North America

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of people, diseases, plants, and animals between the Americas (New World) and Europe/Africa (Old World) initiated by the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492.

shield

Large upland areas of very old exposed rocks that range in elevation from 600 to 5000 feet (200 to 1500 meters). The three major shields in South America are the Guiana, Brazilian, and Patagonian.

Pedestrian/Horsecar City

pre-1888 was compact, essentially limiting growth to a 3- or 4- mile diamter ring around downtown

outsourcing

A business practice that transfers portions of a company's production and service activities to lower-cost settings, often located overseas.

free trade zones (FTZs)

A duty-free and tax-exempt industrial park created to attract foreign corporations and create industrial jobs.

latifundia

A large estate or landholding in Latin America.

mono-crop production

Agriculture based upon a single crop, often for export.

South Dakota's Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

-home to the Oglala Sioux nation -faces a severe housing shortage, made worse by recent floods and persistent poverty.

automobile city

1920-1945 expansion of middle-class suburbs

Rocky Mountains

In the West, mountain-building (including large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions), alpine glaciation, and erosion. The "" reach more than 10,000 ft. or 3050 m in height and stretch from Alaska's Brooks Range to northern New Mexico's Sangre de Cristo Mountains. West of the Rockies, the Colorado Plateau is characterized by colorful sedimentary rock eroded into spectacular buttes and mesas. Nevada's sparsely settled basin and range country features north-south mountain ranges alternating with structural basins with no outlet to the the sea. North America's western border is marked by the mountainous, rain-drenched coasts of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia; the Coast Ranges of Washington, Oregon, and California; the lowlands of Puget Sound (Washington), Willamette Valley (Oregon), and Central Valley (California); and the complex uplifts of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada.

primate city

Massive urban settlements that dominate all other cities in a given country. A primate city is usually the capital of the country in which it is located.

eleven

Only "" percent of the US population moved between 2016 and 2017.

maroons

Runaway slaves who established communities rich in African traditions throughout the Caribbean and Brazil.

Employment by the government is not a specific economic sector because the government employs workers in all economic sectors.

Sectoral transformation describes the evolution of a country's labor force from dependence on one economic sector to another. Which of the following is NOT a sector that is included? employment by the government manufacturing or industrial providing services natural resource extraction information processing

syncretic religion

The blending of different belief systems. In Latin America, many animist practices were folded into Christian worship.

Greater Antilles

The four large Caribbean islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

The Ogallala Aquifer is one of the world's largest aquifers, located underneath portions of eight different Great Plains states in the United States.

Where is the Ogallala Aquifer, which is important for the irrigation of large amounts of cropland in North America, located? Canadian shield in Ontario Great Plains of the United States Central Florida running south toward the Everglades central prairies of Canada Salinas Valley of California

The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988)

offered potential economic independence for many tribes In 2016, Indian gaming operations (primarily gambling casinos) nation ally netted tribes about $32 billion.

Babock Ranch

solar field in South FLorida east of Fort Myers, Florida covers 400 acres of solar panels

gender gap

A term often used to describe gender differences in salary, working conditions, or political power.

maquiladora

Assembly plants on or near the Mexican border built and owned by foreign companies. Most of their products are exported to the United States.

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)

In Alaska, native peoples acquired title to 44 million acres (18 million hectares) of land in 1971

decentralization

Post WWII growth in the outer city (1945-today) promoted more "" along commuter routes as built-up areas appeared 40-60 miles from downtown

environmental lapse rate

The decline in temperature as one ascends higher in the atmosphere. On average, the temperature declines 3.5°F for every 1000 feet ascended, or 6.5°C for every 1000 meters.

Superfund Program

Tougher air-quality standards have also reduced certain types of emissions in many North American cities. The US "" (1980) and Canada's Environmental Protection Act (CEPA, 1988) have significantly cleaned up hundred of toxic waste sites.

The Dominican Republic took advantage of tax incentives and guaranteed access to the U.S. market offered through the Caribbean Basin Initiative. There are now 50 Dominican free-trade zones.

What Caribbean country is an increasingly attractive location for assembling goods for North American consumers? Cuba Trinidad the Dominican Republic Guyana Haiti

Upsala Glacier

-in south in Argentina's Glaciers National Park has been in retreat for decades. -It drains into Lake Argentina.

Second stage of European settlement

1750-1850 -featured settlement of better agricultural lands in eastern half of the continent. -pioneers surged westward across the Appalachians following the end of the American Revolution (1783) and a series of Indian conflicts, finding the Interior Lowlands almost ideal for agricultural settlement. -Southern Ontario, Upper Canada, opened to development after 1791.

electric trolley

1888 expanded the urbanized landscape into new "streetcar suburbs" that extended outward along streetcar lines, often for 5-10 miles from the city center.

ecotourism

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way.

Spanglish

A hybrid combination of English and Spanish spoken by Hispanic Americans.

nonmetropolitan growth

A pattern of migration in which people leave large cities and suburbs and move to smaller towns and rural areas.

mestizo

A person of mixed European and Indian ancestry.

fracking

A process for extracting oil from shale rock that involves injecting a fluid mixture into the ground that breaks apart (or fractures) the rock layer, thus making it easier to pump out the oil.

gentrification

A process of urban revitalization in which higher income residents displace lower-income residents in central-city neighborhoods.

Monroe Doctrine

A proclamation issued by U.S. President James Monroe in 1823 that the United States would not tolerate European military action in the Western Hemisphere. Focused on the Caribbean as a strategic area, the doctrine was repeatedly invoked to justify U.S. political and military intervention in the region.

twice 1500

A recent gov report concluded that North America's far north is warming "" as fast as the rest of the planet and that Arctic sea ice is very thin and melting at its fastest pace in the last "" years.

Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)

A regional trade organization established in 1972 that includes 20 member states mostly from the former English Caribbean colonies.

neoliberalism

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

sustainable agriculture

A system of agriculture where organic farming principles, a limited use of chemicals, and an integrated plan of crop and livestock management combine to offer both producers and consumers environmentally friendly alternatives.

indentured labor

A system of unfree labor in which a worker is bound by a contract to serve a particular employer for a fixed period of time. In the Caribbean, many immigrants came from South Asia as indentured laborers.

Pacific Alliance

A trade-oriented alliance formed in 2011 which includes Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Chile with Costa Rica and Panama in the process of joining.

Environmental issues in North America

Acid rain damage is widespread in regions downwind from industrial sources areas. Elsewhere, widespread water pollution, cities with high levels of air pollution, and zones of accelerating groundwater depletion pose health dangers and economic costs to residents of the region. Since 1970, however, both Americans and Canadians have become increasingly responsive to the dangers posed by these environmental challenges.

