NR 464 - Exam 1 questions (Saunders) - Kidneys and Bladder
The client with chronic kidney disease has an indwelling abdominal catheter for peritoneal dialysis. The client spills water on the catheter dressing while bathing. Which action should the nurse immediately take? 1. Change the dressing 2. Reinforce the dressing. 3. Flush the peritoneal dialysis catheter. 4. Scrub the catheter with povidone-iodine.
1. Change the dressing.
The nurse is conducting an interview of an older client and is concerned about the possibility of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Which are characteristics of this disorder? Select all that apply. 1. Nocturia 2. Incontinence 3. Enlarged prostate 4. Nocturnal emissions 5. Decreased desire for sexual intercourse
1. Nocturia 2. Incontinence 3. Enlarged prostate
The nurse checks the serum myoglobin level for a client with a crush injury to the right lower leg because the client is at risk for developing which type of acute kidney injury? 1. Prerenal 2. Intrarenal 3. Postrenal 4. Extrarenal
2. Intrarenal Serum myoglobin levels increase in crush injuries when large amounts of myoglobin and hemoglobin are released from damaged muscle and blood cells. The accumulation may cause acute tubular necrosis, an intrarenal cause of renal failure.
The nurse is caring for a client with acute kidney injury (AKI). The nurse should test the client's urine for proteinuria to determine which type of AKI? 1. Prerenal 2. Intrinsic 3. Atypical 4. Postrenal
2. Intrinsic Intrinsic = intrarenal
The nurse has provided instructions to a client with a urinary tract infection regarding foods and fluids to consume that will acidify the urine. Which fluids should the nurse include in the client's teaching plan that will aid in acidifying the urine? Select all that apply. 1. Milk 2. Prune juice 3. Apricot juice 4. Cranberry juice 5. Carbonated drinks
2. Prune juice 3. Apricot juice 4. Cranberry juice
The nurse has performed a nutritional assessment on a client with cystitis. The nurse should tell the client to consume which beverage to minimize recurrence of cystitis? 1. Tea 2. Water 3. Coffee 4. White wine
2. Water
The nurse is caring for a client who was prescribed furosemide. The nurse should monitor the client for damage of which kidney structure? 1. Pelvis 2. Calyx 3. Nephron 4. Renal artery
3. Nephron
A client is being discharged to home while recovering from acute kidney injury (AKI). Reduced dietary intake of which substance indicates to the nurse that the client understands the dietary teaching? 1. Fats 2. Vitamins 3. Potassium 4. Carbohydrates
3. Potassium
The nurse is monitoring the fluid balance of an assigned client. The nurse determines that the client has proper fluid balance if which 24-hour intake and output totals are noted? 1. Intake 1500 mL, output 800 mL 2. Intake 3000 mL, output 2000 mL 3. Intake 2400 mL, output 2900 mL 4. Intake 1800 mL, output 1750 mL
4. Intake 1800 mL, output 1750 mL
The nurse is assessing the patency of a client's left arm arteriovenous fistula prior to initiating hemodialysis. Which finding indicates that the fistula is patent? 1. Palpation of a thrill over the fistula 2. Presence of a radial pulse in the left wrist 3. Visualization of enlarged blood vessels at the fistula site 4. Capillary refill less than 3 seconds in the nail beds of the fingers on the left hand
1. Palpation of a thrill over the fistula
A client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is being managed by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). During outflow, the nurse notes that only half of the 2-L dialysate has returned and the flow has stopped. Which interventions should the nurse take to enhance the outflow? Select all that apply. 1. Reposition the client. 2. Encourage a low-fiber diet. 3. Make sure the peritoneal catheter is not kinked. 4. Slide the peritoneal catheter farther into the abdomen. 5. Check that the drainage bag is lower than the client's abdomen. 6. Assess the stool history, and institute elimination measures if the client is constipated.
1. Reposition the client. 3. Make sure the peritoneal catheter is not kinked. 5. Check that the drainage bag is lower than the client's abdomen 6. Assess the stool history, and institute elimination measures if the client is constipated.
The health care provider writes prescriptions for a client with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which prescription should the nurse question? 1. Insert a saline lock. 2. Obtain a daily weight. 3. Provide a high-protein diet. 4. Administer a calcium supplement with each meal.
3. Provide a high-protein diet.
The nurse has provided instructions regarding home care measures for a client with acute pyelonephritis. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching? 1. "I should try to maintain an acid ash diet." 2. "I should increase my fluid intake to 3 L per day." 3. "I should take my daily dose of vitamin C to acidify the urine." 4. "I need to avoid alcohol and highly spiced foods but may continue to drink my coffee every day."
4. "I need to avoid alcohol and highly spiced foods but may continue to drink my coffee every day."
A client with nephrolithiasis arrives at the clinic for a follow-up visit. Laboratory analysis of the stone that the client passed 1 week earlier indicates that the stone is composed of calcium oxalate. Based on these data, what food item does the nurse instruct the client to avoid? 1. Pasta 2. Lentils 3. Lettuce 4. Spinach
4. Spinach
The nurse is caring for an older client. Which finding should the nurse expect to note in this client while evaluating renal function? 1. Tubular reabsorption increases 2. Urine-concentrating ability increases 3. Medications are metabolized in larger amounts 4. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) diminishes
4. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) diminishes
A client has been diagnosed with pyelonephritis. The nurse interprets that which health problem has placed the client at risk for this disorder? 1. Diabetes mellitus 2. Orthostatic hypotension 3. Coronary artery disease 4. Intravenous (IV) contrast medium
1. Diabetes mellitus
The nurse is admitting a client from the postanesthesia care unit who has had percutaneous nephrolithotomy for calculi in the renal pelvis. The nurse anticipates that the client's care will most likely involve monitoring which device? 1. Ureteral stent 2. Suprapubic tube 3. Nephrostomy tube 4. Jackson-Pratt drain
3. Nephrostomy tube
A client complains of fever, perineal pain, and urinary urgency, frequency, and dysuria. To assess whether the client's problem is related to bacterial prostatitis, the nurse reviews the results of the prostate examination for which characteristic of this disorder? 1. Soft and swollen prostate gland 2. Swollen, and boggy prostate gland 3. Tender and edematous prostate gland 4. Tender, indurated prostate gland that is warm to the touch
4. Tender, indurated prostate gland that is warm to the touch
The nurse is caring for a client whose urine output was 25 mL per hour for 2 consecutive hours. The nurse reviews the health care provider's prescriptions and plans care, knowing that which client-related factor would increase the amount of blood flow to the kidneys? 1. Physiological stress 2. Release of norepinephrine 3. Release of low levels of dopamine 4. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
3. Release of low levels of dopamine
A client arrives at the emergency department with complaints of low abdominal pain and hematuria. The client is afebrile. The nurse next assesses the client to determine a history of which condition? 1. Pyelonephritis 2. Glomerulonephritis 3. Trauma to the bladder or abdomen 4. Renal cancer in the client's family
3. Trauma to the bladder or abdomen
A client with urolithiasis (struvite stones) has a history of chronic urinary tract infections. What should the nurse plan to teach the client to avoid? 1. Antibiotics 2. Foods that make the urine more acidic 3. Wearing synthetic underwear and pantyhose 4. Fruits such as currants, blueberries, and cranberries
3. Wearing synthetic underwear and pantyhose
A client who has had a prostatectomy has been instructed in perineal exercises to gain control of the urinary sphincter. The nurse determines that the client demonstrates a need for further teaching when he states that he will perform which movement as part of these exercises? 1. Bearing down as if having a bowel movement 2. Tightening the muscles as if trying to prevent urination 3. Contracting the abdominal, gluteal, and perineal muscles 4. Tightening the rectal sphincter while relaxing abdominal muscles
1. Bearing down as if having a bowel movement The Valsalva maneuver (bearing down) is avoided after prostatectomy because it increases the risk of bleeding in the postoperative period.
