NONWEST INDIAN

is one of the principal deities of Hinduism, and the Supreme Being in its Vaishnavism tradition. Vishnu is the "preserver" in the Hindu trinity (Trimurti) that includes Brahma and Shiva. upkeep

Vishnu

(1746 -1794) was a British High Court Judge, a philologist, in Colonial Calcutta, and a scholar of ancient India, discovered a close links between the European and Indian languages, which would later be known as Indo-European languages.

William Jones

Yakshi, sandstone, 2ndcentury BCE Besnagar, Madhya, Pradesh, India.Late Maurya or early Shunga

like yaksha man

style of Buddhist visual art that flourished in the trading and pilgrimage centre of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India, from the 2nd century BC to the 12th century AD; its most distinctive contributions were made during the Kushān and Gupta periods (1st-6th century AD). Images in the mottled red sandstone from the nearby Sīkri quarries are found widely distributed over north central India, attesting to Mathurā's importance as an exporter of sculpture.

mathura style

a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (śarīra -typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation

stupa

stupa (tumulus, Heap); torana (gateway); vedika (railing); mudra;aniconism; jataka (previous life of Sakyamuni)

various vocab (Buddhism)

Bodhisattva from Gandhara, gandhara, Kushan, C AD, Gandhara Style

well adorned male figure, wordly goods, long hari, and draped detailed toga style robe, facial hair

a collection of texts that contain some of the central philosophical concepts of Hinduism, some of which are shared with Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.

Upanishads

a large body of knowledge texts originating in the ancient Indian subcontinent. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.

Veda

An emperor of the MauryaDynasty who ruled the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE. •One of India's greatest emperors, Ashokareigned over a realm that stretched from the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan to the modern state of Bangladesh in the east. Embraced Buddhism after waging and winning a destructive war against the state of Kalinga. Responsible for later push to distribute Buddhism throughout asia.

Ashoka

a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings.

Bodhisattva

Buddhism is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism originated in India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, it spread through much of Asia, but it declined in India during the middle ages; two major types large vehicle (Mahayana) and small vehicle (Theravada) FOUNDER: Sakyamuni Buddha, ca. 563-483 BCE, native of Magadha in the GangesRiver Valley

Buddhism

in 321 BC founded the Maurya Empire in India.

Chandragupta Maurya

goddess, the divine female in hinduism

Devi

style of Buddhist visual art that developed in what is now northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan between the 1st century BCE and the 7th century CE. The style, of Greco-Roman origin, seems to have flourished largely during the Kushan dynasty and was contemporaneous with an important but dissimilar school of Kushan art at Mathura (Uttar Pradesh, India).

Gandhara style

ca. 2500-1500 BCE, Mohenjo-daro; Harappa;

Indus Valley Civilization

an ancient Indian religion belonging to the śramaṇa tradition. The central tenet is non-violence and respect towards all living beings. Followers of Jainism take five main vows: ahimsa (non-violence), satya (not lying), asteya (not stealing), brahmacharya (chastity) and aparigraha (non-attachment). acetism and self-discepline are major focuses of jainism. FOUNDER: Mahavira, ca. 599-527 BCE

Jainism

Ruler of the Kushan Empire. He is famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. A descendant of Kushan empire founder Kujula Kadphises, Kanishka came to rule an empire in Bactria extending from Turfan in the Tarim Basin to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain.

Kanishka

means action, work or deed; it also refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect). Good intent and good deed contribute to good karma and future happiness, while bad intent and bad deed contribute to bad karma and future suffering. Karma is closely associated with the idea of rebirth in many schools of Asian religions. In these schools, karma in the present affects one's future in the current life, as well as the nature and quality of future lives-one's saṃsāra.

Karma

2300-1750 BC; Harappan Culture; representation of ancient urban development, bronze and stonce culture, citadel height would protect it from heavy flooding, great bath provides localized ritual water source away from river; trade culture moving away from agricultural culture

Mohenjo- Daro

Capital city of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka (268 to 232 BCE)

Pataliputra (modern Patna)

is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns. It is one of the four canonical sacred texts (śruti) of Hinduism known as the Vedas. Earliest Veda (1300BC)

Rigveda

"wandering" or "world", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It also refers to the theory of rebirth and "cyclicality of all life, matter, existence", transmigration, karmic cycle, reincarnation, and "cycle of aimless drifting, wandering or mundane existence." a fundamental assumption of all Indian religions; the concept of Saṃsāra has roots in the Vedic literature, but the theory is not discussed there. It appears in developed form, but without mechanistic details, in the early Upanishads.

Samsara

Shiva is the "destroyer of evil and the transformer" within the Trimurti, the Hindu trinity that includes Brahma and Vishnu.[1][12] In Shaivism tradition, Shiva is the Supreme being who creates, protects and transforms the universe.[13][14][15] In the goddess tradition of Hinduism called Shaktism, the goddess is described as supreme, yet Shiva is revered along with Vishnu and Brahma. detroyer

Shiva

a bilingual inscription (in Greek and Aramaic) by King Ashoka, discovered at Kandahar (National Museum of Afghanistan).33 inscriptions on the Pillars, boulders and cave walls, made by Ashoka during his reign, in Pakistan and India, and represent the first tangible evidence of Buddhism. moral precepts, religious precepts, and his notions of social and animal welfare.

The Kandahar Edict of Ashoka

320 AD - 647 AD, The Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. The earliest available Indian epics are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period. Two major cities are MATHURA and SARNATH

The gupta empire