NRSG 4604 Final
UN's Sustainable Development Goals
1) no poverty - donate what you don't use 2) zero hunger - waste less food and support local farmers 3) good health and well-being - vaccinate 4) quality education - help educate the children in your community 5) gender equality - empower women and girls and ensure their equal rights 6) clean water and sanitation - avoid wasting water 7) affordable and clean energy - only use energy-efficient light bulbs and appliances 8) decent work and economic growth - create job opportunities for youth 9) industry, innovation, and infrastructure - fund projects that provide basic infrastructure 10) reduced inequalities - support the marginalized and disadvantaged 11) sustainable cities and communities - bike, walk, or use public transportation 12) responsible consumption and production - recycle paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum 13) climate action - act now to stop global warming 14) life below water - avoid plastic bags to keep the oceans clean 15) life on land - plant a tree and help protect the environment 16) peace, justice, and strong institutions - stand up for human rights 17) partnerships for the goals - lobby your government to boost development financing
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the largest number of new HIV infections is among: A. African American women B. Latina women C. White women D. Homosexual women
A
An older client is seeking a fourth refill on a prescription for benzodiazepines. The nurse is concerned that the client may be developing a tolerance for the drug. Which comment by the client would most confirm this concern? A. "Lately I've had to double up on my dose just for it to be effective." B. "I ran out of pills a week ago and have felt sweaty and agitated ever since." C. "I feel like I just can't function without the medicine." D. "The medicine has been wonderful. I think one more refill should do it for me."
A
Bioavailability is the amount of the contaminant that: A. is absorbed into the body and becomes available at the site of physiological activity B. initially escapes a container and becomes available for contact with living organisms C. is airborne and available for inhalation D. is waterborne and available for skin contact
A
The community health nurse explores pedestrian access to all healthcare facilities in the community. Which tool would be most helpful in performing this task? A. geographic information systems B. functional health pattern C. epidemiological model D. developmental model
A
The community health nurse manager works to identify how to manage the local health workforce shortage effectively. Using knowledge of the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendations, which suggestion should the nurse manager give to the agency? A. Increase the agency's investment in the education and training of new healthcare workers B. Offer incentives to attract workers to thriving urban areas C. Attract men to the health professions D. Provide cures for common health problems to reduce demand for health services
A
The nurse is reviewing the sources of funding for the local community health intervention program on smoking cessation. In the federal grant proposal, the nurse elaborates on all the various local organizations and private foundations that have pledged to support the program after initial funding from the grant ends. The nurse also explains the plan for ongoing fundraising efforts for the program for years to come. With these comments, the nurse is attempting to establish which essential component of funding? A. sustaibability B. program replication C. clinical expertise D. accountability
A
The nurse performs motivational interviewing with a college student in the university health center regarding the student's history of binge drinking. The nurse hopes to ascertain the student's readiness to change her behavior and encourage her to make better choices related to alcohol use. The interview should begin with: A. listening empathetically to establish trust B. eliciting feelings about how the drinking behavior is affecting the student's life C. Noting discrepancies between attitudes toward alcohol and alcohol-associated harms D. being supportive of the student's life goals
A
The nurse visits the home of a client in a low-income community and notices the paint is flaking off the walls and forming a dust in the corners of some rooms. The nurse asks the client when the house was built, and she responds that it was built in 1959. Which contaminant should the nurse expect to find in this home? A. lead B. radon C. asbestos D. pesticide
A
The nurse works to identify epidemiological and demographic transitions in the community. Which is an example of a demographic transitions? A. High fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth B. Progressive declines in mortality, as epidemics become less frequent C. High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine D. Further declines in mortality, increasing life expectancy, and predominance of noncommunicable diseases
A
Which accurately defines femicide? A. a homicide of a female that occurs in the context of intimate partner violence B. violence that targets people or groups of people on the basis of their gender C. a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors D. a suicide by a female that occurs in the context of intimate partner violence
A