The nurse is providing instructions to a client who is scheduled for cystoscopy and possible biopsy under general anesthesia. Which information should the nurse include? 1. The procedure will take about 4 hours. 2. Intravenous fluids may be started on the day of the procedure. 3. Preprocedure sedatives are never administered with general anesthesia. 4. Only a full liquid breakfast may be allowed on the day of the procedure.
2. Intravenous fluids may be started on the day of the procedure.
The nurse provides instructions to a client about newly prescribed furosemide. Which information should the nurse use to provide instructions in this teaching session? 1. The medication acts on the distal tubule of the nephron. 2. The medication acts on the loop of Henle in the nephron. 3. The collecting duct of the nephron will be affected by this medication. 4. The site of action for furosemide is the proximal tubule of the nephron.
2. The medication acts on the loop of Henle in the nephron.
The nurse instructor is evaluating a nursing student for knowledge regarding care of a client with acute kidney injury. Which statement by the student demonstrates the need for further teaching about the diuretic phase of acute kidney injury? 1. "The increase in urine output indicates the return of some renal function." 2. "The diuretic phase develops about 14 days after the initial insult and lasts about 10 days." 3. "The diuretic phase is characterized by an increase in urine output of about 500 mL in a 24-hour period." 4. "The blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels will continue to rise during the first few days of diuresis."
3. "The diuretic phase is characterized by an increase in urine output of about 500 mL in a 24-hour period."
The nurse is reviewing the list of components contained in the peritoneal dialysis solution with the client. The client asks the nurse about the purpose of the glucose contained in the solution. The nurse should base the response on knowing that which is the action of the glucose in the solution? 1. Decreases the risk of peritonitis 2. Prevents disequilibrium syndrome 3. Increases osmotic pressure to produce ultrafiltration 4. Prevents excess glucose from being removed from the client
3. Increases osmotic pressure to produce ultrafiltration
The nurse has completed teaching with the hemodialysis client about self-monitoring between hemodialysis treatments. The nurse should determine that education was effective if the client states to record which parameters daily? 1. Pulse and respiratory rate 2. Amount of activity and sleep 3. Intake and output (I&O) and weight 4. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels
3. Intake and output (I&O) and weight
A client is scheduled for surgical creation of an internal arteriovenous (AV) fistula on the following day. The client says to the nurse, "I'll be so happy when the fistula is made tomorrow. This means I can have that other hemodialysis catheter pulled right out." Which interpretation should the nurse make based on the client's statement? 1. The client has an accurate understanding of the procedure and aftercare. 2. The client does not realize how painful removal of the dialysis catheter will be. 3. The client does not understand that the site needs to mature or develop for 1 to 2 weeks before use. 4. The client is not aware that the alternative access site is left in place prophylactically for 2 months.
3. The client does not understand that the site needs to mature or develop for 1 to 2 weeks before use.
A client with a bladder injury has had surgical repair of the injured area with placement of a suprapubic catheter. Which is the most appropriate nursing action to prevent complications of this procedure? 1. Monitor urine output once per shift. 2. Measure specific gravity once per shift. 3. Encourage an excessive intake of oral fluids. 4. Ensure that the catheter tubing is not kinked.
4. Ensure that the catheter tubing is not kinked.
A client undergoing hemodialysis is at risk for bleeding from the heparin used during the hemodialysis treatment. The nurse assesses for this occurrence by periodically checking the results of which laboratory test? 1. Bleeding time 2. Thrombin time 3. Prothrombin time (PT) 4. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
4. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
A client with an arteriovenous fistula in the left arm who is undergoing hemodialysis is at risk for infection. Which should the nurse formulate as the best outcome goal for this client problem? 1. The client washes hands at least once per day. 2. The client's temperature remains lower than 101°F (38.3°C). 3. The client avoids blood pressure (BP) measurement in the left arm. 4. The client's white blood cell (WBC) count remains within normal limits.
4. The client's white blood cell (WBC) count remains within normal limits.
Which finding noted in the client on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) should be reported to the health care provider (HCP)? 1. Cloudy yellow dialysate output 2. Client refusal to take the stool softener 3. Previous evening's dwell time of 8 hours 4. Peritoneal catheter site is not red, and the skin has grown around the cuff
1. Cloudy yellow dialysate output
The nurse provides home care instructions to a client undergoing hemodialysis with regard to care of a newly created arteriovenous (AV) fistula. Which client statement indicates that teaching was effective? 1. "I should check the fistula every day by feeling it for a vibration." 2. "I am glad that the laboratory will be able to draw my blood from the fistula." 3. "I should wear a shirt with tight arms to provide some compression on the fistula." 4. "I should check my blood pressure in the arm where I have my fistula every week."
1. "I should check the fistula every day by feeling it for a vibration."
The nurse is assessing a client who has returned from the postanesthesia care unit after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The nurse should assess for which color in the urinary drainage tubing that indicates proper irrigation and adequate functioning of the device? 1. Pale pink 2. Dark pink 3. Bright red 4. Red with clots
1. Pale pink
The nurse is caring for a client who has just returned from having a cystoscopy. The nurse should recognize which as an abnormal assessment finding for this client? 1. The nurse notes bright red urine output. 2. The nurse notes pink-tinged urine output. 3. The client reports having urinary frequency. 4. The client complains of burning when urinating.
