Neuroscience Final

If the membrane potential is very far from the equilibrium potential of a given ion, how will this affect the ion's movement across the membrane? a. It will increase the rate of flow b. It will decrease the rate of flow c. It will not affect the rate of flow

a

In general voltage-gated channels open when the membrane: a. Depolarizes b. Remains unchanged for at least a minute c. Hyperpolarizes

a

Interpreting the responses of a large number of broadly tuned neurons is known as: a. Population coding b. Sensory mapping c. Collective signaling d. Spatial summation

a

On its way through the eye, light will pass through all of the following, EXCEPT: a. Sclera b. Pupil c. Cornea d. Lens

a

During the absolute refractory period: a. Voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated b. It is difficult but not impossible to fire another action potential c. Voltage-gated potassium channels are inactivated d. It is easier than usual to fire another action potential

a

The membrane potential at which there is no net movement of a given ion because the strength of the electrical gradient exactly opposes the strength of the chemical gradient is the: a. Equilibrium potential b. Resting membrane potential c. Goldman potential d. Null potential

a

How are amino acid and amine neurotransmitters packed into vesicles? a. They are packed in actively with specific vesicular transporters. b. Vesicles form around the neurotransmitters in the terminal after they have been synthesized. c. They are packed in passively with specific vesicular channels. d. They are synthesized within the vesicles.

a

A neuron with a single axonal process that splits and travels in two opposite directions is classified as: a. Pseudounipolar b. Multipolar c. Unipolar d. Bipolar

a

Afferent fibers: a. Carry sensory information to the brain b. Carry motor commands from the brain c. Carry motor commands to the brain d. Carry sensory information from the brain

a

Does the cerebellum regulate movement on the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the body? a. Ipsilateral b. Contralateral

a

What are the two major factors that determine how quickly an axon will conduct action potentials? a. Axon diameter and myelination b. Microtubule assembly and myelination c. Microtubule assembly and axoplasmic transport d. Axon diameter and axoplasmic transport

a

What determines the equilibrium potential for a given ion? a. The ion's intracellular and extracellular concentrations b. The membrane's permeability to that ion c. The number of protons the ion has d. The ability of the ion to undergo radioactive decay

a

What is the significance of the gyri and sulci of the human brain? a. They increase the surface area of the cortex, increasing processing power. b. They increase the rate of heat exchange, decreasing the brain's energy demand. c. They complicate the organization of subcortical structures, slowing down development. d. They enhance the myelination of subcortical white matter, speeding action potential conduction.

a

When an odorant binds to its receptors on the cilia of an olfactory receptor cell: a. It launches a G-protein signaling cascade, leading to depolarization. b. It launches a G-protein signaling cascade, leading to hyperpolarization. c. It directly opens ion channels, leading to depolarization. d. It directly opens ion channels, leading to hyperpolarization.

a

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication? a. Trigeminal b. Vagus c. Facial d. Hypoglossal

a

Which cranial nerves travel through the superior orbital fissure? a. III, IV, V1, and VI b. VII and VIII c. II, III, and VI d. I, II, and III

a

Which feature of ion channels allows them to be selective for a given ion? a. Pore loop b. Intracellular domain c. Voltage sensor d. Extracellular domain

a

Which ion is implicated in excitotoxicity? a. Calcium b. Chloride c. Sodium d. Magnesium

a

Which is the thickest cytoskeletal component, arranged longitudinally down the axon? a. Microtubules b. Intermediate filaments c. Microfilaments

a

Which of the following best describes the cytoskeleton? a. Dynamic b. Chaotic c. Unchanging

a

Which of the following can be an effect of G-protein signaling? a. All of these are possible effects of G-protein signaling. b. Activating enzymes c. Inhibiting ion channels d. Activating ion channels e. Inhibiting enzymes

a

Which of the following is FALSE regarding color vision? a. Green cones are the only photoreceptors that respond to green light. b. The relative activity of each of the types of cones is compared to identify specific colors. c. People with dichromatic vision are colorblind. d. There are only three types of cones.

a

Which of the following is FALSE regarding dendritic spines? a. All synapses occur at dendritic spines. b. Dendritic spines are believed to spatially contain post-synaptic chemical events. c. Poorly developed spines are associated with mental retardation. d. Dendritic spines are sites that receive synaptic input.

a

Which of the following is NOT part of the criteria for identifying a substance as a neurotransmitter? a. It must be derived or built from amino acids. b. It must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic terminal c. It must produce a response in the postsynaptic cell when administered experimentally. d. It must be released from the presynaptic terminal when it fires and action potential.