El Nino

An abnormally warm current that appears periodically in the eastern Pacific Ocean and usually influences storminess along the western coasts of the Americas. During an El Niño event, which can last several years, torrential rains often bring devastating floods to the Pacific coasts of North, Central, and South America. El Niño events are often associated with droughts in Australia and Southeast Asia.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

An agreement made in 1994 among Canada, the United States, and Mexico that established a 15-year plan for reducing all barriers to trade among the three countries.

squatter settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

prairie

An extensive area of grassland in North America. In the more humid eastern portions, grasses are usually taller than in the drier western areas, which are in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountain range.

UNASUR (Union of South American Nations)

An intergovernmental organization designed to improve the economic integration of South American countries. UNASUR currently includes every independent country in South America.

1970

Annual immigration rates peaked around 1900, declined in the early 20th century, and then surged again, particularly since "". The source areas of these migrants have also shifted.

Westward movement

By 1990, more than half of the US population lived west of the Mississippi River. -Since 1990, some of the fastest-growing areas have been in the American West (like Arizona and Nevada) and in the western Canadian provinces of ALberta and British Colombia. -Fueled by job creation in high-tech, energy, and service industries as well as by the scenic, recreational, and retirement attractions.

sustainable agriculture

Combines organic farming principles, limited use of chemicals, and integrated crop and livestock management to offer both producers and consumers environmentally friendly alternatives.

This is false. In most Latin American countries, abortion remains illegal.

Concerning Latin American women, which of the following statements is NOT true? Family planning is promoted in Latin America. Overall access to education for women is good in Latin America. In most Latin American nations, abortion is legal. Women in Latin America are having smaller families than in past generations. Women can legally get divorced in South America in spite of the dominance of the Catholic faith.

boreal forest

Coniferous forest found in high-latitude or mountainous environments of the Northern Hemisphere.

boreal forest

Coniferous forest found in high-latitude or mountainous environments of the Northern Hemisphere. -From the Great Lakes north, "", dominates the continental interior.

renewable energy sources

Energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro, that are replenished by nature at a faster rate than they are used or consumed and generally have a low environmental impact.

400

Human settlement in North America dates back 12,000-25,000 years. The last "" yrs has been a witness to Europeans, Africans, Asians, and Central + South Americans arriving in the region, disrupted native peoples, and created dramatically new patterns of human settlement. Today 365 million people live in the region.

township and range survey system

Immigrants from Europe preferred dispersed settlement patterns as they created new farms. In portions of the US settled after 1785, the federal gov surveyed and sold much of the land. Organized around the rectangular pattern of the federal gov's "" (Canadian system similar), the surveys offered a convenient method of dividing + selling the public domain in 6-mile-square townships.

In 1960s Quebec, a separatist political party called the Parti Quebecois organized. The party was able to declare French the official language, but the call for separatism failed in both 1985 and 1995 and has now ebbed in favor of increased "autonomy" within Canada.

In 1995, which Canadian province tried to secede from the rest of the country and become an independent state? Newfoundland Manitoba Nunavut British Columbia Quebec

Along with a turn to democracy, which has involved the broadening of public participation in the political process, Latin America has also opened its markets and elected leaders now outnumber dictators.

In addition to a trend toward democracy in the region during the 1980s, which of the following is also true? Latin American states have opened their markets to international trade. Latin American states have broadened public participation in the political process. Latin American states have increased the number of democratically elected governments. All of the above are true. None of the above is true.

metropolitan

Large "" areas (central cities and suburbs) dominate North America's population geography, producing uneven patterns of settlement.

This is false. The U.S. non-Hispanic white population will likely achieve minority status by 2050.

Migration into and within a region often changes the ethnic composition of that region. As this applies to North America, which of the following is NOT true? Twenty-one percent of Canada's population today is foreign born. Most immigrants into the United States since 1970 originated in Latin America or Asia. Chinese is the third most spoken language in the United States. By 2050, non-Hispanic whites in the United States will still have majority status. More than 60 percent of Canada's recent migrants are Asian.

tropical rainforests

North America's climate and vegetation is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT _________. coniferous evergreen forests tropical rainforests deciduous broadleaf forests tundra flora and fauna prairie grasslands

5

Over "" million Native Americans, Inuits, and Aleuts live in North America claiming allegiance to more than 1100 tribal bands.

food deserts

Places where people do not have ready access to supermarkets and fresh, healthy, and affordable food.

acid rain

Plagued in North America, industrially produced sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere that combine with precipitation to damage forests, poison lakes, and kill fish. -Pollution producers like factories, power plants, and motor vehicles are located in the Midwest and southern Ontario, and prevailing winds transport pollutants and deposit damaging "" and snow across the Ohio Valley, the Northeast, and eastern Canada.

Altiplano

Spanish for "high plain," a region in Peru and Bolivia encircled by the Andes

geothermal

Subsurface heat that is tapped for electricity production by drilling wells to release the intense heat deep within the Earth, felt at the surface in geysers, hot springs, and volcanoes.

edge city

Suburban node of activity that features a mix of peripheral retailing, industrial parks, residential land uses, office complexes, and entertainment facilities.

circular migration

Temporary labor migration, in which an individual seeks short-term employment overseas, earns money, and then returns home.

Atlantic

The "" coastline is made up of drowned river valleys, bays, swamps, and low barrier islands.

Haiti is a country that shares the Greater Antilles island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic.

The Greater Antilles contains the four largest islands in the Caribbean. Which of the following is NOT one of these four? Cuba Puerto Rico Hispaniola Jamaica Haiti

grassification

The conversion of tropical forest into pasture for cattle ranching. Typically, this process involves introducing species of grasses and cattle, mostly from Africa.

Colorado River

The fluctuating flows of this river are also chronically frustrating to residents in the rapidly growing southwestern US, and climate-change scientists indicate that this arid region is particularly vulnerable to drier times ahead. In California, many Central Valley farmers have dramatically increased their consumption of groundwater as winter snowpacks in the nearby Sierra Nevada have waned (farmers use 80% of the state's groundwater).

30

The improved water quality of the Great Lakes over the past "" years is an achievement to which both the US and Canada nations contributed.

rimland

The mainland coastal zone of the Caribbean, beginning with Belize and extending along the coast of Central America to northern South America.

As a consequence of European colonialism and the forced migration of African peoples, the resultant bending between European and African cultures is referred to as creolization.

The mix of European and African cultures that characterizes the Caribbean is referred to as which of the following? customization creolization covalent bonding correlation calypso

All of the above movements have characterized major U.S. population patterns.

The overall movement of populations within the United States has been in which of the following directions? westward southward into cities selectively into rural areas All of the above.

brain gain

The potential of return migrants to contribute to the social and economic development of their country of origin with the experiences they have gained abroad.

agribusiness

The practice of large-scale, often corporate farming in which business enterprises control closely integrated segments of food production, often extending from farm to grocery store.

urban decentralization

The process in which cities spread out over a larger geographical area.

cultural assimilation

The process in which immigrants are culturally absorbed into the larger host society.

renewable energy sources

The technological and economic appeal of "", such as hydroelectric, solar, wind, and geothermal, are likely to transform North America's economic geography in coming years as policymakers, industrial innovators, and consumers embrace their enduring availability and potentially lower environmental costs.