1. The nurse notes bright red urine output.
A client tells the nurse about a pattern of a strong urge to void, followed by incontinence before the client can get to the bathroom. Based on the data provided, which condition should the nurse suspect? 1. Urge incontinence 2. Total incontinence 3. Stress incontinence 4. Reflex incontinence
1. Urge incontinence
A client is about to begin hemodialysis. Which measures should the nurse employ in the care of the client? Select all that apply. 1. Using sterile technique for needle insertion 2. Using standard precautions in the care of the client 3. Giving the client a mask to wear during connection to the machine 4. Wearing full protective clothing such as goggles, mask, gloves, and apron 5. Covering the connection site with a bath blanket to enhance extremity warmth
1. Using sterile technique for needle insertion 2. Using standard precautions in the care of the client 3. Giving the client a mask to wear during connection to the machine 4. Wearing full protective clothing such as goggles, mask, gloves, and apron
A client with chronic kidney disease has completed a hemodialysis treatment. The nurse should use which standard indicators to evaluate the client's status after dialysis? 1. Vital signs and weight 2. Potassium level and weight 3. Vital signs and blood urea nitrogen level 4. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels
1. Vital signs and weight
A cystectomy is performed for a client with a diagnosis of bladder cancer, and a Kock pouch is created for urinary diversion. In creating a discharge teaching plan for the client, the nurse should include which instruction in the plan? 1. Dietary restrictions 2. Technique of catheterization 3. External pouch and application care 4. Proper administration of prophylactic antibiotics
2. Technique of catheterization
The nurse is caring for a client with a bladder infection. The nurse plans care understanding that the primary risk factor for spread of infection in this client is dysfunction of which structure? 1. Urethra 2. Nephron 3. Glomerulus 4. Ureterovesical junction
4. Ureterovesical junction The ureterovesical junction is the point at which the ureters enter the bladder. At this juncture, the ureter runs obliquely for 1.5 to 2 cm through the bladder wall before opening into the bladder. This anatomical pathway prevents reflux of urine back into the ureter and, in essence, acts as a valve to prevent urine from traveling back into the ureter and up to the kidney.
A client with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has the problem of ineffective coping. Which nursing interventions are appropriate in working with this client? Select all that apply. 1. Acknowledge the client's feelings. 2. Assess the client and family's coping patterns. 3. Explore the meaning of the illness with the client. 4. Set limits on mood swings and expressions of hostility. 5. Give the client information when the client is ready to listen.
1. Acknowledge the client's feelings. 2. Assess the client and family's coping patterns. 3. Explore the meaning of the illness with the client. 5. Give the client information when the client is ready to listen.
A client has chronic kidney disease (CKD) that does yet not require dialysis. Which client statement indicates the need for further teaching? 1. "I will reduce the sodium in my diet, and I can use salt substitutes to spice my food." 2. "The amount of fluid I can have every day depends on the amount of urine I put out." 3. "I will weigh myself on my bathroom scale every morning right after I have urinated." 4. "I should report a gain in weight, trouble with my breathing, or increased leg swelling."
1. "I will reduce the sodium in my diet, and I can use salt substitutes to spice my food."
The nurse instructs a client about continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Which statement by the client indicates an accurate understanding of CAPD? 1. "No machinery is involved, and I can pursue my usual activities." 2. "A cycling machine is used, so the risk for infection is minimized." 3. "The drainage system can be used once during the day and a cycling machine for 3 cycles at night." 4. "A portable hemodialysis machine is used so that I will be able to ambulate during the treatment."
1. "No machinery is involved, and I can pursue my usual activities." CAPD closely approximates normal renal function, and the client will need to infuse and drain the dialysis solution several times a day. No machinery is used, and CAPD is a manual procedure.
The nurse is working on a medical-surgical nursing unit and is caring for several clients with chronic kidney disease. The nurse interprets that which client is best suited for peritoneal dialysis as a treatment option? 1. A client with severe heart failure 2. A client with a history of ruptured diverticula 3. A client with a history of herniated lumbar disk 4. A client with a history of 3 previous abdominal surgeries
1. A client with severe heart failure
A client diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is scheduled to begin hemodialysis. The nurse determines that which neurological and psychosocial manifestations, if exhibited by this client, are related to the CKD? Select all that apply. 1. Agitation 2. Euphoria 3. Depression 4. Withdrawal 5. Labile emotions
1. Agitation 3. Depression 4. Withdrawal 5. Labile emotions The client with CKD often experiences a variety of psychosocial changes. These changes are related to uremia and to the stress associated with living with a chronic disease that is life threatening. Euphoria is not part of the clinical picture for the client in renal failure. Clients with CKD may have labile emotions or personality changes and may exhibit withdrawal, depression, or agitation. Delusions and psychosis also can occur.
The nurse is preparing to teach ostomy care to a client who has just had a urinary diversion; the client expresses concern about body appearance. Which client action indicates that the best initial positive adaptation is being made? 1. Agrees to look at the ostomy 2. Asks to defer ostomy care to the spouse 3. Asks to wait 1 more day before beginning to learn ostomy care 4. States that ostomy care is the nurse's job while the client is in the hospital
1. Agrees to look at the ostomy
The nurse is working with a client newly diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to set up a schedule for hemodialysis. The client states, "This is impossible! How can I even think about leading a normal life again if this is what I'm going to have to do?" The nurse determines that the client is exhibiting which problem? 1. Anger 2. Projection 3. Depression 4. Withdrawal
1. Anger
The nurse is caring for a client just after ureterolithotomy and is monitoring the drainage from the ureteral catheter hourly. Suddenly, the catheter stops draining. The nurse assesses the client and determines that which could be the cause of the problem? Select all that apply. 1. Blood clots 2. Mucous shreds 3. Ureteral edema 4. Chemical sediment 5. Catheter displacement
1. Blood clots 2. Mucous shreds 4. Chemical sediment 5. Catheter displacement
The nurse is assessing the renal function of a client at risk for acute kidney injury. After noting the amount of urine output and urine characteristics, the nurse proceeds to assess which as the best indirect indicator of renal status? 1. Blood pressure 2. Apical heart rate 3. Jugular vein distention 4. Level of consciousness
1. Blood pressure
The nurse monitoring a client receiving peritoneal dialysis notes that the client's outflow is less than the inflow. Which actions should the nurse take? Select all that apply. 1. Check the level of the drainage bag. 2. Reposition the client to his or her side. 3. Contact the health care provider (HCP). 4. Place the client in good body alignment. 5. Check the peritoneal dialysis system for kinks. 6. Increase the flow rate of the peritoneal dialysis solution.