Which is a relationship risk factor for intimate partner violence? A. emotional dependence and insecurity B. belief in strict gender roles C. desire for power and control D. unhealthy family interactions
A
Not every individual exposed to socioeconomic or other adversity develops disease. Protective social factors, such as _____, may mitigate the deleterious effects of averse social conditions. Select all that apply. A. social support B. self-esteem C. self-efficacy D. education E. genetics
A, B, C
The nurse suspects a 16-year-old client is being physically abused by her boyfriend. Compared with adolescent girls with no abuse history, this client is a significantly increased risk for: (SATA) A. smoking cigarettes B. anorexia C. becoming pregnant D. assaulting her siblings E. theft
A, B, C
Which of the following are examples of non-mosquito-borne zoonotic diseases, which have been involved in spillover events (SATA) A. Ebola B. Rabies C. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) D. Zika E. Dengue
A, B, C
A reservoir of an infectious agent can be: (SATA) A. an asymptomatic human B. a symptomatic human C. an animal D. the environment
A, B, C, D (all of the above)
Several factors contributed to the emergence of drug-resistant TB in the Russian Federation between 1991-2001 (SATA) A. crowded prisons B. crowded hospital inpatient treatment facilities C. medication shortages D. variations in treatment practices E. breakdown in Russian state's capacity for contact-tracing and active-case finding
A, B, C, D, E (all of the above)
Which instance would be considered child abuse and neglect according to the federal Child Abuse and Prevention and Treatment Act? (SATA) A. a father leaving a child in the back seat of a car on a hot August day B. a mother not feeding her 5-year-old child all day C. a mother allowing her boyfriend to punch her daughter D. a caregiver smacking away a toddler's hand when she reaches for a hot stove E. a neighbor touching the private parts of a 12-year-old boy
A, B, C, E
The nurse assesses a community undergoing change. Five years ago, a series of setbacks caused the local foundry to close. Through interviews, the nurse discovers that generations of families worked at the foundry. Research indicates that no other businesses have been able to provide work for those who no longer work at the foundry. Developmental data gathered through this research into the community's history will help the nurse: (SATA) A. determine what resources were available before the foundry closed B. determine what variables may have enhanced or detracted from community development C. develop an understanding of the community's strengths and resources today D. understand cultural changes within the community over time E. identify where in the community health clinics are most needed
A, B, D
Which risk factor for poor health is associated with low- and middle-income countries? (Select all that apply.) A. Burning of wood and dung for cooking and heat B. Low status of women C. Sedentary lifestyle D. Not wrapping an infant immediately after birth E. Overconsumption of fatty foods
A, B, D
Which risk factors are associated with committing gun-related homicide? (SATA) A. low income B. lack of education C. female gender D. being a victim of discrimination E. lack of employment opportunities
A, B, D
A nurse is caring for an older client who is struggling to manage her type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse should recognize which social determinants of this client's health? Select all that apply. A. household income of $23,000 per year B. reading level of a third grader C. medication ineffective due to error in prescription D. originally from Sudan E. no family in the area
A, B, D, E
Disease control measures are generally directed at which of the following? (SATA) A. eliminating the reservoir B. eliminating the vector C. Eliminating the host D. interrupting mode of transmission E. reducing host susceptibility
A, B, D, E
In the definition of epidemiology, "determinants" generally includes: A. agents B. causes C. control measures D. risk factors E. Sources
A, B, D, E
The following are examples of social determinants of health (select all that apply): A. socioeconomic status B. access to education C. genetics D. employment opportunities E. access to healthcare
A, B, D, E
The nurse is responsible for the directly observed therapy (DOT) program in the community. Which represents the best methods to ensure compliance with clients' drug regimens? (SATA) A. social service support B. housing assistance C. hospitalization D. isolation until treatment complete E. treatment enablers
A, B, E
Epidemiology, as defined in this lesson, would include which of the following activities? Select all that apply. A. describing the demographic characteristics of persons with acute alfatoxin poisoning in District A B. prescribing an antibiotic to treat a patient with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection C. comparing the family history, amount of exercise, and eating habits of those with and without newly diagnosed diabetes D. recommending that a restaurant can be closed after implicating it as the source of a hepatitis A outbreak
A, C, D
