Nonverbal Exam 3
How are filled and non-filled pauses perceived? How can you influence speech latencies?
Associated with inferior style and impair performance. Filled pauses may be a sign that the speaker wishes to maintain their turn. Associated with superior/concise style, but too many can come off as anxious or angry. Silent pauses could indicate internal thought or an offer to yield their turn.
What is civil inattention?
Behavioral ritual enacted when 2 or more persons are present but are not involved in any form of interaction.
Which emotional expression may be the biggest turnoff for voters? What nonverbals are associated with this emotion?
Fear and uncertainty Nonverbals: -looking down, hesitating, making rapid jerky movements, seeming to freeze
What are the consistent sex differences regarding the different nonverbal channels?
Females are typically better at: -encoding and decoding -are more influenced by dress and appearance -maintain smaller distances and are approached more closely -give, receive, and reciprocate more touch -use more facial expressions and smile more -gaze: more frequent, longer duration, more reciprocity, better at listening and speaking -have higher pitch, vocal variety, use more pronunciation -use more expressive gesturing Males: -more expansive and relaxed posture -more expanse gesturing -use higher volume -higher resonance
Across the research reported in the chapter, what is a general conclusion about what pupil dilation indicates?
For men and women, pupil dilation seems to be an influential attraction device. Has been associated with arousal, attentiveness, mental effort, interest, and perceptual orientation.
How much of speech pauses are caused by grammar?
For spontaneous speech, only 55%. Readers of prepared text are extremely consistent.
What nonverbal behaviors indicate immediacy in initial/developing relationships?
Forward lean; closer proximity; more eye gaze; more open arms and body; more direct body orientation; some touching; positive facial (smiling) and vocal cues (pleasant) [same for vocal: volume not too high/low, not too sharp annunciation]; postural relaxation. Don't have to show all, the more you do show, the more favorable of an impression the other person will get.
How does distance influence gaze?
Gazing and mutual gazing INCREASE as physical distance GROWS. Psychologically reduces distance and allows for better monitoring. People reduce gazing when they feel too close in physical distance, especially if not well acquainted.
What are some cultural differences in greeting behaviors? Touch? Eye contact? Eating? Lines?
Greeting- different greetings. In japan you would bow lower to someone who has more power. Texas handshake Touch- less touch in places like China and U.S., more touch in Latin American Cultures Eye contact- In our culture, even though we are lower contact, we tend to see eye contact as a sign of respect- whereas in other cultures, averting gaze is a sign of respect Eating- different utensils in different cultures (continental: fork in left hand, knife in right, hands always above table, middle eastern: eat food with right hand not left) Lines- Use lines in US but not always in high contact cultures
How does the visual dominance ratio vary by sex and status/expertise?
Higher status dominance: gaze more while speaking and less while listening In mixed sex diet, nonverbal behaviors tend to be due more to position/role or expertise rather than sex
Based on the Forbes and Jackson (2008) reading, what NV behaviors were exhibited by interviewees who were accepted for the position?
More direct eye contact, smiling, and shaking/nodding of the head.
How do topics and tasks influence gaze?
More gaze for happy topic, less for a sad topic. Less gazing when discussing intimate topics with someone they are not intimate with. Competitive: short and frequent gazes to asses their partner. Desire to hide feelings i.e. embarrassment, humiliation, shame, guilt, etc. result in minimal gaze. Cooperative: mutual eye gaze
What nonverbal behaviors do we stereotypically think (or perceive) a dominant person exhibits?
More likely to: gaze, facial expressiveness (tend to be more negative), gestures, open posture, initiate touch, volume, interrupt, rate, vocal relaxation Less likely to: smile, interpersonal distance (aka more likely to invade your bubble), filled pauses (less umm and uhh)
What nonverbal behaviors do people in dominant positions actually exhibit?
No support for: effect of gaze, smiling, gestures, or rate Support for: +facial expressiveness, +open posture, -interpersonal distance, +volume, +interruptions, -filled pauses, +vocal relaxation No conclusions about touch. The voice conveys dominance more than visual cues.
How do physical characteristics influence gaze?
One study showed no significant difference between normal and disables interactants. Another found when a conversation was not expected, those w/o disabilities tend to stare more at ppl with than those w/o.
How do we use gaze to express flirtatious?
Out of the corner of our eyes
How accurate are we in detecting lies?
People are 50-60% accurate in judging strangers lies. Overall, well below 50%
Do gazing patterns ever elicit similar meanings in different cultures?