Nunavut

To the north, Canada's self-governing governing "" Territory (population about 35,000) is another reminder of the enduring presence of native cultural influence and emergent political power within the region. By far the most ambitious agreement created "" out of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories in 1999. It is is home to 35 000 people (85 percent Inuit and is the largest territorial/provincial unit in Canada. Agreements between the Canadian Parliament and British Columbia tribes (the Nisga'a) have resulted in similar moves toward more native self-government.

FARC is an insurgent group that challenges the authority of the Colombian government in its own political territory; thus, it is a subnational organization.

Trade blocs, such as LAFTA and CACM, are examples of supranational organizations. Which of the following offers an example of subnational organizations? Southern Cone Mercosurthe Andean Group FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) FTAA (Free Trade Area of the Americas)

neotropics

Tropical ecosystems of the Americas that evolved in relative isolation and support diverse and unique flora and fauna.

hurricanes

Tropical storms in the Atlantic Basin with abnormally low-pressure centers and with sustaining winds of 74 mph or higher. Each year during hurricane season (July�October), a half dozen to a dozen hurricanes form in the warm waters of the Atlantic and Caribbean, bringing destructive winds and heavy rain.

Federal states, like the United States and Canada, allocate considerable political power to units of government, such as states or provinces, that are beneath the national level.

Unitary states, like France, centralize political power at the national level. How do federal states, like Canada and the United States, organize political power? They do not maintain territories, commonwealths, or other forms of local government aside from provinces or states. They centralize power in local governments only and do not retain any power at the national level. They allocate political power beneath the national level. They impose their power on other states through political and economic imperialism. They grant autonomy to other national governments.

Continued growth in the Latin America region comes from the relatively young nature of the region's population together with the waves of immigrants into the region.

What are the factors leading to the potential for continued high population growth in Latin America? immigrants into Latin America continued high fertility rates throughout Latin America the relatively large size of the population group below the age of 15 B and C only A and C only

Nunavut was the most ambitious agreement to turn over land to aboriginal control. The territory was created in 1999 and is home to approximately 30,000 people.

What is the cultural homeland for Canada's Inuit population that has governed its own territory since 1999? Northwest Territory Acadiana Borderlands Quebec Nunavut

Agriculture is the dominant land use across much of North America, where farmers practice highly commercialized, mechanized, and specialized agriculture.

What is the dominant form of land use in North America? urban centers manufacturing skiing agriculture timber

The United States has 27 percent of the world's total coal.

What is the most abundant fossil fuel in the United States? oil natural gas tar sands water coal

The famed steel pan drums of Trinidad were created from discarded oil drums from a U.S. military base of the 1940s.

What were the original steel pan drums of Trinidad made from? any scrap metal that could be found around landfills on the island circa 1940 the bottoms of old-fashioned steel-bottom boats discarded oil drums left from an American military base that was there in the 1940s discarded pots and pans leftover steel beer barrels from an abandoned American military base

Many of the urban poor live in self-built housing on land that does not belong to them.

Where do the poorest residents of Latin American cities generally live? squatter settlements inside the periférico disamenity zones inner city old colonial core

French Guiana is an overseas territory of France and is home to the European Space Center at Kourou.

Where in the Caribbean region is the European Space Center and launch site? French Guiana Aruba Guyana Suriname None of the choices is correct.

The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1493-94 was the effort to divide the Atlantic world along a certain line, which was then uncharted, so that the Eastern half would belong to Portugal and the Western half to Spain.

Which of the following explains why the majority of Latin Americans speak Spanish rather than Portuguese? Organization of American States (OAS) Treaty of Tordesillas Viceroyalty of Peru Treaty of Hidalgo Monroe Doctrine

Mestizos are actually people of mixed Amerindian and European ancestry. This group of people is most often born in Latin America.

Which of the following were not historical migrants into the Latin America region? Africans Europeans Asians North Americans Mestizo

With the environmental lapse rate, temperatures decline 3.5°F for every 1000 feet rise in elevation.

With the environmental lapse rate, temperatures decline __________ feet rise in elevation. 3.5°F every 1000 1.5°F every 10,000 5°F for every 1000 2.5°F for every 1000 7°F for every 10,000

hydraulic fracturing (fracking)

a drilling technology in which a mix of water, sand, and chemicals is injected underground to release natural gas -Growing use in settings from North Dakota to Pennsylvania has been challenged by critics claiming that the practice leads to polluted groundwater and hazardous environmental conditions for nearby residents.

nonmetropolitan growth

during the 1970s, some areas in North america beyond its large cities witnessed significant population gains, including rural settings that had previously lost population. -This pattern of "" in which people leave large cities for smaller towns and rural areas continues today. -growth of retiree population in both Canada and the US is a part of the trend but a substantial number are younger lifestyle migrants

tundra

near Hudson Bay and across harsher northern tracts, trees give way to "" a mixture of low shrubs, grasses, and flowering herbs that briefly flourish in the short growing season of the high latitudes.

Piedmont

the "" region, a transition zone, consists of rolling hills and low mountains that are older and less easily eroded than the lowlands. -West and north of the "" are the Appalachian Highlands (altitudes of 3000-6000 ft. or 900-1830 m)

Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA)

trade agreement designed to reduce tariff barriers between Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and the United States

Acadiana

-rural homeland -a zone of persisting Cajun culture in southwestern Louisiana -founded in the 18th century, when French settlers expelled from eastern Canada (an area known as Acadia relocated to Louisiana known today through food and music, Cajun culture is strongly linked to Louisiana's bayous and swamps.

Rural-urban migration

2 centuries ago only 5% of North Americans lived in the urban areas (cities of more than 2500 people), whereas today more than 80% of the region's population is urban. -Economic opportunities account for this

467

In Canada, a population of fewer than 300,000 Native Americans and Europeans in the 1760s grew to 3.2 million a century later. As for the US, a late colonial (1770) total of around 2.5 million increased over tenfold to more than 30 million by 1860. Both countries saw even higher rates of immigration in the late 19th and 20th centuries, although birth rates gradually fell after 1900. After WWII, birth rates rose once again in both countries, resulting in the "baby boom" gen born between 1946 and 1965. Today, RNIs in North America are below 1% annually, and the overall population is growing older. The region attracts many immigrants. These growing #s along with higher birth rates among immigrant groups, recently led experts to increase long-term population projections. Indeed, UN predictions for a 2070 population of "" million (419 in the US and 48 in Canada) may prove conservative.

Haiti

Less than 3 percent of the forestland remains in this country. Dominican Republic Cuba Suriname Jamaica Haiti

urban primacy

The situation found in a country in which a disproportionately large city, such as London, Seoul, or Bangkok, dominates the urban system and is the center of economic, political, and cultural life.

location factors

The various influences that explain why an economic activity takes place where it does.