1. Check the level of the drainage bag. 2. Reposition the client to his or her side. 4. Place the client in good body alignment. 5. Check the peritoneal dialysis system for kinks.
A client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been taking aluminum hydroxide gel. On the basis of this information, the nurse determines that the client is most at risk for which problem? 1. Constipation 2. Dehydration 3. Inability to tolerate activity 4. Impaired physical mobility
1. Constipation The client with CKD is almost certain to have a problem with constipation as a result of factors such as fluid restriction, fatigue that limits exercise, and dietary restrictions. In addition, phosphate-binding antacids such as aluminum hydroxide gel cause constipation as a side effect. The other problems listed are unrelated to the information in the question.
The nurse is reviewing a client's record and notes that the health care provider has documented that the client has chronic renal disease. On review of the laboratory results, the nurse most likely would expect to note which finding? 1. Elevated creatinine level 2. Decreased hemoglobin level 3. Decreased red blood cell count 4. Increased number of white blood cells in the urine
1. Elevated creatinine level
The nurse has a prescription to obtain a urinalysis specimen from a client with an indwelling urinary catheter. Which actions should the nurse include in performing this procedure? Select all that apply. 1. Explaining the procedure to the client 2. Clamping the tubing of the drainage bag 3. Aspirating a sample from the port on the drainage tubing 4. Obtaining the specimen from the urinary drainage bag 5. Wiping the port with an alcohol swab before inserting the syringe
1. Explaining the procedure to the client 2. Clamping the tubing of the drainage bag 3. Aspirating a sample from the port on the drainage tubing 5. Wiping the port with an alcohol swab before inserting the syringe
The nurse is providing instructions regarding the complications of peritoneal dialysis. The nurse emphasizes that onset of peritonitis, a serious complication, is most likely to be associated with which clinical manifestation? 1. Fever 2. Fatigue 3. Clear dialysate output 4. Leaking around the catheter site
1. Fever
A client with uric acid calculi is placed on a low-purine diet. The nurse instructs the client to restrict the intake of which food? 1. Fish 2. Plum juice 3. Fruit juice 4. Cranberries
1. Fish
The nurse is participating in a prostate screening clinic for men. Which complaints by a client are associated with prostatism? Select all that apply. 1. Inability to stop urinating 2. Postvoid dribbling of urine 3. Increased episodes of nocturia 4. Unusual force in urinary stream 5. Hesitancy on initiating the urinary stream
1. Inability to stop urinating 2. Postvoid dribbling of urine 3. Increased episodes of nocturia 5. Hesitancy on initiating the urinary stream
The nurse is performing assessment on a client with acute kidney injury who is in the oliguric phase. Which should the nurse expect to note? Select all that apply. 1. Increased serum creatinine level 2. A low and fixed specific gravity 3. Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level 4. A urine output of 600 to 800 mL in a 24-hour period 5. Urine osmolarity of approximately 300 mOsm/kg (300 mmol/kg)
1. Increased serum creatinine level 2. A low and fixed specific gravity 3. Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level 5. Urine osmolarity of approximately 300 mOsm/kg (300 mmol/kg)
The nurse is preparing to care for a client receiving peritoneal dialysis. Which should be included in the nursing plan of care to prevent the major complication associated with peritoneal dialysis? 1. Maintain strict aseptic technique. 2. Add heparin to the dialysate solution. 3. Change the catheter site dressing daily. 4. Monitor the client's level of consciousness.
1. Maintain strict aseptic technique.
A client is admitted to the emergency department following a fall from a horse and the health care provider (HCP) prescribes insertion of a urinary catheter. While preparing for the procedure, the nurse notes blood at the urinary meatus. The nurse should take which action? 1. Notify the HCP before performing the catheterization. 2. Use a small-sized catheter and an anesthetic gel as a lubricant. 3. Administer parenteral pain medication before inserting the catheter. 4. Clean the meatus with soap and water before opening the catheterization kit.
1. Notify the HCP before performing the catheterization.
The nurse is monitoring the urine output of a client with low serum protein level and urinary output less than 30 mL in the last hour. Based on these data, the nurse understands that low urinary output is caused by which force within the kidneys? 1. Oncotic pressure 2. Osmotic pressure 3. Filtration pressure 4. Hydrostatic pressure
1. Oncotic pressure The pulling pressure within the capillaries that is exerted by the plasma proteins is referred to as the oncotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the movement of water along a pressure gradient. Filtration pressure is the pressure that is exerted with ultrafiltration, in which the pressure within the capillaries is greater than the pressure outside them; this results in fluids being pushed across the membrane into Bowman's capsule. Hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries allows fluid to be filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus.
The nurse is monitoring a client who has just returned from surgery after a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The client has a 3-way Foley catheter in place for ongoing bladder irrigation. The nurse is observing the color of the client's urine and should expect which urine color during the immediate postoperative period? 1. Pale pink urine 2. Dark pink urine 3. Tea-colored urine 4. Bright red blood with small clots in the urine
1. Pale pink urine If the bladder irrigation is infusing at a sufficient rate, the urinary drainage through the Foley tubing should be pale pink. Dark pink urine indicates that the rate of the irrigation solution should be increased.
A client with acute kidney injury has a serum potassium level of 7.0 mEq/L (7.0 mmol/L). The nurse should plan which actions as a priority? Select all that apply. 1. Place the client on a cardiac monitor. 2. Notify the health care provider (HCP). 3. Put the client on NPO (nothing by mouth) status except for ice chips. 4. Review the client's medications to determine if any contain or retain potassium. 5. Allow an extra 500 mL of intravenous fluid intake to dilute the electrolyte concentration.
1. Place the client on a cardiac monitor. 2. Notify the health care provider (HCP). 4. Review the client's medications to determine if any contain or retain potassium.
Before providing care for a client in the late stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the nurse should review the results of which most relevant laboratory studies? 1. Serum potassium, serum calcium 2. Urinalysis, hematocrit, hemoglobin 3. Culture and sensitivity testing, serum sodium 4. Urine specific gravity, intravenous pyelogram
1. Serum potassium, serum calcium
The nurse has provided dietary instructions to a client with renal calculi who must learn about the foods that yield an alkaline residue in the urine. The nurse determines that education was effective if the client chooses which selections from a diet menu? 1. Spinach salad, milk, and a banana 2. Chicken, potatoes, and cranberries 3. Peanut butter sandwich, milk, and prunes 4. Linguini with shrimp, tossed salad, and a plum
1. Spinach salad, milk, and a banana
A client who is performing peritoneal dialysis at home calls the clinic and reports that the outflow from the dialysis catheter seems to be decreasing in amount. The clinic nurse should ask which question first? 1. "Have you had any diarrhea?" 2. "Have you been constipated recently?" 3. "Have you had any abdominal discomfort?" 4. "Have you had an increased amount of flatulence?"