Perceived extremes in gaze elicit similar meanings. Ex. too much gazing may signal anger, threat, or disrespect; while too little signals dishonesty, inattention, or shyness.
What are the different explanations for sex differences?
Power hypotheses: equate sex with power Social Cultural Approach: sexes have different cultures Social Role Theory: role oriented > sex oriented
Hess perspective on pupil reactions.
Pupils dilate for positive attitudes and constrict for negative ones. But the size or our pupils does not show valence, only shows a reaction, not indicator of positive or negative.
What are the immediacy patterns of interaction in established relationships?
Quality of the act, not the frequency. Perceived sincerity, magnitude of expression, and timing.
Strass and Willis inferences about pupil size.
This with larger pupils are rated as more pleasant, trustworthy, and easy to talk in interactions.
What does social information processing theory suggest?
Translation of Cues: adapting to the cues we have available to us Time: could take awhile to deliver messages Walter says just the same as face-to-face Although the messages are verbal, communicators "adapt" to the restrictions of online medium, look for cues in the messages from others, and modify their language to the extent that the words compensate for the lack of nonverbal cues.
How do we use gaze to express interest?
Up and to the side
What nonverbal behaviors are prevalent in greetings?
Vertical/sideways motion of head w/eye gaze Smile Winks/eyebrow flash Salutes/waves/shakes/and other gestures Touching via embrace/kiss/hitting the arm Grooming i.e. hands through hair US: handshaking Japanese: bow Some do namaste Some European cultures kiss cheeks
How does the sequencing of immediacy behaviors affect judgments of interactants? [Hint: look for the research by Clore and colleagues]
Viewers thought the man on the videotape would be more attracted to the woman who was cold at first and warm later than he would be to the woman who was warm for the entire interaction. Further, people felt the woman whose behavior turned from warm to cold was less attractive to the man than the woman who was cold during the entire interaction.
What general conclusions did Manusov (2008) make in her research on cross-cultural interactions?
We have expectations, but that didn't impact our impressions of people as much as the behaviors people showed in the interactions People do not respond immediately to cues Found the more positive stereotypes people had, the more positively they rated their interaction with them Stereotypes had minimal effects on how people were judged after a conversation Emergent behaviors within the interaction have stronger impacts than previous stereotypes
According to the Andersen (2008) reading, what does Cognitive Valence Theory (CVT) try to explain?
When one person increases intimacy or immediacy, how can you explain the response of their partner?
How does gaze reflect cognitive activity? When are you more likely to avoid gaze in this process?
When posed a question, might look away to find/remember the answer. Averted gaze reflects a shift in attention from external to internal matters, actually aids performance.
SNSs, what impressions were made based on owner postings?
Willingness to initiate friendship: attractive/no photo > unattractive Number of "friends" -high number does not necessarily enhance your desirability
Eye gaze
You're looking at them, but they aren't necessarily looking back at you 60% as listener 40% as speaker
What characteristics (demographic, personality) can we typically judge from people's voices?
a. Biological Sex -women have shorter vocal chords b. Age w/in 5-ish years -less accurate with really young/old c. Social Status -book says so, but studies haven't filtered out the words/content meaning and the researchers could be basing conclusions off the content instead d. Race/ethnicity -code switching makes it harder to tell -people are pretty good at differentiating b/t white and black, but more difficulty with other races e. Personality f. Emotions -tend to focus on basic 6 -harder to map the voice versus mapping the face
How do the behaviors of liars differ from truth-tellers?
a. Liars are less forthcoming: likely to have shorter responses and less elaboration; slower rate; longer latencies; appear to be withholding b. Liars tell stories that seem less likely and with fewer details: more discrepancies; phase repetitions; less direct; fewer self-references; more hesitation and error; fewer gestures c. Liars make few spontaneous corrections while telling their stories and are less likely to admit they cannot rememberer something d. Liars make a more negative impression: less cooperative, more negativity; likely to denote anger and fear; complain; defensive e. Liars are more tense: voice likely to have higher pitch; pupils dilated for longer period of time; more fidgeting
What is hyper-personal communication?
a. More control over self-presentation b. Leads to more idealized images c. May feel closer to the person d. You feel more closer to that person than if you had met in person
What is the sex difference regarding persuasiveness?
females have to be credible and liked males just have to be credible
What nonverbal behaviors do we use to initiate leave-taking?
Decreased eye gaze Body towards exit Looking at watch
What is the visual dominance ratio (VDR)?