Atacama Desert

This is one of the driest places on earth, with almost no vegetation; many visitors liken it to a moonscape. Yet the soils of the "" contain a wealth of copper and nitrates.

These are all local variations of Afro-religious traditions that have evolved in the Caribbean.

Which of the following are part of the Afro-religious traditions that have evolved in the Caribbean? Obeah Santería Shango Voodoo (Vodoun) All of the choices are correct.

Many of these maroon societies lived on without the re-enslavement or destruction of the community associated with the nearby practice of slavery.

Which of the following does NOT characterize the short-lived maroon societies of the Caribbean? -communities of runaway slaves -hidden settlements in areas where slavery was practiced -consistent failure because people were eventually re-enslaved and the community destroyed -places where African cultural traditions were best maintained -gradual blending into their local populations

ethnicity

A shared cultural identity held by a group of people with a common background or history, often as a minority group within a larger society.

ethnicity

A shared cultural identity held by a group of people with a common background or history, often as a minority group within a larger society. -For Canada, the French colonization of Quebec and the enduring power of its native peoples complicate its modern cultural geography

transnational migration

Complex social and economic linkages that form between home and host countries through international migration. Unlike earlier generations of migrants, 21st century immigrants can maintain more enduring and complex ties to their home countries as a result of technological advances.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Formed as an outgrowth of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995, the WTO is a large collection of member states dedicated to reducing global barriers to trade. The WTO currently includes 164 countries.

remittances

Monies sent by immigrants working abroad to family members and communities in countries of origin. For many countries in the developing world, remittances often amount to billions of dollars each year. For small countries, remittances can equal 5 to 10 percent of a country's gross domestic product.

whale + polar bear

In North America's high latitudes, changes in temperatures, sea ice, permafrost conditions, and sea levels have increased coastal erosion, affected "" and "" populations, and made the Arctic a very different setting than it was just a decade ago.

eastern

In the "" United States, extensive coastal plains stretch from southern New York to Texas to include a sizable portion of the lower Mississippi Valley.

California

Interior arid settings lie in the dry rain shadow of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. Farther west, marine west coast climates dominate from San Francisco to the Aleutian Islands while a dry-summer Mediterranean climate occurs across central and southern "".

Puerto Maldonado Bridge

The recently constructed "" in the Peruvian Amazon spans the Madre de Dios River. The bridge is a major infrastructure feature of the Interoceanic Highway, which connects Atlantic ports in Brazil with Pacific ports in Peru by traversing the Andes and the Amazon.

diaspora

The scattering of a particular group of people over a vast geographical area. Originally, the term referred to the migration of Jews out of their original homeland, but now it has been generalized to refer to any ethnic dispersion. The recent large-scale movement of people from the Caribbean to major cities in North America and Europe.

southwest

To the "", Missouri's Ozark Mountains and the Ouachita Plateau of northern Arkansas resemble portions of the southern Appalachians.

urban decentralization

metropolitan areas sprawl in all directions and suburbs take on many of the characteristics of traditional downtowns -the impact has been particularly profound in the US, where inner-city problems, poor public transportation, wide-spread automobile ownership, and fewer regional-scale planning initiatives encourage middle-class urban residents to move beyond the central city.

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

passed in 1975, increased Native Americans' control of their economic and political destiny

First stage of European settlement

-1600-1750 -created a series of colonies in the coastal regions of eastern North America. -Regionnaly distinct societies were anchored in the north by the French settlement of the St. Lawrence Valley and extended south along the Atlantic Coast, including several separate English colonies. Scattered developments along the Gulf Coast and in the Southwest also appeared before 1750.

Impacts of climate change in the US

-In the United States, southern California, the Southwest, and parts of Texas are likely to be hotter and drier. -Great Lakes States and the Northeast may see average precipitation, but heavier and more damaging precipitation events. -Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines will be especially vulnerable to rising sea levels and more intense storms, including hurricanes. -The western mountains are particularly sensitive to climate change. -Expanding bark beetle populations can survive milder winters and are infesting pine forests. Many of the region's spectacular alpine glaciers are rapidly disappearing. Earlier spring melting of reduced mountain snowpacks also impacts downstream fisheries, farms, and metropolitan areas that depend on these seasonal water resources. Seasonal wildfires are also growing in size and intensity across the region.

Native Americans

-Migrated to North America at least 12,000- 25,000 yrs from northeast Asia in multiple waves and dispersed across the region, adapting in diverse ways to its many natural environments before Europeans began occupying North America more than 400 yrs back. -Native populations in 1500 CE at 3.2 million for the continental US and 1.2 million for Canada, Alaska, Hawaii, and Greenland. -Numbers reduced by more than 90% after European settlement. -Exterminated by disease and war while others were expelled from their homelands and relocated on reservations, noth in Canada + US. -Some mixed w/ Europeans losing cultural identity.

Black Exodus from the South

-Most blacks remained economically tied to the rural South after the Civil War -Early 20th century, many migrated due to declining demands for labor in the agricultural South and growing industrial opportunities in the North and West. -Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Oakland became major destinations for southern black migrants. -Since 1970, more black moved from N to S. Sun Belt jobs and federal civil rights guarantees now attract many northern urban blacks to growing southern cities. -Net result is still a major change from 1900, when more than 90% of African Americans lived in the South; today just over half of the 47 million black AMericans live in the region

French-Canadian Quebec (people = Québécois)

-an excellent example of a culture homeland It is a culturally distinctive settlement in a well-defined geographic area, and its ethnicity has survived over time. About 80 percent of ""'s population speaks FR, and language remains the cultural glue that holds the homeland together. Policies adopted after 1976 strengthened the FR language within the province by requiring FR instruction in schools and national bilingual programming by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Many feel that the greatest cultural threat comes not from Anglo-Canadians, but rather from recent immigrants to the province. Southern Europeans and Asians in Montreal, for example, show little desire to learn FR preferring instead to put their children in English-speaking private schools.

Third stage of European settlement

1850-1910 -most of the region's remaining agricultural lands were settled by a mix of native-born and immigrant farmers -in the American West, settlers were drawn to opportunities in California, Oregon, Utah, and the Great Plains. -In Canada, thousands occupied southern portions of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The discovery of gold and silver led to development in areas such as Colorado, Montana, and British Columbia's Fraser Valley.

Megalopolis

A large urban region formed as multiple cities grow and merge with one another. The term is often applied to the string of cities in eastern North America that includes Washington, DC; Baltimore; Philadelphia; New York City; and Boston.

Anchorage and New York

A more ice-free Arctic Ocean is also opening up potential for commercial shipping and resource development. Thanks to to global climate change, since 2016, large luxury cruise ships have been crossing the Arctic, exploring a newly thawed and quite lucrative global connection between "" and "". Following the so-called Northwest Passage around the northern perimeter of the continent, high-latitude tourists, for a mere $20,000/person, can enjoy polar pleasures, including arctic wildlife, native villages, and iceberg-studded ocean vistas.