2. "Have you been constipated recently?" Reduced outflow from the dialysis catheter may be caused by the catheter position, infection, or constipation. Constipation may contribute to a reduced outflow because peristalsis seems to aid in drainage.
A client with benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoes a transurethral resection of the prostate. Postoperatively the client is receiving continuous bladder irrigations. The nurse assesses the client for manifestations of transurethral resection syndrome. Which assessment data would indicate the onset of this syndrome? 1. Tachycardia and diarrhea 2. Bradycardia and confusion 3. Increased urinary output and anemia 4. Decreased urinary output and bladder spasms
2. Bradycardia and confusion
The nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client with a diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Which disorder, if noted on the client's record, should the nurse identify as a risk factor for this disorder? 1. Hypoglycemia 2. Diabetes mellitus 3. Coronary artery disease 4. Orthostatic hypotension
2. Diabetes mellitus Risk factors associated with pyelonephritis include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic renal calculi, chronic cystitis, structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, presence of urinary stones, and presence of an indwelling urinary catheter or frequent catheterization.
The nurse is performing an assessment on a client after a cystoscopy. Which assessment finding indicates a need to notify the health care provider (HCP)? 1. A temperature of 99.4°F (37.4°C) 2. Grossly bloody urine with clots 3. A bluish or green tinge to the urine 4. A blood pressure of 120/82 mm Hg
2. Grossly bloody urine with clots
The client diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is scheduled for a transrectal ultrasound examination and a test to measure the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The client says to the nurse, "I can't remember . . . can you tell me again why I need these tests to be done?" The nurse responds, knowing that these tests are done for which purpose? 1. Specifically to predict the course of BPH 2. Help to rule out the possibility of cancer 3. Pinpoint the likelihood of developing urinary obstruction 4. Give an indication of whether intermittent self-catheterization is needed
2. Help to rule out the possibility of cancer
The nursing student is caring for a client with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The nursing instructor asks the student to identify the clinical manifestations associated with this condition. The student needs further teaching if the student states that which finding is an early symptom of BPH? 1. Nocturia 2. Hematuria 3. Decreased force of urine stream 4. Difficulty initiating urine stream
2. Hematuria
The nurse is instructing a client with diabetes mellitus about peritoneal dialysis. The nurse tells the client that it is important to maintain the prescribed dwell time for the dialysis because of the risk of which complication? 1. Peritonitis 2. Hyperglycemi 3. Hyperphosphatemia 4. Disequilibrium syndrome
2. Hyperglycemia
A client with glomerulonephritis has developed acute kidney injury (AKI) as a complication. The nurse should expect to note which abnormal finding documented on the client's medical record? 1. Bradycardia 2. Hypertension 3. Decreased cardiac output 4. Decreased central venous pressure
2. Hypertension
A client has developed acute kidney injury (AKI) as a complication of glomerulonephritis. Which should the nurse expect to observe in the client? 1. Bradycardia 2. Hypertension 3. Decreased cardiac output 4. Decreased central venous pressure
2. Hypertension AKI caused by glomerulonephritis is classified as intrinsic or intrarenal failure. This form of AKI commonly manifests with hypertension, tachycardia, oliguria, lethargy, edema, and other signs of fluid overload. AKI from prerenal causes is characterized by decreased blood pressure or a recent history of the same, tachycardia, and decreased cardiac output and central venous pressure. Bradycardia is not part of the clinical picture for any form of renal failure.
The nurse provides discharge instructions to a client after prostatectomy. What is the priority discharge instruction for this client? 1. Avoid driving a car for at least 1 week. 2. Increase fluid intake to at least 2.5 L/day 3. Avoid lifting any objects greater than 30 pounds (13.6 kg). 4. Contact the health care provider (HCP) if small clots are noticed in the urine.
2. Increase fluid intake to at least 2.5 L/day.
The nurse is planning teaching for a female client diagnosed with urethritis caused by chlamydial infection. Which information should the nurse plan to include in the teaching session? 1. Alter the perineal pH by using a spermicide with a condom. 2. Keep follow-up appointments for repeat cultures in 4 to 7 days. 3. Discontinue antibiotics after 3 weeks of uninterrupted administration. 4. Identify sexual partners for the past 12 months so they can be treated.
2. Keep follow-up appointments for repeat cultures in 4 to 7 days.
The nurse is caring for a client with acute kidney injury (AKI) experiencing metabolic acidosis. When performing an assessment, the nurse should expect to note which breathing pattern? 1. Apnea 2. Kussmaul respirations 3. Decreased respirations 4. Cheyne-Stokes respirations
2. Kussmaul respirations
The nurse caring for a client immediately after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) notices that the client has suddenly become confused and disoriented. Which is the priority nursing action for this client? 1. Reorient the client. 2. Notify the health care provider (HCP). 3. Ensure that a clock and calendar are in the room. 4. Increase the flow rate of the intravenous infusion.
2. Notify the health care provider (HCP).
A client with chronic kidney disease returns to the nursing unit following a hemodialysis treatment. On assessment, the nurse notes that the client's temperature is 38.5°C (101.2°F). Which nursing action is most appropriate? 1. Encourage fluid intake. 2. Notify the health care provider. 3. Continue to monitor vital signs. 4. Monitor the site of the shunt for infection.
2. Notify the health care provider. A temperature of 101.2°F (38.5°C) is significantly elevated and may indicate infection. The nurse should notify the health care provider (HCP). Dialysis clients cannot have fluid intake encouraged. Vital signs and the shunt site should be monitored, but the HCP should be notified first.
The nursing student is assigned to care for a client with a diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI), diuretic phase. The nursing instructor asks the student about the primary goal of the treatment plan for this client. Which goal, if stated by the nursing student, indicates an adequate understanding of the treatment plan for this client? 1. Prevent fluid overload. 2. Prevent loss of electrolytes. 3. Promote the excretion of wastes. 4. Reduce the urine specific gravity.
2. Prevent loss of electrolytes.
A female client who has been receiving radiation therapy for bladder cancer tells the nurse that it feels as if she is voiding through the vagina. The nurse interprets that the client may be experiencing which problem? 1. Rupture of the bladder 2. The development of a vesicovaginal fistula 3. Extreme stress because of the diagnosis of cancer 4. Altered perineal sensation as a side effect of radiation therapy
2. The development of a vesicovaginal fistula
A client who is to have a cystectomy with creation of an ileal conduit asks the nurse why the bowel needs to be cleansed before surgery if the bladder is being removed. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "All clients undergo bowel preparation with major surgery." 2. "This will decrease the chance of postoperative paralytic ileus." 3. "A portion of the bowel will be used to create the conduit for urinary diversion." 4. "This will reduce the chance that the surgeon will nick the bowel during surgery."
