendrites
branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons
Sodium-Potassium pump removes 3 Na+ and
brings in 2 K+
he CSF circulates through the
central canal, lateral ventricles, subarachnoid space.
Rapid evolutionary changes
do occur
Descartes's philosophy was called
dualism.
Neurons are specialized to receive, conduct, and transmit
electrochemical signals.
Exaptations
evolved to do one thing, but now do something else (such as bird wings)
Myelin
fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse
what percent of all known species are still in existence
fewer than 1%
Darwin argued
for natural selection
Temporal summation
frequency
Meiosis produces
gametes
cell environment in action potential
high Na+ low K+ outside and low Na+ and high K+ mixed with high concentrations of negatively charged ions (Cl-) on the inside
refractory period
hyper-polarized
Spandrels
incidental non-adaptive byproducts (such as the human belly button)
Convolutions lead to
larger cerebrum
"Nurture" now encompasses
learning and environment
As action potential moves forward voltage gated channels open to
let K+ out and Cl- in moving inner potential to negative
Axon
long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells
Polyandry
males contribute to reproduction more than females
The particular glial cells that engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammation are
microglia
Positive change moves forward opening
more ion channels
Ethology
nature
The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called
neurons
Which subdiscipline of neuroscience focuses on the study of brain disorders?
neuropathology
The study of the nervous system is called
neuroscience.
Clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called
nuclei.
Watson
nurture
Genes are located
on chromosomes
Axon hillock
point where axon emerges from soma where summation occurs
Women value
power and earning capacity
Auto-receptors
presynaptic, bind to their own neuro-transmitter, monitor levels in gap and regulate re-uptake
Which of the following animals are currently the most common subjects of biopsychological research?
rats and mice
Asomatognosia typically
results from damage to the right parietal lobe and affects the left side of the body.
Axon terminals:
rounded areas at the end of the branches at the end of the axon. Responsible for communicating with other nerve cells
Dualism viewed the mind and brain as
seperate
Evolution does not proceed in a
single line
Soma
the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell
Na+ ion channels open changing
the resting state of neuron in positive direction
In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information
to the CNS.
Men value
youth and attractiveness