Neuroscience Exam 1 Chapter 1-4

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Donald Hebb

"Cells that fire together wire together"

Behaviors contribute to

"fitness"

Humans have

23 pairs of chromosomes, with an allele on each chromosome

when did Homosapiens emerge

275,000 years ago

Release of Neurotransmitters

AP arrives at terminal buttons, Voltage-gated calcium channels open, Ca++ enters, Synaptic vesicles fuse and empty contents (exocytosis)

Depolarized

Action Potential: - 65 to - 50 mv

Evolution of Amphibians

Bony fishes leave the water. Advantages: Fresh water and New food sources

Evolution of Vertebrates

Chordates have dorsal nerve cords and Vertebrates have spinal bones

Minnesota Twin Study

Correlations on complex human traits and behaviors

Pure research

Curiosity of the researcherFocus on basic concepts

The idea that the human brain and human mind are separate entities was formalized in the 1600s by

Descartes.

Evolution of Mammals

Develop mammary glands to nurture young, Raise young in mother's body, Humans emerge from the order primates

Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules

Diffusion of neurotransmitter, Binding to receptors,

Somatic nervous system

Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body

EPSP

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential, increase

examples of fitness (obvious)

Finding food and Avoiding predation

Advantages of Humans Subjects

Follow Directions, Report Subjective Experience, Less Expensive, Human Brain

Darwin presented 3 kinds of evidence

Fossil records, Structural similarities, Selective breeding

The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing "The Organization of Behavior" is

Hebb

Emergence of Humankind

Humans belong to family hominids, genus Homo, First homo species emerged from Australopithecus 4 million years ago,

Microglia

Immune system responsibilities, Role in cell death, synapse formation, and synapse elimination

IPSP

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential, decrease

Concentration gradient

Ions want to move away from high numbers of same

Velocity of axonal conduction

Larger/myelinated are fastest

Evolution of Reptiles

Lay shell-covered eggs; covered by dry scales-Can live far from water

Conduction in myelinated axons

Nodes of Ranvier, Saltatory conduction, Faster transmission, Requires less energy

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the

PNS and the CNS.

Threshold

Point of summation where action potential is triggered

Electric gradient

Positively charged ions want to equalize charge on other side of membrane

Glial Cells

Provide support for neurons to grow on and around, Deliver nutrients to neurons, Produce myelin to coat axons, Clean up waste products and dead neurons

Heritability Estimates

Range between 40 and 80 percent

Hyperpolarized

Refractory Period - 75 to - 95 mv

Polarized

Resting Potential: - 70 mv

Two Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Deactivation in Synapses

Reuptake and Enzymatic Degradation

CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to

Schwann cells

Neuroscience

Scientific study of how the brain and neurochemicals effect behavior

Advantages of Nonhuman Subjects

Simpler Nervous SystemsComparative ApproachFewer Ethical Constraints

Not so obvious examples

Social dominance and Courtship displays

Astroglia

Support and provide nourishment, Form blood-brain barrier, Send signals, Establish and maintain connections

Small-molecule neurotransmitters

Synthesized in cytoplasm & Packaged by Golgi

Large-molecule neurotransmitters

Synthesized in soma by ribosomes & Carried down microtubules

Neuron

The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system

Blood-Brain Barrier

Tightly packed cells, Protects brain, Active transport for large molecules

Applied Research

Use basic research to answer specific problems

Experiments

Used for cause and effect relationshipsBetween subjects designWithin subjects designIndependent variablesDependent variablesConfounding variables

Case Studies

Used when conditions are rareSingle-subject designQuestionable generalizability

Quasiexperiments

Used when controlled experiments are impossibleSelf-selected subjectsKey Problem-Can't control confounds

Humans have only existed for

a brief time

One way to study self-awareness in nonhuman animals is to confront them with

a mirrior

Interneuron

a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons. Interneurons also make up bulk of neurons in the brain

Sensory neuron

a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system - Also called an afferent neuron

Motor neuron

a neuron that carries messages from central nervous system to muscles of body - Also called an efferent neuron

Neuron cannot fire

action potential during refractory

Spatial summation

amplitude

All behavior is the product of

an organism's genetic endowment, an organism's experience, an organism's perception of the current situation

Which part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?

axon

The Golgi stain colors neurons

black

Brain size is generally correlated with

body size

Dendrites

branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons

Sodium-Potassium pump removes 3 Na+ and

brings in 2 K+

he CSF circulates through the

central canal, lateral ventricles, subarachnoid space.

Rapid evolutionary changes

do occur

Descartes's philosophy was called

dualism.

Neurons are specialized to receive, conduct, and transmit

electrochemical signals.

Exaptations

evolved to do one thing, but now do something else (such as bird wings)

Myelin

fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse

what percent of all known species are still in existence

fewer than 1%

Darwin argued

for natural selection

Temporal summation

frequency

Meiosis produces

gametes

cell environment in action potential

high Na+ low K+ outside and low Na+ and high K+ mixed with high concentrations of negatively charged ions (Cl-) on the inside

refractory period

hyper-polarized

Spandrels

incidental non-adaptive byproducts (such as the human belly button)

Convolutions lead to

larger cerebrum

"Nurture" now encompasses

learning and environment

As action potential moves forward voltage gated channels open to

let K+ out and Cl- in moving inner potential to negative

Axon

long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells

Polyandry

males contribute to reproduction more than females

The particular glial cells that engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammation are

microglia

Positive change moves forward opening

more ion channels

Ethology

nature

The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called

neurons

Which subdiscipline of neuroscience focuses on the study of brain disorders?

neuropathology

The study of the nervous system is called

neuroscience.

Clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called

nuclei.

Watson

nurture

Genes are located

on chromosomes

Axon hillock

point where axon emerges from soma where summation occurs

Women value

power and earning capacity

Auto-receptors

presynaptic, bind to their own neuro-transmitter, monitor levels in gap and regulate re-uptake

Which of the following animals are currently the most common subjects of biopsychological research?

rats and mice

Asomatognosia typically

results from damage to the right parietal lobe and affects the left side of the body.

Axon terminals:

rounded areas at the end of the branches at the end of the axon. Responsible for communicating with other nerve cells

Dualism viewed the mind and brain as

seperate

Evolution does not proceed in a

single line

Soma

the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

Na+ ion channels open changing

the resting state of neuron in positive direction

In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information

to the CNS.

Men value

youth and attractiveness


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