(% of time gazing while speaking) / (% of time gazing while listening)
What examples did Axtell (2008) use to show cultural differences regarding nonverbal behaviors?
-greeting: handshake, namaste, hug, bow -beckoning: curling finger in the US is fine. Bad in Yugoslavia, Malaysia -insulting: different versions of flipping someone off, -middle finger vs. forearm jerk -touching: holding hands in middle east okay, here its not -OK sign: rude in Germany and Brazil -V for Victory: if it's backwards, you're saying "up yours" in England -Vertical horns: cuckolded
What are the phases of courtship?
1. Approach: two people come together in a general area 2. Acknowledging: ack the other's attention and invite by turning to them 3. Interaction: fleeting and non intimate touches, increase in intensity of gaze 4. Sexual Arousal: intimate touching, kissing, and other affections 5. Resolution: intercourse
What 3 methods do researchers use to eliminate the content of speech to determine the effects of vocal qualities?
1. Constant content: reads a standard passage while simulating diff emotions 2. Meaningless content: express feelings while reciting the alphabet 3. Filtering/splicing: low-pass filter holds back the high frequencies
What are the 4 components/dimensions of impressions as discussed in class?
1. Credibility 2. Likability 3. Interpersonal attractiveness 4. Confidence/dominance
What nonverbal behaviors are typically helpful in creating a favorable impression (by each component)?
1. Credibility: faster rate, fluency, short unfilled pauses, eye contact, smiling, nice clothing, no tension 2. Likability: expressive voice, forward lean, close, smiling, eye contact 3. Interpersonal attractiveness: expressive voice, forward lean, close, nice clothes 4. Confidence/dominance: greater volume, short unfilled pauses, vocal relaxation, direct body orientation, no tension
What 2 major conclusions were discussed in relation to nonverbal behavior and persuasion?
1. NVs have at least as strong, if not more, of an impact on persuasion as verbal factors. 2. Positive expectancy violations produce more persuasion as verbal factors.
SNSs, what can we detect?
1. Personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, narcissism 2. Relational Qualities: partners' satisfaction and commitment
What are the 6 vocal qualities discussed in class?
1. Pitch/frequency: amount of vibration, vocal variety, and resonance 2. Volume/intensity 3. Rate/tempo 4. Rhythm/fluency: hesitant v smooth 5. Articulation: speaking clearly 6. Glottis Control amount of air going through your throat -when we are more physiologically aroused, tense throat = less air = thinner voice
What are the 4 functions of gazing?
1. Regulatory: the flow of communication through open channels of communication and assist in turn-taking 2. Monitoring: feedback 3. Cognitive: people tend to look away when having difficulty processing information or deciding what to say 4. Expressive: the degree and nature of involvement or emotional arousal may be revealed through looking 5. Communicating the nature of the interpersonal relationship say to show variations due to status, liking, and disliking.
What are the 2 general vocalic behaviors discussed in class? What are examples of each?
1. Specific vocalic sounds: crying, laughing, groaning 2. Vocal segregates: fillers (ums, ahs, like, you know, etc.)
What are the 6 common emotions we can detect from the eyes?
1. Surprise 2. Fear 3. Disgust 4. Anger 5. Happiness 6. Sadness
What nonverbal behaviors are used in the 4 turn-taking behaviors?
1. Turn yielding: -sometimes by asking a question => causes pitch to rise; -drop in pitch to finish a declarative statement -add a "trailer" could be silence or a filled pause -gesturing -gaze at another 2. Turn requesting: -upraised finger -audible inhale -sped up responses verbal answers/head nods/etc. -stutter starts -interrupt 3. Turn maintaining: -increase filled pauses -louder -continuous gestures -avert eye gaze 4. Turn denying: -relaxed listening pose maintained -silence -avoid eye contact -don't return offering gestures -repeat last words of the speaker -encourage them to continue
What are the major components of CVT?
6 schema -cultural appropriateness -situational appropriateness -interpersonal valence and reward -relational appropriateness (friends, dating partners, coworkers, supervisors, personality) -personal predispositions -psychological state or physical state (mental, physical, emotional, spiritual health)
How does gaze monitor feedback?
Allows you to get more from their facial expressions, and nonverbal, letting you know if they are listening and how interested they are in what you are saying.
Does vocal variety increase audience comprehension?
Almost every study says yes. Positive effects on amount of info remembered, attitude from audience, amount of credibility attributed to the speaker. Overall readers are adaptable and does not affect comprehension.