Group of Seven

A collection of powerful countries that confer regularly on key global economic and political issues. It includes the United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia.

federal states

A country in which the major territorial subdivisions have a significant degree of political autonomy, such as the United States, India, or Mexico; federal states are contrasted with unitary states, in which the central governments set most policies.

plantation America

A cultural region that extends from midway up the coast of Brazil, through the Guianas and the Caribbean, and into the southeastern United States. In this coastal zone, European-owned plantations, worked by African laborers, produced agricultural products for export.

cultural homeland

A culturally distinctive settlement in a well-defined geographic area, whose ethnicity has survived over time, stamping the landscape with an enduring personality.

informal sector

A much-debated concept that presupposes a dual economic system consisting of formal and informal sectors. The informal sector includes self-employed, low-wage jobs that are usually unregulated and untaxed. Street vending, shoe shining, artisan manufacturing, and even self-built housing are considered part of the informal sector. Some scholars include illegal activities such as drug smuggling and prostitution in the informal economy.

chain migration

A pattern of migration in which people in a sending area become linked to a particular destination, such as Dominicans with New York City.

unitary states

A political system in which power is centralized at the national level.

agrarian reform

A popular but controversial strategy to redistribute land to peasant farmers. Throughout the 20th century, various states redistributed land from large estates or granted land titles from vast public lands in order to reallocate resources to the poor and stimulate development. Agrarian reform occurred in various forms, from awarding individual plots or communally held land to creating state-run collective farms.

Gentrification

A process of urban revitalization in which higher income residents displace lower-income residents in central-city neighborhoods. Rehabilitating deteriorated inner-city landscapes and constructing new shopping complexes, entertainment attractions, or downtown convention centers. -Cosmopolitan, upscale residents are drawn to the more architecturally diverse housing and cultural amenities of the central city. Seattle's Pioneer Square, Baltimore's Harborplace, and Toronto's Yorkville district (home to gentrified housing, upscale shops, and well-manicured public spaces)

Bolsa Familia

A successful conditional cash transfer program developed in Brazil to address extreme poverty. Poor families who qualify receive a monthly check from the government provided they keep their children in school and vaccinated.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal that drew a north�south line some 300 leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde islands. Spain received the land to the west of the line and Portugal the land to the east.

The Monroe Doctrine of the mid-19th century claimed that the Caribbean was within the U.S. sphere of influence and the United States has been able to maintain Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands as territories.

According to your text, since what political declaration has the United States been able to claim the Caribbean as part of its sphere of influence and maintain Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands as its territories? Monroe Doctrine Organization of American States (OAS) North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) Panama Canal Treaty Spanish-American War

out migration

African Americans also retain a cultural homeland in the South, among but it has become less important because of "". Dozens of rural counties in the Black Belt still have large African-American majorities, and the South remains home to many black folk traditions, including black spirituals and the blues, music Vancouver cal forms now popular far beyond their rural origins. Outside the South, African Americans have also created large, vibrant Philippines communities primarily in cities of the Northeast. Midwest, and West.

dollarization

An economic strategy in which a country adopts the U.S. dollar as its official currency. A country can be partially dollarized, using U.S. dollars alongside its national currency, or fully dollarized, when the U.S. dollar becomes the only medium of exchange and a country gives up its own national currency. Panama fully dollarized in 1904; more recently, Ecuador became fully dollarized in 2000, followed by El Salvador in 2001.

postindustrial economy

An economy in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors dominate employment and expansion.

Postindustrial economy

An economy in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors dominate employment and expansion. -is highly urbanized and mobile -is shaped by modern technology -has the highest rates of resource consumption -has innovative information and financial services

urban heat island

An effect in built-up areas in which development associated with cities often produces nighttime temperatures some 9 to 14�F (5 to 8�C) warmer than nearby rural areas.

new urbanism

An urban design movement stressing higher density, mixed-use, pedestrian-scaled neighborhoods where residents might be able to walk to work, school, and local entertainment.

The small numbers of indentured laborers that came from China went mostly to the former English colonies, not to the French colonies.

Another legacy of colonialism in the Caribbean was the migration of indentured laborers to replace freed slaves in the mid-1800s. Which of the following is incorrect regarding this colonial legacy? Dutch Suriname imported labor from Indonesia. British Trinidad imported labor from South Asia. Dutch Suriname imported labor from South Asia. French Guiana imported labor from China. British Guyana imported labor from India.

tundra

Arctic biome with a short growing season in which vegetation is limited to low shrubs, grasses, and flowering herbs.

In addition to the islands of the Caribbean Sea, Belize in Central America and the three Guianas of South America are included as part of the Caribbean world region. This is for historical and cultural reasons.

Besides the Caribbean Islands, which of the following are also considered part of the Caribbean? French Guiana Guyana Belize Suriname All of the choices are correct.

urban heat island effect

Built-up metropolitan areas create "" in which infrastructure associated with cities can raise nighttime temperatures 9-22* F (5-12* C) higher than nearby rural areas. At the local level, industries utilities, and automobiles contribute carbon monoxide, sulfur, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulates to the urban atmosphere.

minority

By the middle of the 21st century, almost one in three Americans will be Hispanic, and non-Hispanic whites will achieve "" status amid an increasingly diverse U.S. population.

Shasta

California's recent drought sent "" Lake, a reservoir that feeds into the Sacramento River, to record low levels.

170

Canada alone has the world's third largest proven oil reserves: about "" billion barrels of oil can be recovered just from its rich oil sands. Even with its high rates of consumption, North America may be a net energy export region by the 2020s. However, fluctuating global energy prices, such as the dramatic drop in crude oil prices in 2015 and 2016, makes such long-term projections complex, especially if a slowdown in the energy economy discourages investment in both alternative sources (wind + solar) and in shale-based fossil fuels.

Main Street

Canada's "" corridor contains most of that nation's urban population, led by Toronto (6 million) and Montreal (4 million).

1920

Commercial farming and technological changes further transformed the rural landscape. Railroads opened corridors of development, provided access to markets for commercial crops, and helped to establish towns. By 1900, several transcontinental lines spanned North America, radically transforming the farm economy and the pace of rural life. After "", even greater change accompanied the arrival of the automobile, farm mechanization, and better rural road networks. The need for farm labor declined with mechanization, and many smaller market centers withered as farmers drove automobiles and trucks farther and faster to larger towns. Fewer but larger farms dot the modern rural scene, and many young people leave the land for urban employment.

78

Despite the fact that women are as educated as men, women earn only _________ cents for every dollar that men earn. 15 80 78 66 55

sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

prairies

Drier climates from west Texas to Alberta feature large seasonal ranges in temp and unpredictable precipitation, averaging 10-30 inches or 25-75 cm annually. Soils in this region are fertile and originally supported vast "", dominated by tall grasslands in the East and by short grasses and scrub vegetation in the West.

necolonialism

Economic and political strategies by which powerful states indirectly (and sometimes directly) extend their influence over other, weaker states.

neocolonialism

Economic and political strategies by which powerful states indirectly (and sometimes directly) extend their influence over other, weaker states.