a

Which of the following is NOT used at chemical synapses? a. Gap junctions b. Axon terminal c. Neurotransmitter d. Receptors

a

Which of the following is a major difference between voltage-gated sodium channel and voltage-gated potassium channels? a. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and close much more slowly than voltage-gated sodium channels. b. Voltage-gated sodium channels have two conformations, while voltage-gated potassium channels have four. c. Voltage-gated sodium channels allow positively charged ions to move through them, but voltage-gated potassium channels allow negatively charged ions to flow.

a

Which stimulus will cause an ON-center retinal ganglion cell to fire action potentials at the greatest frequency? a. Light in the center and darkness in the surround b. Darkness in the center and darkness in the surround c. Darkness in the center and light in the surround d. Light in the center and light in the surround

a

Which structures do electrical synapses use to allow cell-to-cell communication? a. Gap junctions b. Phospholipids c. Microtubules d. Ligand-gated sodium channels

a

Which type of stroke results from a ruptured blood vessel? a. Hemorrhagic stroke b. Ischemic stroke c. Choroidal stroke d. Eccentric stroke

a

Why is a synapse that is close to the axon hillock more influential than one that is farther from the axon hillock? a. Passive current conduction decreases over distance. b. Active current conduction increases over distance. c. Active current conduction requires voltage-gated sodium channels. d. Passive current conduction is not susceptible to shunting inhibition.

a

A lesion affecting the left optic tract would impact the: a. Left visual hemifield b. Right visual hemifield c. Superior visual hemifield d. Inferior visual hemifield

b

Anterograde transport proceeds in which direction? a. Toward the soma b. Away from the soma

b

At the optic chiasm, axons from the right eye carrying information about the right visual field: a. Remain on the same side, because they are from the temporal retina b. Decussate, because they are from the nasal retina c. Remain on the same side, because they are from the nasal retina d. Decussate, because they are from the temporal retina

b

During the undershoot (afterhyperpolarization), the neuron is: a. More permeable to sodium than usual b. More permeable to potassium than usual c. Less permeable to sodium than usual d. More permeable to chloride than usual

b

Glutamate, GABA, and glycine are members of which family of neurotransmitters? a. They belong to different families. b. Amino acids c. Neuropeptides d. Amines

b

In the brain, "dorsal" is synonymous with: a. Ventral b. Superior c. Posterior d. Inferior

b

The correct order of the meninges from innermost to outermost is: Select one: a. Arachnoid mater - pia mater - dura mater b. Pia mater - arachnoid mater - dura mater c. Dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater d. Pia mater - dura mater - arachnoid mater

b

The mind-brain problem refers to the idea that: a. The human brain is not large enough to accommodate all the mental functions of humans. b. There is intangible, spiritual mind that is separate from the tangible, physical brain. c. Mental functions have not been linked to particular locations of the physical brain. d. Physical damage to the brain does not impact the function of the mind.

b

What is the purpose of the retinofugal projection targeting the hypothalamus? a. Coordinate the accommodation reflex b. Synchronize sleep/wake cycles with daily dark/light cycles c. Initiate saccades to points of interest in the visual field d. Conscious perception of light e. Coordinate the pupillary light reflex

b

What will happen if the extracellular potassium concentration rises? a. Sodium-potassium pumps will stop working. b. The neuron will depolarize. c. The neuron will hyperpolarize. d. Axoplasmic transport will cease.

b

Where are peptide neurotransmitters stored? a. Secretory granules, close to the presynaptic membrane b. Secretory granules, away from the presynaptic membrane c. Synaptic vesicles, away from the presynaptic membrane d. Synaptic vesicles, close to the presynaptic membrane

b

Which embryologic layer gives rise to the nervous system? a. Mesoderm b. Ectoderm c. Endoderm

b

Which neurotransmitter binds to AMPA receptors? a. Glycine b. Glutamate c. GABA d. Acetylcholine

b

Which of the following arteries does NOT form part of the circle of Willis? a. Posterior cerebral artery b. Vertebral artery c. Anterior cerebral artery d. Anterior communicating artery

b

Which of the following correctly describes GABA(B) receptors? a. Ionotropic, inhibitory b. Metabotropic, inhibitory c. Ionotropic, excitatory d. Metabotropic, excitatory

b

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT attach to the medulla? a. Glossopharyngeal b. Trigeminal c. Vagus d. Facial

b

Which of the following explains the observation that when one presynaptic cell fires many action potentials and releases neurotransmitter in quick succession, the postsynaptic cell is more likely to reach threshold? a. Terminal summation b. Temporal summation c. Spatial summation d. Ergometric summation

b

Which of the following is FALSE regarding NMDA receptors? a. NMDA receptors require simultaneous extracellular glutamate binding and intracellular depolarization to conduct ion current. b. At resting membrane potential, the channel is blocked by a chloride ion. c. NMDA receptors often colocalize with AMPA receptors in synapses. d. The NMDA receptor channel is permeable to sodium and calcium.