Are spectrograms useful in identifying speakers by voice?
Also called a voiceprint, is a visual picture of a person's speech. It's a plot of vocal energy. 1990 it was concluded that it is still unvalidated methodology.
What emotions are easier to communicate and recognize through the voice?
Anger, joy/elation, fear, and sadness. Joy and hate more easily recognized (344).
What is the intimacy equilibrium model?
Argyle and Dean proposed it to help explain why and how much people gaze in an interpersonal interaction. Suggests that intimacy is the amount of eye gazing, physical proximity, intimacy of topic, and amount of smiling.
What did the Aiello study say about distance and gaze?
As much as 10 ft for men produced increase in gazing. Being more than 6 ft for women brought sharp decline in their gaze.
What is the normal speaking rate? Up to how many words per minute can we comprehend?
Between 125-190 words per minute. Comprehension decreases around 200 wpm; experts in speed speech saw decline at 250-275 wpm.
What roles other than gaze have in intimacy?
Body orientation, form of address used, tone of voice, other facial expressions, forward lean
Mutual gaze
Both people are meeting each other's gaze
What is the main idea of the intimacy equilibrium model?
Central idea: as one component of the model changes, one or more will change in the opposite direction to compensate and keep overall intimacy at a constant & desired level
What nonverbal behaviors increase persuasiveness?
Closer proximity Light touch Increased gaze, showing immediacy Smiling Attractive, appropriate dress Fewer nervous mannerisms Louder Pitch variety, fluency Short, silent pauses Relative faster rate
Martineau and colleagues on pupil dilations.
Depressed candidates show greater overall dilation to negatively toned words than the non depressed.
What are the general conclusions regarding civil inattention in elevators? What are the 2 key components of civil inattention?
Due to enforced close proximity for duration of ride, the need arises to acknowledge w/o turning them into targets of attention. 1. Single glance 2. Aversion
Why is civil inattention more likely to occur in the elevator context (than a pedestrian crossing on a street)?
Elevators there tends to be at least one glance of acknowledgment, then aversion. Pedestrians takes little time to close 8ft distance when approaching, and then after passing unlikely to pass again thus punishment/embarrassment is minimal
What qualities are associated with an attractive voice? What personality characteristics are typically associated with an attractive voice?
If you have an appealing voice, people will assume you have other appealing qualities. more resonance; more articulation; more pitch variety when it makes sense; more fluency moderate-high volume; moderate to fast rate; lower in pitch for males/moderate for females; less monotonous: less nasality;
SNSs, what impressions were made based off your friend's postings?
If your friends are attractive, makes you more attractive. Friend's positive comments make you more social and task attractiveness (and physical attractiveness for females)
What did Yee et al. (2008) find out about proxemics and eye contact in the virtual world?
Interpersonal distance: largest among male-male dyads, smallest among female-female dyads, and in between for mixed dyads. Equilibrium theory: within the accepted social distance of 12 feet, the closer two avatars are, the less likely they will maintain mutual eye contact. Gaze and turn-taking: mutual gaze in a dyad in an online environment would be more likely to occur if one of the two interactants was talking. female-female dyads are more likely to exhibit mutual gaze than male-male or mixed dyads. Eye gaze regulates conversational flow - the more two avatars were talking, the more likely they were to be looking at each other. Immersive virtual environments: the amount of IPD changes with situational aspects of the relationship, such as familiarity and mutual gaze, is inversely correlated with IPD as predicted by the equilibrium theory. -Less distance between each other if there is a high level of familiarity/mutual gaze
How do personal and personality characteristics influence gaze?
Introvert: less Extrovert/Open/Agreeable: more Study of 80% and 15% given: the group that received 80% were viewed as more friendly while the others were viewed as less mature. Other studies show no correlations between gaze and personality. More eye gaze we then have a more favorable impression.
Based on the text as well as the Jaworski (2008) reading, what is your overall conclusion about the meaning of silence?
It can be positive or negative, depending on how it is interpreted. Affects functions of linkage, affecting, revelation, judgmental, & cultural diff. Children understand same as all other linguistic skills.
What is the general rule about reciprocating and compensating nonverbal behavior?
It suggests that we tend to reciprocate or match another's nonverbal behavior when the other's behavior is perceived by us as congruent with our own expectations and preferences, or when we want to initiate an upward of downward spiral in intimacy. When our partner's behavior is not congruent with our expectations, we are more likely to enact compensatory or offsetting behavior.