3. "A portion of the bowel will be used to create the conduit for urinary diversion."
The registered nurse is instructing a new nursing graduate about hemodialysis. Which statement made by the new nursing graduate indicates an understanding of the procedure for hemodialysis? Select all that apply. 1. "Sterile dialysate must be used." 2. "Dialysate contains metabolic waste products." 3. "Heparin sodium is administered during dialysis." 4. "Dialysis cleanses the blood of accumulated waste products." 5. "Warming the dialysate increases the efficiency of diffusion."
3. "Heparin sodium is administered during dialysis." 4. "Dialysis cleanses the blood of accumulated waste products." 5. "Warming the dialysate increases the efficiency of diffusion." Heparin sodium is used during dialysis, and it inhibits the tendency of blood to clot when it comes in contact with foreign substances. Option 4 is the purpose of dialysis. The dialysate is warmed to approximately 100°F to increase the efficiency of diffusion and to prevent a decrease in the client's blood temperature. Dialysate is made from clear water and chemicals and is free from any metabolic waste products or medications. Bacteria and other microorganisms are too large to pass through the membrane; therefore, the dialysate does not need to be sterile.
The nurse is planning a teaching session with a client who has chronic kidney disease (CKD) about managing the condition between dialysis treatments. The nurse should plan to include the instruction that weight gain between dialysis treatments should be ideally what value? 1. 11 to 13 lbs (5 to 6 kg) 2. 4.5 to 9 lbs (2 to 4 kg) 3. 2 to 3 lbs (1 to 1.5 kg) 4. 1 to 2 lbs (0.5 to 1.0 kg)
3. 2 to 3 lbs (1 to 1.5 kg)
The nurse is preparing to perform a discharge teaching with a client who is started on hemodialysis. Which information should the nurse provide regarding the hemodialysis schedule? 1. 5 hours of treatment 2 days per week 2. 2 hours of treatment 6 days per week 3. 3 to 4 hours of treatment 3 days per week 4. 2 to 3 hours of treatment 5 days per week
3. 3 to 4 hours of treatment 3 days per week
The nurse is planning discharge teaching for a client newly diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which factor will enhance the educational process? 1. Anxiety 2. Memory deficits 3. Presence of family 4. Short attention span
3. Presence of family
Which client is most at risk for developing a Candida urinary tract infection (UTI)? 1. An obese woman 2. A man with diabetes insipidus 3. A young woman on antibiotic therapy 4. A male paraplegic on intermittent catheterization
3. A young woman on antibiotic therapy Candida infections, which are fungal infections, develop in persons who are on long-term antibiotic therapy because an alteration of normal flora occurs.
A client passes a urinary stone, and laboratory analysis of the stone indicates that it is composed of calcium oxalate. On the basis of these data, which should the nurse specifically include in the dietary instructions? 1. Increase intake of dairy products. 2. Avoid citrus fruits and citrus juices. 3. Avoid green, leafy vegetables such as spinach. 4. Increase intake of meat, fish, plums, and cranberries.
3. Avoid green, leafy vegetables such as spinach.
A client who is undergoing peritoneal dialysis calls the nurse at the renal unit and reports the presence of severe abdominal pain and diarrhea. The client also informs the nurse that the peritoneal dialysis returns are brown-tinged in color. Which would the nurse suspect? 1. Infection 2. An intact catheter 3. Bowel perforation 4. Bladder perforation
3. Bowel perforation
The nurse is providing dietary instructions to a client with an oxalate kidney stone. The nurse should instruct the client to avoid which food? 1. Breads 2. Poultry 3. Chocolate 4. Prune juice
3. Chocolate
In performing a physical assessment of a client with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which finding should the nurse anticipate? 1. Glycosuria 2. Polyphagia 3. Crackles auscultated in the lungs 4. Blood pressure of 98/58 mm Hg
3. Crackles auscultated in the lungs CKD is a condition in which the kidneys have progressive problems in clearing nitrogenous waste products and controlling fluid and electrolyte balance within the body. Cardiovascular symptoms of heart failure and hypertension are caused by the fluid volume overload resulting from the kidneys' inability to excrete water. Signs and symptoms of heart failure include jugular venous distention, S3 heart sound, pedal edema, increased weight, shortness of breath, and crackles auscultated in the lungs. The typical signs and symptoms of CKD include proteinuria or hematuria, not glycosuria. The nurse would observe anorexia and nausea in this client, not polyphagia.
A client undergoing hemodialysis begins to experience muscle cramping. What is the best action by the hemodialysis nurse in this situation? 1. Administer hypotonic saline. 2. Increase the ultrafiltration rate. 3. Decrease the ultrafiltration rate. 4. Administer magnesium sulfate.
3. Decrease the ultrafiltration rate
The nurse is creating a plan of care for a client with chronic kidney disease and uremia. The nurse is developing interventions to assist in promoting an increased dietary intake while at the same time maintaining necessary dietary restrictions. Which action should the nurse include in the plan of care? 1. Increase the amount of protein in the diet. 2. Increase the amount of potassium in the daily diet. 3. Maintain a diet high in calories with frequent snacks. 4. Encourage the client to eat a large breakfast and smaller meals later in the day.
3. Maintain a diet high in calories with frequent snacks.
A client with renal cell carcinoma of the left kidney is scheduled for nephrectomy. The right kidney appears normal at this time. The client is anxious about whether dialysis will ultimately be needed. The nurse should plan to use which information in discussions with the client to alleviate anxiety? 1. There is a strong likelihood that the client will need dialysis within 5 to 10 years. 2. There is absolutely no chance of needing dialysis because of the nature of the surgery. 3. One kidney is adequate to meet the needs of the body as long as it has normal function. 4. Dialysis could become likely, but it depends on how well the client complies with fluid restriction after surgery.