In assessing a 13-year-old Native American boy who lives on a reservation, the nurse finds that he regularly drinks alcohol and smokes cannabis. He says that most of his friends do so, as well. The nurse is aware that this rate of prevelance is far hgiher than that for 13-year-olds of all ethnicities nationwide. Which social conditions have researchers associated with the health disparity? (SATA) A. greater availability of cannabis from local farms B. higher socioeconomic status C. Lower academic attainment D. Proximity to Mexico and drug gangs E. College enrollment
A, C, D
The Cure Violence model draws on key components of disease control methodology. It recognizes and addresses the contagious nature of violence by adapting the WHO's model for successfully addressing other epidemics. The Cure Violence model has three main components (SATA) A. Change community norms B. remove violent offenders from the streets through incarceration C. detect and interrupt the transmission of violence D. change the behavior of the highest potential transmitters E. youth mentoring and job training
A, C, D
The nurse assesses a 33-year-old who abuses alcohol. To gauge how the client's substance use is impairing his ability to fulfill normal role functions, the nurse should use: (SATA) A. history of arrests from drunken driving B. age at the time of first alcoholic drink C. jobs lost due to intoxication at work and chronic absenteeism D. failing grades in night classes at the local community college E. blood alcohol level at time of last arrest for driving while intoxicated
A, C, D
Which exemplify determinants of health? (Select all that apply.) A) Living in a community with clean, fluoridated water B) Having a death rate of 500 per 100,000 population C) Living in neighborhood with a high crime rate D) Smoking two packs of cigarettes per day E) Having an infant mortality rate of 95 deaths per 1,000 live births
A, C, D
Children may be more vulnerable to environmental exposures than adults. There are several factors that increase children's vulnerability. Which factors should be considered with children? (SATA) A. their body systems are still rapidly developing B. they eat less, drink less, and breathe less in proportion to the body size than do adults C. their bodies may be less able to break down and excrete contaminants D. their behaviors can expose them to more contmainants E. their breathing zone is closer to the ground
A, C, D, E
The nurse is completing a lethality assessment with a female client. Which are appropriate lethality risk questions? (SATA) A. Is there a gun in your house? B. Are you using drugs or drinking excessively? C. Has your partner even been arrested? D. What is the worst thing your partner has ever done to you? E. Do you feel that the partner is capable of hurting you?
A, C, D, E
During what time period are individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 most contagious and most likely to spread the virus to others? A. 2 days before onset of symptoms B. 2 weeks after onset of symptoms C. When symptoms are most severe
A. 2 days before the onset of symptoms
Who achieved widespread recognition during the Civil War, distributing supplies to wounded soldiers and caring for the casualties with the help of a team of nurses? A. Clara Barton B. Dorothea Dix C. Lemuel Shattuck D. Lillian Wald
A. Clara Barton
The nurse is monitoring an outbreak of mumps in a number of state school districts with high rates of unvaccinated children. Monitoring, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data for planning, implementing and evaluating a public health intervention is an example of which public health intervention? A. Surveillance B. Outreach C. Screening D. Case management
A. Surveillance
A nurse is coordinating an initiative in the community to make sure that the healthcare needs of local refugees and asylees are recognized and addressed. Which federal agency should this nurse contact, as it is directly involved with the health and healthcare of refugees and asylees in the United States? A. United States Department of Health and Human Services B. National Institutes of Health C. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
A. United States Department of Health and Human Services
The epidemiological triad of disease causation refers to: A. agent, host, environment B. time, place, person C. source, mode of transmission, susceptible host D. John Snow, Robert Koch, Kenneth Rothman
A. agent, host, environment
A client with tuberculosis sneezes in the wood room and infects several other clients who are sitting on the other side of the room. Which mechanism of transmission is involved in this case? A. Airborne B. Droplet C. Direct contact D. Indirect contact
A. airborne
Chloroquine-resistant malaria occurs in most of Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and all of the South Pacific islands. This type of disease occurrence is known as: A. endemic B. epidemic C. pandemic D. outbreak
A. endemic
Differences in health which are unnecessary, avoidable, unfair, and unjust. A. health inequity B. health equity C. health disparity D. health inequality
A. health inequity
A client arrives at the clinic shaky and requesting a refill on a prescription for alprazolam (Xanax). The nurse suspects that the client might be experiencing substance withdrawal. Which comment by the client would most tend to confirm your suspicion? A. "Lately I've had to double up on my dose just for it to be effective." B. "I ran out of pills a week ago and have felt sweaty and agitated ever since." C. "I feel like I just can't function without the medicine." D. "The medicine has been wonderful. I think one more refill should do it for me."