20%

Energy consumption in the region remains extremely high (US still is the source of almost "" of Earth's greenhouse gas emissions), but growing incentives for energy efficiency may reduce per capita consumption in the future.

Central Business District (CBD)

Example of this is Chicago's downtown skyline along Lake Michigan

Ogallala Aquifer

Farther west, beneath the Great Plains, the waters of the "" are being depleted; center-pivot irrigation systems have steadily lowered water tables by as much as 100 ft or 30 m in the past 50 years.

offshore banking

Financial services offered by certain European dependencies and microstates, often located on islands, that are typically confidential and tax exempt. As part of a global financial system, offshore banks have developed a unique niche, offering their services to individual and corporate clients for set fees. The Bahamas and the Cayman Islands are leaders in this sector.

Organization of American States (OAS)

Founded in 1948 and headquartered in Washington, DC, the organization advocates hemispheric cooperation and dialogue. Most states in the Americas belong.

50

From Edmonton to Phoenix, many interior cities in the North American West have witnessed some of the continent's most rapid growth in the past "" years, reflecting the region's amenities and rich base of natural resources.

acid rain

Harmful form of precipitation high in sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Caused by industrial and auto emissions, acid rain damages aquatic and forest ecosystems in regions such as eastern North America and Europe.

The elite spine refers to a newer commercial and business strip that extends from the colonial core to newer parts of the city. Along this "spine," superior services, roads, and transportation can be found.

In descriptions of the urban form of Latin America, what does the term elite spine refer to? the houses built on a ridge of the city, placing them higher than the others the strip of newer businesses extending from the colonial core to the newest parts of a citya stretch of the best land within the city that has been reserved for parkland the fact that most of the population of Latin America lives in cities a strip of upper- and upper-middle-class residences between the central markets and the industrial sites

Because of the changes in transportation technologies, cities in the United States have formed from the CBD outward to evolve suburban downtowns and edge cities. They are also characterized by the return to the city of affluent populations, known as gentrification.

In particular, changes in transportation technologies have been influential in transforming and forming the organization of U.S. cities in which of the following ways? suburban downtowns gentrification edge cities central business districts (CBD) All of the above are correct.

Sun Belt Growth

Late 20th century moves to the American South are clearly related to other dominant trends in North American migration, yet the pattern deserves closer inspection. Particularly after 1970, states from the Carolinas to Texas grew much more rapidly than states in the Northeast and Midwest, and since 2010, the South has been home to most of the nation's fastest-growing countries. Factors contributing to the South;s growth are its buoyant economy, growing global exports, modest living costs, adoption of air conditioning, attractive recreational opportunities, and appeal to snow-weary retirees.

Brazil is a major global oil producer, and ranks ninth in the world in terms of production.

Latin America is an oil-rich region. Which Latin American country is the seventh largest producer of oil in the world? Peru Venezuela Brazil Ecuador Mexico

Low-pressure atmospheric disturbances are categorized as hurricanes when winds reach 74 mph.

Low-pressure disturbances achieve hurricane status when winds reach what speed? 95 mph 100 mph 47 mph 50 mph 74 mph

This is false. Mexico City has no such limiting policies on new residents.

Mexico City is the capital of Mexico and is its primary city. Which of the following statements about Mexico City is NOT true? Mexico City is actively limiting the number of new residents to 100,000 annually. Approximately 70 percent of Mexico City's water is drawn from the metropolitan area's aquifer. Water scarcity and water quality in Mexico City are considered national security issues. Air quality is so bad that during pollution emergencies, school children are required to stay indoors. Mexico City has recently expanded a low-emissions bus system, eliminating thousands of tons of carbon monoxide.

brain drain

Migration of the best-educated people from developing countries to developed nations where economic opportunities are greater.

Bakken Formation

New fossil fuel discoveries and drilling technologies have fundamentally shifted the continent's energy equation, The "" in North Dakota and Montana, thanks to new oil extraction methods, may one day produce more than 15-20 billion barrels of oil, making it one of the planet's great energy reserves (on par with Alaska's North Slope field).

First, people with similar backgrounds congregate near one another and derive meaning from the territories they occupy together. Second, these distinctive cultures leave their mark- artifacts, habits, language, and values on the every day landscape.

North America's cultural diversity is expressed geographically in two ways:

water

North Americans consume huge amounts of "". While conservation efforts and technology have slightly reduced per capita rates of "" use over the past 25 years, city dwellers still use an average of more than 175 gallons daily. Metropolitan areas such as New York City struggle with outdated municipal "" supply systems. Flint, Michigan's municipal "" disaster, first identified in 2014, continues today.

four low-lying islands with soils ideal for growing sugarcane

One arc of the Lesser Antilles is volcanic in origin, including at least one island with a currently active volcano. What are located just to the east of the volcanic arc? rimland states with significant amounts of forest cover coral reefs that protect the Lesser Antilles from hurricanes and tidal surges four low-lying islands with soils ideal for growing sugarcane the Greater Antilles islands the oilfields of Trinidad and Tobago

47

Overall air quality in urban North America has improved since the 1970s, but a 2014 American Lung Association report estimated that about "" percent of U.S. residents still live in places with unsafe levels of air pollution, including high levels of particulates and ozone.

Navajo

Particularly in the American West and the Canadian and Alaskan North, native peoples control sizable reservations, although less than 25 percent of native populations reside on these lands. The largest block of native controlled land in the lower 48 states is the "" Reservation in the Southwest. About 300,000 people claim allegiance to the "" Nation.

Huge investments and risks in moving fossil fuels

Plans for transporting western coal (especially from Wyoming and Montana) to the Pacific Coast (for export to Asia) have stirred protests and, despite friendlier federal regulations for U.S. coal, its domestic use for electricity production continues to decline. Controversial pipelines such as the Keystone XL project (Alberta to the Gulf of Mexico) and the Northern Gateway Pipeline (Alberta to the Pacific Coast), designed to tap into Canada's rich Athabasca oil sands, also illustrate the tensions between increasing production (and job creation) and the potentially dangerous environmental consequences of moving fossil fuels long distances. In the United States, despite lower energy prices, a Republican administration has backed the Keystone XL and other pipeline projects, but growing protests by western Canada's indigenous peoples have hampered construction of the Northern Gateway Pipeline.

Silicon Valley companies succeed when they can benefit from their proximity to each other and to other sources of innovation, such as local universities.