b

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic tastes? a. Umami b. Water c. Sweet d. Salt

b

Which of the following is a common age-related change in the structure and function of the eye? a. The iris gains pigmentation, leading to decreased sensitivity to light. b. The lens loses elasticity, leading to impaired near vision. c. The macula gains more cones, leading to increased sensitivity to light. d. The extraocular muscles hypertrophy, leading to impaired control of eye movement.

b

Which of the following is a method of clearing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft? a. Enzymatic degradation in the synaptic cleft b. All of these are methods of synaptic clearance c. Reuptake into the presynaptic neuron d. Astrocytic uptake

b

Which of the following will initiate an action potential? a. Opening potassium channels b. Opening sodium channels c. Opening chloride channels d. Closing potassium channels

b

Which primary vesicle gives rise to the pons, cerebellum, and medulla? a. Midbrain (mesencephalon) b. Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) c. Forebrain (prosencephalon)

b

Which type of retinal ganglion cell has small receptive fields, conducts action potentials more slowly, and contributes to color vision? a. ON-center retinal ganglion cells b. P-type retinal ganglion cells c. M-type retinal ganglion cells d. OFF-center retinal ganglion cells

b

Which ventricle is enclosed by the thalamus and hypothalamus? a. Lateral ventricles b. Third ventricle c. Central canal d. Fourth ventricle

b

White matter contains: a. Somas b. Myelinated axons c. Dendrites d. Dendrites and somas e. Unmyelinated axons

b

A molecule that binds to a receptor and inhibits the effects of the endogenous ligand is a/an: a. Agonist b. Reverse agonist c. Antagonist d. Neurotransmitter

c

A synapse is the point where: a. the dendrites join soma b. the rough endoplasmic reticulum transitions to the Golgi apparatus c. the axon terminal communicates with a dendrite d. the soma transitions to the axon

c

As a result of the center-surround receptive fields of bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells: a. Photoreceptors can adapt more readily to low- or high-light conditions. b. Areas of uniform color in the visual field are emphasized in retinal output. c. Points of contrast in the visual field are emphasized in retinal output. d. The retina is more sensitive to light.

c

During the rising phase of an action potential, _____ flows _____ the neuron through voltage-gated channels. a. Sodium ; out of b. Potassium ; out of c. Sodium ; into d. Potassium ; into

c

Nerves are functionally most similar to: a. Strings b. Spaghetti c. Wires d. Steel girders e. Pipes

c

Taste buds are: a. The visible bumps (papillae) on the tongue b. Neuronal cells c. Embedded in the sides of papillae on the tongue d. Only found on the tongue

c

The lateral (Sylvian) fissure separates which two lobes? a. Frontal and parietal b. Temporal and occipital c. Frontal and temporal d. Parietal and occipital

c

The pathway to the olfactory cortex is unique because: a. It requires more neurons than other sensory pathways to relay the information. b. Its neurons are pseudounipolar. c. It does not include synaptic relay in the thalamus. d. It uses substance P as its neurotransmitter.

c

The thalamus and hypothalamus are derived from which secondary vesicle? a. Myelencephalon b. Mesencephalon c. Diencephalon d. Metencephalon e. Telencephalon

c

Where are the somas of lower motor neurons found? a. Dorsal column b. Ventral column c. Ventral horn d. Dorsal horn

c

Which ion is the resting neuronal membrane most permeable to? a. Sodium b. Calcium c. Potassium

c

Which lobe is most posterior? a. Parietal b. Temporal c. Occipital d. Frontal

c

Which neurotransmitters are synthesized in the axon terminal? a. All neurotransmitters b. Amino acids c. Amino acids and amines d. Amines e. Neuropeptides

c

Which of the following describes what can be seen to the left of midline while fixating straight ahead? a. Left eye visual field b. Right eye visual field c. Left visual hemifield d. Binocular visual field

c

Which of the following is FALSE regarding Guillain-Barré syndrome? a. It involves peripheral demyelination. b. Its symptoms typically resolve with complete or nearly complete recovery. c. Its symptoms can include vision problems and cognitive decline. d. It is caused by an autoimmune attack on Schwann cells.

c

Which of the following is FALSE regarding myelin? a. Myelin provides additional separation of charges across the membrane. b. Myelin prevents ion leaks across the axonal membrane. c. Myelin removes the need to actively regenerate action potentials at nodes of Ranvier. d. Myelin is provided by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system.

c

Which of the following is FALSE regarding phototransduction? a. Phototransduction utilizes G-protein signaling. b. Photoreceptor cells depolarize in the dark, and hyperpolarize in the light. c. In the dark, sodium ions flow out of photoreceptor cells. d. Rods and cones are the only retinal cells tha can directly detect photons.