B
The clinic clients respond negatively to the need for a yearly fly shot. They ask why the medical communities don't just create one shot that will last for several years. Which explanation should the nurse give? A. genetic changes in the bacteria that cause the flu require a rotating course of antibiotics B. genetic changes make the flu virus resistant to the flu shot from year to year C. there is more than one strain of the flu virus and you must be protected from all of them D. the shots last only for 3-6 months and must be renewed on a yearly basis
B
Which best defines program replication? A. ability to replicate a successful program in the same community a second time B. ability to reproduce a successful program within a different community C. ability to replicate a successful program with a new sample aggregate D. ability to implement a successful program with the same population aggregate
B
Which most accurately defines gender-based violence? A. a homicide of a female that occurs in the context of intimate partner violence B. violence that targets people or groups of people on the basis of their gender C. a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors perpetrated against an individual by one who is, was, or wishes to be in an intimate relationship with the victim D. a type of violence typically committed by one gender but not the other
B
The nurse assess a 15-year-old client who shows some signs of possible drug addiction. The nurse reviews the client's health and family history, looking for key indicators for risk of substance dependence, such as: (SATA) A. obesity B. age at first use of illicit substance C. family history of alcoholism D. presence of a learning disability E. early onset of diabetes
B and C
Healthy People 2030 are national objectives for improved health outcomes that guide the health promotion and disease prevention efforts in the United States. The overall goals of Healthy People 2030 are to: (SATA) A. remove political influence from healthcare B. eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity and attain health literacy to improve health and well-being for all C. strengthen and expand the Affordable Care Act D. Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being, free from preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
B and D
Ten documented cases of West Nile Virus (WNV) have occurred recently in the community. To reduce the transmission of the virus, the nurse should educate the members of the community to: (SATA) A. avoid contact with birds B. avoid contact with mosquitoes C. avoid those with a confirmed diagnosis D. eliminate standing water E. avoid exposure to the environment during the daylight hours
B and D
Indirect transmission includes which of the following? (SATA) A. droplet spread B. mosquito-borne C. foodborne D. doorknobs or toilet seats
B, C, D
There is an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the community. The nurse is responsible for the dissemination of the education plan adopted by the public health department. Key components of the plan should include: (SATA) A. quarantining infected families in their homes B. respiratory hygiene C. hand hygiene D. droplet precautions for visitors in contact with affected clients E. contact precautions for all cases
B, C, D
Which exemplify environmental media and transport mechanisms within an exposure pathway? (SATA) A. mercury B. groundwater C. pond D. air E. subsurface soil
B, C, D, E
The nurse travels to Nigeria with a humanitarian aid organization to assess and treat members of a remote community. The children all have high levels of lead in their blood, as a result of exposure to lead dust created by gold mining. Many children are dying. The nurse has never witnessed such a phenomenon in the United States. Which are the most likely reasons for this discrepancy? (SATA) A. larger mining operations than in the United States B. lack of environmental regulations or of their enforcement C. lack of knowledge concerning environmental dangers D. weaker immune systems than in the US E. need of the miners to earn a living and fewer work options
B, C, E
The nurse is assigned to prepare the yearly goals for the community health agency in a developing nation. Which goals, on the basis of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals for improving global health, should the nurse include? (Select all that apply) A. Initiate an afterschool sports program at every school in the nation to increase physical activity among children. B. Distribute a mosquito bed net to every home in the nation. C. Provide 1 million free allergy shots to people at highest risk. D. Increase the number of girls who attend primary schools by 100% E. Provide training on prevention of postpartum hemorrhage to all healthcare workers
B, D, E
According to the Lathrop (2013) article, Florence Nightingale, Lillian Wald and Loretta Ford exhibited what type of leadership style to impact population health? A. authoritarian leadership B. transformational leadership C. democratic leadership D. Laissez-faire leadership
B. Transformational leadership
The biological "wear and tear" resulting from chronic exposure to social and environmental stressors, such as community violence and concentrated poverty is called: A. social determinants of health B. allostatic load C. epigenetic process D. socioeconomic adversity
B. allostatic load
Demographic characteristics indicate that people in developed countries are living longer, healthier lives, yet tremendous health and social disparities exist. Which describes social determinants of health? A. What society does collectively to ensure the conditions exist in which people can be healthy B. social conditions in which people live and work C. context of preventing disease and disability and promoting and protecting the health of the entire community D. comprehensive management of health information and its secure exchange between consumers, providers, government and quality entities, and insurers
B. social conditions in which people live and work
Why does Sir Michael Marmot believe health professionals should care about scout social conditions?
Because healthcare providers are meant to improve the health of patients; if addressing social conditions can help improve health, we should care. Social justice - because it's the right thing to do!