3. One kidney is adequate to meet the needs of the body as long as it has normal function.
The nurse is urging a client to cough and deep breathe after nephrectomy. The client tells the nurse, "That's easy for you to say! You don't have to do this." The nurse interprets that the client's statement is most likely to be a result of which factor? 1. A stress response to the ordeal of surgery 2. A latent fear of needing dialysis if the surgery is unsuccessful 3. Pain that is intensified because of the location of the incision near the diaphragm 4. Effects of circulating metabolites that have not been excreted by the remaining kidney
3. Pain that is intensified because of the location of the incision near the diaphragm
A client is experiencing the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. When explaining this disorder to the client and family, the nurse recalls that ADH works to reabsorb water in which parts of the nephron? 1. The glomerulus and the calices 2. The loop of Henle and the distal tubule 3. The distal tubule and the collecting duct 4. The proximal tubule and the loop of Henle
3. The distal tubule and the collecting duct Just a refresher on what ADH does
The nurse is collecting data from a client. Which symptom described by the client is characteristic of an early symptom of benign prostatic hyperplasia? 1. Nocturia 2. Scrotal edema 3. Occasional constipation 4. Decreased force in the stream of urine
4. Decreased force in the stream of urine
The nurse has given instructions about Kegel exercises to a female client with a cystocele. The nurse determines that the client needs further instruction if she makes which statement? 1. "I should stop and start my stream of urine during a voiding." 2. "I should tighten my perineal muscles for up to 10 seconds several times a day." 3. "I should tighten my perineal muscles for up to 5 minutes 3 or 4 times a day." 4. "I should begin voiding and then stop the stream, holding residual urine for an hour."
4. "I should begin voiding and then stop the stream, holding residual urine for an hour."
The ambulatory care nurse is providing instructions to a client after a cystoscopy. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching? 1. "I should increase my fluid intake." 2. "I can apply heat to my lower abdomen." 3. "I may have some burning on urination for the next few days." 4. "If I notice any pink-tinged urine, I should contact the health care provider."
4. "If I notice any pink-tinged urine, I should contact the health care provider." The client is instructed that pink-tinged urine and burning on urination are expected for 1 to 2 days after the procedure.
The graduate nurse is caring for a client with decreased renal perfusion. The registered nurse determines that the graduate nurse demonstrates understanding of why this is occurring if which statement is made? 1. "It can be due to an increase in serotonin levels." 2. "It may be due to overhydration with intravenous fluids." 3. "It may be due to the client's hemoglobin of 13.2 g/dL (132 mmol/L)." 4. "It may be a consequence of decreased dopaminergic receptor stimulation."
4. "It may be a consequence of decreased dopaminergic receptor stimulation." Dopaminergic receptors are found in the renal blood vessels and in the nerves. When stimulated, they dilate renal arteries and help modulate release of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
The nurse is giving general instructions to a client receiving hemodialysis. Which statement would be most appropriate for the nurse to include? 1. "It is acceptable to eat whatever you want on the day before hemodialysis." 2. "It is acceptable to exceed the fluid restriction on the day before hemodialysis." 3. "Medications should be double-dosed on the morning of hemodialysis because of potential loss." 4. "Several types of medications should be withheld on the day of dialysis until after the procedure."
4. "Several types of medications should be withheld on the day of dialysis until after the procedure."
The client with a crush injury to the leg has a highly positive urine myoglobin level. The nurse should assess this client carefully for signs and symptoms of which problem? 1. Brain attack 2. Respiratory failure 3. Myocardial infarction 4. Acute tubular necrosis
4. Acute tubular necrosis
The nurse is caring for a client immediately after nephrectomy and renal transplantation. What is the most appropriate datum to use in planning administration of intravenous fluids to this client? 1. A strict hourly rate of 100 mL 2. A strict hourly rate of 150 mL 3. One half of the previous hour's urine output 4. The number of milliliters in the previous hour's urine output
4. The number of milliliters in the previous hour's urine output
A client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been on dialysis for 3 years. The client is receiving the usual combination of medications for the disease, including aluminum hydroxide as a phosphate-binding agent. The client now presents with mental cloudiness, dementia, and complaints of bone pain. The nurse determines that these assessment data are compatible with which condition? 1. Advancing uremia 2. Phosphate overdose 3. Folic acid deficiency 4. Aluminum intoxication
4. Aluminum intoxication Aluminum hydroxide may be prescribed as a phosphate-binding agent. Aluminum intoxication can occur when there is an accumulation of aluminum, an ingredient in many phosphate-binding antacids. It results in mental cloudiness, dementia, and bone pain from infiltration of the bone with aluminum.
A client is having difficulty coughing and deep-breathing because of pain after a nephrectomy. Which action by the nurse is helpful in promoting optimal respiratory function? 1. Administering pain medication just before ambulation 2. Administering pain medication when the client asks for it 3. Encouraging the use of the incentive spirometer every 8 hours 4. Assisting the client to splint the incision during respiratory exercise
4. Assisting the client to splint the incision during respiratory exercise
A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and a transurethral resection of the prostate is performed. Four hours after surgery, the nurse takes the client's vital signs and empties the urinary drainage bag. Which assessment finding indicates the need to notify the health care provider (HCP)? 1. Red, bloody urine 2. Pain rated as 2 on a 0-10 pain scale 3. Urinary output of 200 mL higher than intake 4. Blood pressure, 100/50 mm Hg; pulse, 130 beats/minute
4. Blood pressure, 100/50 mm Hg; pulse, 130 beats/minute
The home health nurse is planning to make a home visit to a client who has undergone surgical creation of an ileal conduit. The nurse should include which information on ostomy care in discussion with the client? 1. Plan to do appliance changes in the late evening hours. 2. Cut an opening that is slightly smaller than the stoma in the face plate of the appliance. 3. Appliance odor from urine breakdown to ammonia can be minimized by limiting fluids. 4. Cleanse the skin around the stoma, using gentle soap and water, and then rinse and dry well.
4. Cleanse the skin around the stoma, using gentle soap and water, and then rinse and dry well.
A client has urinary calculi composed of uric acid. The nurse is teaching the client dietary measures to prevent further development of uric acid calculi. The nurse should inform the client that it is acceptable to consume which item? 1. Steak 2. Shrimp 3. Chicken liver 4. Cottage cheese
4. Cottage cheese With a uric acid stone, the client should limit intake of foods high in purines. Organ meats, sardines, herring, and other high-purine foods are eliminated from the diet. Intake of foods with moderate levels of purines, such as red and white meats and some seafood, also is limited. Avoiding the consumption of milk and dairy products is a recommended dietary change for calculi composed of calcium stones but is acceptable for the client with a uric acid stone.
A client with an external arteriovenous shunt in place for hemodialysis is at risk for bleeding. Which is the priority nursing intervention? 1. Check the shunt for the presence of bruit and thrill. 2. Observe the site once during the shift as time permits. 3. Check the results of the prothrombin time as they are determined. 4. Ensure that small clamps are attached to the arteriovenous shunt dressing.
