NHM chapter 7 Mind tap

1. irreversible metabolic reaction 2. electron transport chain 3. deamination 4. lactic acid 5. oxalacetate a) synthesis of pyruvate from acetyl CoA b)product made from pyruvate when oxygen is limited c) a carbohydrate intermediates in the TCA cycle d) removal of an amino group e) captures the energy released from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to make ATP

1. a 2. e 3. d 4. b 5. c

anabolism or catabolism? 1.Requires energy 2.Breaks down glycerol 3.Hydrolysis occurs 4.Assembles proteins 5.Releases energy

1. anabolism 2. catabolism 3. catabolism 4. anabolism 5. catabolism

An anaerobic reaction _____. a. occurs slowly b. does not require oxygen c. occurs when a person is sedentary d. can be sustained for long periods of time e. requires oxygen

b

Which organ is the primary site for alcohol metabolism? a. stomach b. kidneys c. muscle tissue d. liver e. brain

d

Anabolic reactions are those that _____. a. increase absorption of nutrients in the small intestine b. regulate the passage of molecules in and out of a cell c. break down proteins into amino acids d. release energy e. convert small molecules to larger ones

e

Eating protein and kcalories in excess of daily needs results in the excess amino acids being _____. a. converted to muscle tissue b. used as a quick energy source c. excreted as a waste product d. stored as glucose e. stored as fat

e

The body derives most its energy from ______ and _______ .

glucose and fatty acids

________ are acidic compounds produced by the liver when fasting causes glycogen to be depleted.

ketone bodies

The _______ is the most active processing center in the body.

liver

When the body needs energy quickly for a short amount of time, pyruvate is converted to lactate. a. True b. False

true

1._______ -Final, common metabolic pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids 2. _________-Pathway that ends in the production of acetyl CoA 3. ________- The final pathway in energy metabolism where ATP is made

1. TCA cycle 2. glycolysis 3. electron transport chain

_____ is the high-energy compound that provides the energy that powers all the activities of living cells.

ATP

During a prolonged fast, the body produces an alternative fuel source known as _____. a. ketone bodies b. pyruvate c. coenzymes d. acetyl CoA e. glycerol

a

The glycolysis pathway _____. a. results in the formation of pyruvate b. is the breakdown of pyruvate to acetyl CoA c. results in ketogenic compounds d. converts acetyl CoA into pantothenic acid e. requires oxygen

a

The key element in catabolic reactions is that they _____. a. release energy b. are condensation reactions c. are irreversible d. require different amounts of energy to proceed e. cause digestive enzymes to be released

a

What metabolic process occurs during the first 2-3 hours of fasting? a. Glucose is released from the liver and fatty acids are released from the adipose tissue. b. Amino acids are taken from muscle tissue. c. Glucose is released from the adipose tissue. d. Fat cells are depleted of their nutrient components. e. Muscle tissue is broken down quickly.

a

Which fat-formation pathway is the most efficient and direct? a. conversion of dietary fat to body fat b. conversion of sucrose to adipose tissue c. conversion of dietary protein to glucose d. conversion of dietary carbohydrates to body fat e. conversion of dietary protein to adipose tissue

a

Gluconeogenesis is the process of making glucose from ______ and _______ when glycogen stores become depleted during a fast.

amino acids ; glycerol

Binge drinking is defined as the consumption of ____________ on a single occasion that raises blood alcohol concentration to 0.08 percent or higher. a. one to two drinks b. four to five drinks or more c. six to seven drinks d. eight to nine drinks e. More than 10 drinks

b

Which compound plays a pivotal role in both the first and last step of the TCA cycle? a. pyruvate b. oxalate c. oxaloacetate d. glycerol e. acetyl CoA

c

Metabolism is defined as the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body, including _______ reactions that break apart larger molecules into smaller molecules and _______ reactions that convert smaller molecules into larger ones.

catabolic ; anabolic

Many enzymes cannot function without the assistance of a _______.

coenzyme

A diet that provides ample carbohydrate ensures an adequate supply of _____. a. amino acids b. B vitamins c. acetyl CoA d. oxaloacetate e. fatty acids

d

Inside the human body, the mitochondria _____. a. function as a constituent part of cell membranes b. are located in the nucleus c. help to assemble amino acids into proteins d. house enzymes that are involved in the process of energy metabolism e. are located outside the cytoplasm

d

When a person begins to drink alcohol, which of the following functions is (are) the first to be affected? a. liver metabolism b. voluntary muscle control c. respiration and heart function d. judgment and reasoning e. speech and vision

d

When glycogen stores become depleted after a 24-hour fast, the body synthesizes glucose needed by the brain and red blood cells from a. oxalacetate b. acetyl CoA c. fatty acids d. amino acids e. ketone bodies

d

If your diet contains an excessive amount of protein, the excess amino acids are: a. made into protein and stored in the muscle. b. excreted in the urine. c. made into glucose. d. stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle. e. deaminated and made into either ATP or fat.

e

Janelle always feels more "tipsy" than her same-size boyfriend after they drink the same amount of alcohol. How would you explain this observation? a. Males have a higher activity level of liver acetaldehyde dehyrogenase so that alcohol is oxidized at a faster rate. b. Males have greater amounts of brain alcohol dehydrogenase so the brain neurons are less exposed to alcohol. c. Women have less liver alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and thus more alcohol is released into the bloodstream. d. Males have greater amounts of kidney alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and consequently excrete more alcohol waste products into the urine. e. Women have less stomach alcohol dehydrogenase and thus absorb more of the alcohol into the bloodstream.

e

The electron transport chain consists of a series of _____ that serve as electron "carriers." a. hydrogen ions b. fat molecules c. coenzymes d. carbon compounds e. proteins

e

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one (s) can lead to storage of fat? a. ketone bodies b. fat only c. carbohydrate only d. fat and carbohydrate e. fat, carbohydrate, and protein

e

Both pyruvate and acetyl CoA can both be used to make glucose. a. True b. False

false

Ketosis is a protective mechanism that induces a person to eat more. a. True b. False

false

The amount of energy that cells expend to fulfill basic life functions is about 25 percent of all energy consumed by a healthy adult human each day. a. True b. False

false

The breakdown of carbohydrates yields glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids. a. True b. False

false

The major fuels a healthy adult body relies on include ketone bodies, lactate, and glycerol. a. True b. False

false

The small intestine is the most active nutrient-processing organ in the human body. a. True b. False

false

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is known as the powerhouse of animal cells. "Smooth endoplasmic reticulum" seems odd; it would replace with an actual term in the chapter. a. True b. False

false

For complete oxidation, acetyl CoA enters ________ .

the TCA cycle

Alcohol affects every organ in the body, but it is especially damaging to the liver. a. True b. False

true

Catabolic reactions are those in which large molecules are broken down and energy is released. a. True b. False

true

Deamination is the process by which amino acids lose their nitrogen-containing amino group. a. True b. False

true

Fat cells enlarge if excess carbohydrate, protein, or fat is consumed in the human diet. a. True b. False

true

Gluconeogenesis is the process by which glucose is produced from amino acids or glycerol. a. True b. False

true

Two to three hours after a meal, the body breaks down its glycogen and fat stores for energy. a. True b. False

true

When carbohydrates are unavailable, proteins can be converted to glucose. a. True b. False

true