Silicon Valley is now North America's leading region of manufacturing exports. This is due in part to which of the following? proximity to natural resources reduced government spending lifestyle amenities access to innovation and research by local universities and industries absence of competition from other similar industries

Hispanic Borderlands

Similar in size to French-Canadian Québec but significantly larger in total population and more diffuse in its cultural and political expression. Historical roots of the homeland are deep, extending back to the 17th century, when Spaniards opened the region to the European world. Spanish place names, earth-toned Catholic churches, and traditional Hispanic settlements dot the rolling highlands of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. From California to Texas, other historical sites and place names also reflect this rich Hispanic legacy. Unlike Quebec, however, large 20th-century migrations from Latin America brought an entirely new wave of Hispanic settlement to the Southwest. About 59 million Hispanics live in the United States, with more than half in California, Texas, and Florida combined. Indeed, Hispanics outnumber non-Hispanic whites in California. New York City, Chicago, and Cuban South Florida serve as key points of Hispanic influence beyond this cultural homeland.

Poverty rates in U.S. inner city and rural areas are growing more rapidly than in suburban locations. This is false. Currently, suburban poverty rates are growing much more rapidly than in either inner cities or rural areas.

Since 1980, poverty levels have declined in both the United States and Canada, yet pockets of poverty persist. Which of the following is FALSE about the geography of poverty in the region? Poverty rates in the United States have fallen to include 13 percent of the population. Canadian poor are concentrated in the rural Canadian Maritime provinces. There are rural concentrations of poverty in the United States, especially in Appalachia. A disproportionate number of the U.S. impoverished are African Americans and Hispanics. Poverty rates in U.S. inner city and rural areas are growing more rapidly than in suburban locations.

The isolation of the islands enhances their cultural diversity, whereas their proximity encourages dependence on the more economically powerful region of North America.

Since most countries and territories in the Caribbean are separate islands, yet close to North and South America, they experience both cultural diversity and limited economic opportunities. Which of the following terms best describes this concept? isolated proximity globalization lost paradise creolization neocolonialism

The mechanization of agriculture, offshore industrialization, and rapid population growth have caused a surge in rural-to-urban migration. As a result, today 66 percent of the region is classified as urban.

Since the 1960s, Caribbean cities have experienced a rapid growth. Which of the following is NOT the driving force behind a surge in rural-to-urban migration? All of the choices are correct. rapid population growth offshore industrialization the mechanization of agriculture None of the choices is correct.

edge city

Suburban node of activity that features a mix of peripheral retailing (commercial strips, shopping malls, and big-box stores), industrial parks, residential land uses, office complexes, and entertainment facilities. -fewer functional connections with the central city than it has with other suburban centers -South Cali's Costa Mesa office and retailing district, located south of LA, exemplifies this on the expanding periphery of a North American metropolis.

People from Barbados generally chose to move to England because the island was once a British colony.

The Caribbean diaspora includes movement within the region as well as movement to other regions. What is the most popular destination for people from Barbados? United States England Canada the Netherlands Spain

Mexico is the third member of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which was organized between the three continental neighbors.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed in 1994 reduced barriers to trade and investment among Canada, the United States, and which of the following? Mexico Brazil Argentina United Kingdom (UK) Chile

western

The North American landscape is dominated by interior lowlands bordered by more mountainous topography in the "" part of the region.

lowland

The Northern American interior from east-west from the Ohio River valley to the Great Plains and north-south from west-central Canada to the lower Mississippi near the Gulf of Mexico is a vast ""

Mercosur (Southern Cone Common Market)

The Southern Common Market, established in 1991, which calls for free trade among member states and common external tariffs for nonmember states. Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, and Venezuela are members; Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia are associate members.

Lesser Antilles

The arc of small Caribbean islands from St. Maarten to Trinidad.

creolization

The blending of African, European, and even some Amerindian cultural elements into the unique sociocultural systems found in the Caribbean.

connectivity

The degree to which different locations are linked with one another through transportation and communication infrastructure.

The latifundia are part of the entrenched practice of maintaining large estates, whereas minifundia is the practice of farming small plots for subsistence agriculture.

The entrenched practice of maintaining large estates is called _____, whereas the practice of farming small plots for subsistence is _____. minifundia/encomienda latifundia/encomienda ejidos/agrarian reform minifundia/ejidos latifundia/minifundia

sectoral transformation

The evolution of a labor force from being highly dependent on the primary sector to being oriented around more employment in the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors.

capital leakage

The gap between the gross receipts an industry (such as tourism) brings into a developing area and the amount of capital retained.

Megalopolis

The largest settlement cluster in the US, includes Baltimore/Washington, DC (8.8 million, Philadelphia (6.1 million), New York City (20 million), and Boston (4.8 million). Urban centers cluster around the southern Great Lakes (Chicago, 9.5 million), in parts of the South (Dallas, 7.2 million), and along the Pacific Coast (Los Angeles, 17.8 million; Vancouver, 2.5 million).

altitudinal zonation

The relationship between higher elevations, cooler temperatures, and changes in vegetation that result from the environmental lapse rate (averaging 3.5�F for every 1000 feet [6.5�C for every 1000 meters]). In Latin America, four general altitudinal zones exist: tierra caliente, tierra templada, tierra fria, and tierra helada.

The post-1970 surge of immigrants was due to economic and political instability abroad, a growing postwar American economy, and loosening immigration laws.

Undocumented immigration, particularly from Mexico, rose after 1970, but since 2008 the pace has slowed cable mostly fewer US job opportunities. Today the United States is home to about 11-12 million undocumented immigrants. In the next 25 years the increase is projected to be fueled by births within the country rather than by new immigrants Over 40 percent of the nations 59 million Hispanics live in California or Texas, but they are increasingly moving to other states, such as Illinois, New Jersey, and Colorado. In percentage terms, migrants from Asia continent and her fast growing immigrant group, and various Asian ethnicities, both native and foreign-bom, account for about 5 percent of the US population Chinese is the third most common spoken language in the United States (behind English and Spanish). California remains a key entry point for migrants and is home to almost one-third of the nation Asian population, whereas Hawaii has the highest statewide percentage of Asian immigrants (see Figure 321) Asian migrants alten m e to large cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and New York City. Beyond these key gateway cities, diverse Asian immigrants an also moving to growing communities in Washington, DC, Chicago, and Houston. The largest Asian groups in the United States include Chinese (4.0 million), Filipino (3.4 million), Asian Indian (3.2 million) Vietnamese (.7 million), and Korean (17 million) The future cultural geography of the United States will be dramatic cally redefined by these recent immigration patterns. By 2050, Asians may total almost 10 percent of the US population, and almost one in three Americans will be Hispanic. Indeed, it is likely that the US A Figure 3.20 Latino Community, Mission District, San Francisco This bustling commercial corridor south of downtown San Francisco serves that largest Latino population Many residents are recent immigrants from Mexico and Central America man Hispanic white population will achieve minority status by that. The Canadian Pattern The peopling of Canada included early French arrivals who concentrated in the St. Lawrence Valley. Aher 1765, many immigrants came from Britain, Ireland, and the United States Canada then experienced the surge and orientation in migration flows seen in the United States around 1900. Between 1900 and 1920, more than 3 million foreigners move to Canada, and immigration rate far higher than for the United States given Canada's much smaller population. Eastern Europeans, Ukrainians, and Russians dominated these later movements. Today, about 60 percent of Canada's recent immigrants are Asians, and its 21 percent foreign-born population is among the highest in the developed world in Toronto the city's 45 percent foreign-born population reveals a slight bias toward European backgrounds, although the city's Chinese Canadian population remains a vibrant part of the community. On Canada's west coast, Vancouver (45 percent foreign-born) has been a key destination for Asian immigrants, particularly people from China, India, and the Philippines.

minifundia

Usually used in the context of Latin America, a small landholding farmed by peasants or tenants who produce food for subsistence and the market.