4. Ensure that small clamps are attached to the arteriovenous shunt dressing. An external arteriovenous shunt is a less common form of access site but carries a risk for bleeding when it is used because 2 ends of an external cannula are tunneled subcutaneously into an artery and a vein, and the ends of the cannula are joined. If accidental disconnection occurs, the client could lose blood rapidly. For this reason, small clamps are attached to the dressing that covers the insertion site for use if needed.
The client newly diagnosed with chronic kidney disease recently has begun hemodialysis. Knowing that the client is at risk for disequilibrium syndrome, the nurse should assess the client during dialysis for which associated manifestations? 1. Hypertension, tachycardia, and fever 2. Hypotension, bradycardia, and hypothermia 3. Restlessness, irritability, and generalized weakness 4. Headache, deteriorating level of consciousness, and twitching
4. Headache, deteriorating level of consciousness, and twitching
A week after kidney transplantation, a client develops a temperature of 101°F (38.3°C), the blood pressure is elevated, and there is tenderness over the transplanted kidney. The serum creatinine is rising and urine output is decreased. The x-ray indicates that the transplanted kidney is enlarged. Based on these assessment findings, the nurse anticipates which treatment? 1. Antibiotic therapy 2. Peritoneal dialysis 3. Removal of the transplanted kidney 4. Increased immunosuppression therapy
4. Increased immunosuppression therapy
A client with severe back pain and hematuria is found to have hydronephrosis due to urolithiasis. The nurse anticipates which treatment will be done to relieve the obstruction? Select all that apply. 1. Peritoneal dialysis 2. Analysis of the urinary stone 3. Intravenous opioid analgesics 4. Insertion of a nephrostomy tube 5. Placement of a ureteral stent with ureteroscopy
4. Insertion of a nephrostomy tube 5. Placement of a ureteral stent with ureteroscopy Urolithiasis is the condition that occurs when a stone forms in the urinary system. Hydronephrosis develops when the stone has blocked the ureter and urine backs up and dilates and damages the kidney. Priority treatment is to allow the urine to drain and relieve the obstruction in the ureter. This is accomplished by placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy tube to drain urine from the kidney and placement of a ureteral stent to keep the ureter open. Peritoneal dialysis is not needed since the kidney is functioning. Stone analysis will be done later when the stone has been retrieved and analyzed. Opioid analgesics are necessary for pain relief but do not treat the obstruction.
A client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prescribed aluminum hydroxide. Which information should the nurse include while instructing the client regarding the action of this medication? 1. It prevents ulcers 2. It prevents constipation. 3. It promotes the elimination of potassium from the body. 4. It combines with phosphorus and helps eliminate phosphates from the body.
4. It combines with phosphorus and helps eliminate phosphates from the body.
A client has just had a Foley catheter removed and is to be started on a bladder retraining program. Which intervention will provide the most useful information about the client's ability to empty the bladder? 1. Calculating total fluid intake for the shift 2. Recording the amount of the client's voidings 3. Assisting the client to the bathroom every 2 hours 4. Measuring postvoid residual using a bladder scan
4. Measuring postvoid residual using a bladder scan
The nurse is performing an assessment on a client who has returned from the dialysis unit following hemodialysis. The client is complaining of headache and nausea and is extremely restless. Which is the priority nursing action? 1. Monitor the client. 2. Elevate the head of the bed. 3. Assess the fistula site and dressing. 4. Notify the health care provider (HCP).
4. Notify the health care provider (HCP). Disequilibrium syndrome may be caused by rapid removal of solutes from the body during hemodialysis. These changes can cause cerebral edema that leads to increased intracranial pressure. The client is exhibiting early signs and symptoms of disequilibrium syndrome and appropriate treatments with anticonvulsive medications and barbiturates may be necessary to prevent a life-threatening situation. The HCP must be notified.
A client with chronic kidney disease who is scheduled for hemodialysis this morning is due to receive a daily dose of enalapril. When should the nurse plan to administer this medication? 1. During dialysis 2. Just before dialysis 3. The day after dialysis 4. On return from dialysis
4. On return from dialysis
A hemodialysis client with a left arm fistula is at risk for arterial steal syndrome. The nurse should assess for which manifestations of this complication? 1. Warmth, redness, and pain in the left hand 2. Ecchymosis and audible bruit over the fistul 3. Edema and reddish discoloration of the left arm 4. Pallor, diminished pulse, and pain in the left hand
4. Pallor, diminished pulse, and pain in the left hand
The nurse is admitting a client who has an arteriovenous (AV) fistula in the right arm for hemodialysis. Which nursing intervention is the best way to prevent injury to the AV site? 1. Putting a large note about the access site on the front of the medical record 2. Applying an allergy bracelet to the right arm, indicating the presence of the fistula 3. Telling the client to inform all caregivers who enter the room about the presence of the access site 4. Placing a sign at the bedside that reads "No blood pressure measurements or venipunctures in the right arm"
4. Placing a sign at the bedside that reads "No blood pressure measurements or venipunctures in the right arm"
The nurse is analyzing the posthemodialysis laboratory test results for a client with chronic kidney disease. The nurse interprets that the dialysis is having an expected but nontherapeutic effect if which value is decreased? 1. Potassium 2. Creatinine 3. Phosphorus 4. Red blood cell (RBC) count
4. Red blood cell (RBC) count Hemodialysis typically lowers the amounts of fluid, sodium, potassium, urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, magnesium, and phosphate levels in the blood. Hemodialysis also worsens anemia because RBCs are lost during dialysis from blood sampling and anticoagulation and from residual blood left in the dialyzer. Although all of these results are expected, only the lowered RBC count is nontherapeutic and worsens the anemia already caused by the disease process.
A client experiencing end-stage kidney disease has an arteriovenous (AV) fistula placed surgically for hemodialysis. Which action is most appropriate for the nurse to document in the plan for care of the AV fistula? 1. Palpate the bruit of the AV fistula weekly to assess for thrombosis. 2. Use the AV fistula site for blood draws to prevent increased pain of multiple blood draws. 3. Take the blood pressure readings in the extremity with the AV fistula to get a more accurate reading. 4. Teach the client to avoid carrying heavy objects that would compress the AV fistula and cause thrombosis.
4. Teach the client to avoid carrying heavy objects that would compress the AV fistula and cause thrombosis.
The spouse of a client with acute kidney injury secondary to heart failure asks the nurse how a heart problem can affect the kidneys. The nurse should formulate a response using what fact about the kidneys? 1. The kidneys get fatigued from having to filter too much fluid. 2. The kidneys can react adversely to moderate doses of furosemide. 3. The kidneys will shut down easily if serum levels of digoxin are high. 4. The kidneys generally require and receive about 20% to 25% of the resting cardiac output.
4. The kidneys generally require and receive about 20% to 25% of the resting cardiac output.