What is the motivational impairment hypothesis?
Liars are more likely to reveal themselves nonverbally when the lie is very important to them. However, highly motivated liars perform more skillfully and are less apt to being uncovered.
What environmental factor affect pupil dilation?
Lighting, drugs, mental effort and interest, physiological arousal -> heart rate up = increase in pupil size; sad = decrease
What are the effects when students perceive their teachers as exhibiting immediacy behaviors?
Like the teacher and course, teacher- student interaction, learn more, determined to stay in college
How do we use gaze to express sad?
Looking down
How do we use gaze to express guilt?
Looking to the left or right
What were the extra-linguistic features discussed in class?
Rate & rhythm: need to hear them talk for a while to assess. Duration of speech: how long you are speaking in your conversational turn. -long/short winded Dialect and accent -dialect is more about vocabulary, slang, comes from geographical location -accents in US: southern, eastern, general (more western) -we tend to be more favorable of the dominant accent aka the one the more powerful group uses
What leads to the possible positive and negative outcomes?
Response to increase in intimacy: -if any of 6 schema are violated then behavior is seen as negative and is compensated for -no schema violation = positive and behavior is reciprocated
What emotion(s) are we better at detecting through eyes?
Sad, guilt, flirtatious, interested
How does gaze differ between good/happy relationships and hostile/negative ones?
Satisfied married couples look at each other less than couples who are dissatisfied. Increased gazing emphasizes confrontational nature.
What non-sounds were discussed in class?
Silence: functions for evaluation, reflecting cognitive activity, punctuating/accenting Pauses: within your own speech i.e. grammatical points or b/t main ideas Latency: breaks between speakers
Social dominance vs. aggressive dominance; how do they differ in gaze?
Socially dominant people will become the leader and dominant when it benefits the group and are not forceful about it Aggressively dominant people "must have their way" and will force their way into the dominant position The socially dominant person engages in more mutual gaze, whereas the aggressively dominant person showed a lack of interest in others and was looking around the room
Hensley inferences about pupil size.
Some but not overwhelming diff in how we judge based on pupil size, or judgements of others in photos. Bigger more persuasive, more friendly, etc.
How does gaze regulate the flow of communication?
Stare at someone, they will start talking/feel compelled to do so. Also helps with turn taking. Civil inattention: showing a lack of desire to have a conversation
How does our reliance on verbal content and nonverbal behavior change as we get older?
Young children rely much more on verbal content. Older children show a mixed pattern. Adults rely much more on nonverbal tonal qualities.
Based on the theories discussed in the "Mutual Influence" section, what do the theories have in common? What conclusion can be drawn from them?
Strangers and acquaintances we tend to reciprocate or match their nonverbal behavior when it is perceived as congruent with our expectations and preferences. We tend to compensate or offset the nonverbal behaviors of them when they are perceived as a major violation of our expectations and preferences.
What 2 vocalic qualities tend to be influential in judgments of emotional expressions?
Tempo and pitch
What were the findings of the SNS (social networking sites) studies covered in class?
They are similar to environmental features and have an impact on impressions formed.
What vocal qualities are related to persuasion?
fluent, non hesitant, faster rate, less pauses, more pitch variation, louder voice
What subtle message do we get from advertising that makes it so powerful?
it legitimizes the underlying premise that success, beauty, and social acceptance are the keys to happiness, and that stereotypes have validity. The types of influences that go unnoticed are nonverbal in nature. The subtle message that the viewer is inadequate is a large part of advertising's lethal power.
What general roles do nonverbal behaviors play in the therapeutic setting?
more satisfaction when doctors gaze, lean forward, nod, gesture, establish closer interpersonal distances, and have warm/enthusiastic voice qualities Understanding the disorder. How do we define different conditions like depression? Diagnosis. When a doctor diagnoses, do they reach the correct conclusions? Therapy. Can the clinician help the client maintain psychological health? Relationship. Does the doctor use nonverbals to establish a positive relationship?
In general, are sex differences large?
not really - more WITHIN group but less BETWEEN group Across research there are consistent diffs, but time and time again the diffs are small.
What is the common fallacy regarding the effects of advertising?
we tend to think of ourselves as above the advertising tricks think that advertising doesn't affect us like it does everyone else many people deny that they are influenced by it people engage in faulty ways of thinking about the world while at the same time recognizing that "other people" make these errors all the time - smokers say it won't hurt them