Migration to the US

Variations in the number and source regions of migrants produced five distinctive chapters in US history. In Phase 1 (prior to 1820), English and African influences dominated. Slaves, mostly from West Africa, added cultural in ences in the South. Northwest Europe served as the main source region of immigrants between 1820 and 1870 (Phase 1. During this phase, Irish and Germans dominated the flow and provided more cultural variety. Immigration reached a much higher peak around 1900, when almost 1 million foreigners entered the United States annually. During Phase 3 the majority of immigrants were southern and eastern Europeans escaping political strife and poor economies for available land and expanding industrialization in the United States. By 1910, almost 14 percent of the nation was foreign-hom Very few of these immigrants, however, settled in the job-poor U.S. South, creating a cultural divergence that still exists Between 1920 and 1070 ) overall totals fell sharply, a function of more restrictive liberal immigration policies (the Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924), the Great Depression, and the disruption of World War II. Immigration sharply increased after 1970. Most legal immigrants since 1970 originated in Latin America or Asia. In 2000, about 60 percent of immigrants were Hispanic and only 20 percent were Asian, but by 2010, the balance (shifted, with 36 percent from diverse Asian countries and only about 30 percent from Latin America. In percentage terms, black immigrant populations make up the fastest growing immigrant group (from widely varying settings) to the United States.

Neotropics are the tropical ecosystems of the Western Hemisphere. The term comes from colonial origins to describe the tropical bioregion of the "new world."

What are neotropics? the result of earthquakes and volcanic activity the newest species of tropical plants on Earth the reason why the Humboldt Trench exists off the coast of Peru and Chile the only ecosystem found in Latin America the tropical ecosystems of the Western Hemisphere

Haitian rara music is characterized by all of the above. It is a mix of instruments, performed in French Creole, celebrating Haiti's African ancestry, and dealing with difficult political issues.

What is Haitian rara music? It is highly political, dealing with oppression and poverty. It is a mixture of percussion, saxophones, and bamboo trumpets. It is performed in French Creole and celebrates African ancestry. All of the choices are correct. None of the choices is correct.

Rural North America is characterized by a historical legacy of the township-and-range survey system but also more recently by a declining population, larger but fewer farms, and some expanding edge cities.

Which of the following characterizes rural North America? expanding edge cities fewer but larger farms rectangular patterns from the township-and-range survey system declining populations All of the above are correct.

This is false. Chile is NOT one of the countries in Latin America that has the largest indigenous populations.

Which of the following countries does NOT presently have one of the largest indigenous populations in the Latin America region? Mexico Chile Ecuador Peru Guatemala

The importation of slaves from Africa had no influence on the demographic collapse of the indigenous populations after 1500.

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the demographic collapse of native populations after 1500? forced labor of natives by conquerors disease warfare slaves imported from Africa starvation from collapse of food production systems

Both the Virgin of Guadeloupe and Carnival are examples of syncretic religious practices because they represent the blending of different belief systems.

Which of the following do the Virgin of Guadeloupe and Carnival represent? traditional religious ceremonies African-based religious practices syncretic religious practices fundamentalist Christian practices Animist religious practices

Poverty, gender inequality, misinformation, and stigma attached to people infected with HIV contributed to the spread of the disease in the 1990s and 2000s.

Which of the following factors have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS infection in the Caribbean? gender inequality poverty misinformation All of the choices are correct. None of the choices is correct.

This is false. The Latin America region is actually characterized by relatively young mountains that are geologically active.

Which of the following is NOT included in Latin America's diverse landforms? large upland plateaus active volcanoes treeless high plains extensive river drainage systems very old, geologically inactive mountain chains

Decrease in poverty rates and rise in social stability are not given as reasons for fertility decline.

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors of the fertility decline in the Caribbean? educational improvements easier availability of birth control decrease in poverty rates and rise in social stability preference for smaller families lifestyle changes with greater urbanization

A legacy of colonialism in Latin America was to specialize national economies around only one or two products. Increasingly, countries in the region are now trying to industrialize and diversify their economic production to fuel economic growth.

Which of the following is true about the Latin America region? The region is exclusively focused on industrial manufacturing and urban activity centers. Latin America's regional unity stems largely from its shared language. Latin America is a racially homogenous region. The forces of globalization are quite new to Latin America. Latin American countries are industrializing and diversifying.

All of these are key environmental concerns in North America

Which of the following offers the best description of the key environmental issues that threaten North America? the impact of acid rain on sensitive lake environments in the East hazardous waste sites soil degradation endangered and polluted rivers All of the above are correct.

The United States spends more than 15 percent of GDP on health care.

Which of the following statements is true regarding health care and aging in North America? The United States spends more than 15 percent of GDP on health care. Canadians spend more than 15 percent of GDP on health care. A minor pressure for health care is presented by chronic diseases associated with aging. Predictions for 2050 report that only 2 percent of the U.S. population will be over 65. Health care is not a concern for the region.

The people who leave large cities and move to smaller towns and rural areas are called lifestyle migrants.

While more than 80 percent of North Americans live in urban areas, there is a trend among retirees and younger people to move to less populated areas. What are these migrants called? counterculture migrants suburban migrants lifestyle migrants nonmetropolitan migrant sex-urbanites

In the 1970s, Mario Boza successfully lobbied for the creation of national parks in response to the rampant forest destruction occurring to expand coffee production, banana plantations, and cattle pasture.

Why did conservationist Mario Boza lobby for the creation of national parks in Costa Rica in the 1970s? Rio de Janeiro in response to intensified poaching activities in response to increased urbanization pressures in response to rampant forest destruction in response to destructive mining practices

All of these are unique to Belize. Located in the Caribbean Rimland, Belize is characterized by less environmental degradation, greater biodiversity, and political stability.

Why is Belize unique in the Caribbean world region? Local villagers created a wildlife sanctuary for monkeys. Biological diversity is not as threatened as on the islands. It was only selectively logged and still has ample forest cover. All of the choices are correct. None of the choices is correct.

French geographers gave the region this name in the 19th century so they could distinguish the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking republics (Latin-based) from the English-speaking territories (Germanic-based).

Why is this region called Latin America? because the people who discovered the area originally spoke Latin because the region is predominantly Catholic to distinguish the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking republics of the Americas from the English-speaking ones because the popular style of dancing in the region is called "Latin dancing" because the early mapmakers spoke Latin, and the name has remained since