c

Which of the following methods is NOT used to interpret olfactory information? a. Sensory mapping b. Temporal coding c. Spatial summation d. Population coding

c

Which of the following most accurately describes the selectiveness of olfactory receptor cells for their odorants? a. Highly specific b. Some broadly tuned, some highly specific c. Broadly tuned d. Randomly selective

c

Which structure serves as a major relay point for sensory information entering the cortex? a. Midbrain b. Basal ganglia c. Thalamus d. Cerebellum e. Pons

c

Which structures allow passive flow of ions across a membrane? a. Structural proteins b. Ion pumps c. Ion channels d. Enzymes

c

CSF flows from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle through the: a. Interventricular foramina of Monro b. Lateral foramina of Luschka c. Median aperture of Magendie d. Cerebral aqueduct

d

How is acetylcholine cleared from the synaptic cleft? a. Transporters in glial cell membranes b. Reuptake transporters in the presynaptic membrane c. Transporters in both the presynaptic membrane and glial cell membranes d. Enzymatic degradation by acetylcholinesterase

d

In the glomeruli of the olfactory bulbs: a. There are somas of first order olfactory neurons. b. Olfactory neurons expressing different receptor types converge on second order neurons. c. Olfactory neurons synapse convergently and divergently. d. Olfactory neurons expressing the same receptor type converge on second order neurons.

d

Neurotransmitters are released by exocytosis when: a. Ligand-gated potassium channels open b. Voltage-gated sodium channels open c. Intracellular calcium levels drop d. Voltage-gated calcium channels open

d

The peripheral nervous system includes: a. The spinal cord and peripheral nerves b. The brain and spinal cord c. The brain d. The peripheral nerves

d

What are G-proteins? a. Metabotropic receptors b. Membrane-bound enzymes involved in synthesizing cAMP from ATP c. Ion channels that open when a ligand binds d. Intracellular signaling molecules that may bind GTP or GDP

d

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? a. Synthesizing lipids b. Storing calcium ions c. Synthesizing proteins bound for the cytoplasm d. Synthesizing proteins bound for the plasma membrane or secretion

d

What two things are required to establish a polarized resting membrane potential? a. Sodium channels and potassium channels b. Glucose and myelin c. d. Ion gradients and selective ion permeability e. ATP and G-proteins

d

Which artery supplies blood to most of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere and subcortical structures? a. Superior cerebellar artery b. Anterior cerebral artery c. Posterior cerebral artery d. Middle cerebral artery

d

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic motor commands? a. III and IV b. IX, X, XI, and XII c. VII and IX d. III, VII, IX, and X

d

Which equation can be used to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion? a. Golgi equation b. Goldman equation c. Faraday equation d. Nernst equation

d

Which of the following correctly describes the central pathway carrying gustatory information? a. Cranial nerves VII, IX, X - Midbrain - Hypothalamus - Ipsilateral primary gustatory cortex b. Cranial nerves VII, IX, X - Hypothalamus - Thalamus - Ipsilateral primary gustatory cortex c. Cranial nerves VII, IX, X - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Contralateral primary gustatory cortex d. Cranial nerves VII, IX, X - Medulla - Thalamus - Ipsilateral primary gustatory cortex

d

Which of the following ions is highly concentrated inside of neurons? a. Chloride b. Calcium c. Sodium d. Potassium

d

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the neuromuscular junction? a. The motor endplate has shallow grooves to increase surface area. b. The postsynaptic receptor locations are precisely aligned with presynaptic active zones. c. The motor neuron's axon branches and has several terminals. d. The neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction is glutamate.

d

Which of the following is NOT a common neurologic deficit that results from a stroke? a. Aphasia b. Hemiparesis c. Vision loss d. Bilateral paralysis

d

Which of the following is the correct order of retinal cell layers from innermost to outermost (i.e., starting with the first layer that light will reach, and ending with the last)? a. Photoreceptors - horizontal cells - bipolar cells - amacrine cells - retinal ganglion cells b. Amacrine cells - retinal ganglion cells - photoreceptors - horizontal cells - bipolar cells c. Bipolar cells - retinal ganglion cells - amacrine cells - horizontal cells - photoreceptors d. Retinal ganglion cells - amacrine cells - bipolar cells - horizontal cells - photoreceptors

d

Why do action potentials only occur in axons? a. Dendrites are too branched to conduct action potentials. b. Dendrites are too thin to conduct action potentials c. Only the axon has myelin d. Only the axon has voltage-gated sodium channels

d

True or False: Ions can cross easily through the cell membrane.

false

True or False: Large changes in ionic concentrations are required to cause large changes in membrane potential.

false

True or false: In order to be detected, the neurotransmitter must be taken into the postsynaptic cell

false

True or false: Recent research supports the division of mind and brain.

false

True or False: A voltage-gated sodium channel is not able to open if it is in the inactivated conformation.

true

True or false: Each neurotransmitter can bind to multiple receptor subtypes, but each specific receptor can only bind to one neurotransmitter.

true