Preventing intimate partner violence (IPV) and recurrence of violence requires targeting efforts at all three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Which is a secondary prevention strategy? A. creating and broadcasting a public service announcement that raises awareness about IPV B. putting up posters around the health provider's office that give tips on what to do if one is in an abusive relationship C. screening a woman for evidence of abuse who has a several risk factors for IPV D. providing a woman who is being abused by her husband the number to an abuse hotline so that she can get help leaving him
C
Several important pieces of legislation have helped highlight the importance of environmental health and environmental protection. Which best describes Superfund? A. national program to control the damaging effects of air pollution B. program that protects and enhances the quality of the nation's air by regulating stationary and mobile sources of air emissions C. environmental program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites D. comprehensive framework of standards, technical tools, and financial assistance to address the many causes of pollution and poor water quality
C
The nurse assesses a client in the local neighborhood clinic. He exhibits signs and symptoms of TB yet has a negative TB skin test result. The nurse suspects that the physician may further test the client because he: A. visited Central America recently B. is recovering from jet lag C. is HIV positive D. works in a factory setting
C
The nurse prepares community program objectives that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound (SMART) to help in planning interventions and establishing measurement systems to evaluate programs and outcomes. Which is a measurable objective? A. program will reduce teenage obesity B. fewer teens will start smoking C. blood pressure for children aged 12-18 years in Marks School will be reduced by 5% after petting the dog for 1 day in March 2019 D. number of older minority residents in Legacy Independent facility receiving a flu shot will triple
C
The nurse teaches a client about pharmacologic treatments for alcohol-dependent disorders. The client correctly understands the teaching when she tells the nurse that a medication that induces aversive effects if alcohol is consumed is: A. naltrexone B. acamprosate C. disulfiram D. buprenorphine
C
The nurse works with a 16-year-old client who has an alcohol use disorder. Which mental health disorder, highly correlated to substance use disorder, should the nurse also assess for in this client? A. OCD B. Anxiety C. Major depression D. Bipolar disorder
C
Which is the most accurate definition of an exposure pathway? A. the total amount of a contaminant that comes in direct contact with the body B. factor that determines a person's level of exposure to a contaminant C. method by which people are exposed to an environmental contaminant D. Process to determine whether exposure to an environmental contaminant has occurred
C
The community health nurse is concerned with the prevalence of new HIV infections in the community and understands the strong correlation between substance use disorders and HIV. Which interventions should the nurse promote in the community health clinic to best address this problem? (SATA) A. 12-step self-help groups B. family and couples therapy C. opioid substitution treatment D. syringe exchange programs E. motivational interviewing
C and D
The nurse works with a recovering heroin addict who is currently receiving opioid substitution treatment. Besides reducing his use of heroin, what additional benefits are offered by this treatment? (SATA) A. reduction in alcohol use B. weight loss C. decrease in transmission of HIV D. improving the client's overall health E. decrease in depression
C and D
A hurricane recently struck a nurse's hometown, and the nurse on behalf of the hospital is coordinating local relief efforts with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Which organization should this nurse most expect to work with in this situation? A. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation B. Living Proof Project C. International Committee of the Red Cross D. Oxfam International
C. International Committee of the Red Cross
The nurse works with a female client who recently developed an infection of S. aureus while in the hospital. In this case, S. aureus is which component in the chain of infection? A. host B. environmental reservoir C. agent D. portal
C. agent
When an infectious agent enters the host and begins to multiply, an infection occurs. The time between exposure to an infectious agent and the manifestation of symptoms in the host in known as: A. carrier time B. colonization C. incubation period D. latent period
C. incubation period
What is the exposure pathway for environmental contaminants?
Contaminant, source, media/transport, point of exposure, route of exposure, population affected, health effects
Environmental justice is most accurately described as the belief that: A. those who violate the environment should be required to pay significant fines or face extensive prison sentences B. all the harms humans have committed against the environment will one day result in divine judgement C. all people should have equal access to the environment D. no group should suffer more from environmental health consequences than outhers
D
Four employees at a local restaurant have positive purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin skin tests and have been diagnosed with latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. Which employee would be at greatest risk for contracting active TB disease? A. works two jobs B. vacations in South America C. cooks the food D. takes immunosuppressants
D
Preventing intimate partner violence (IPV) and recurrence of violence requires targeting efforts at all three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Which is a tertiary prevention strategy? A. adding a question to the standard health history form that asks whether the client is currently experiencing abuse B. putting up posters around the health provider's office that give tips on what to do if one is in an abusive relationship C. screening a woman for evidence of abuse who has several risk factors for IPV D. providing a woman who is being abused by her husband the number to an abuse hotline so that she can get help leaving him
D
There are different methods for conducting risk assessment for environmental contaminants. Which formula determines the amount of risk? A. hazard = exposure x risk B. exposure = risk x hazard C. risk = contaminant presence x exposure D. risk = hazard x exposure
D
When the community collaborates in a plan to create services and education to enhance their health and well-being, the plan is most likely to: A. create an environment that fosters change B. have an increased rate of success C. empower the community but diminish the rate of success D. shift the focus from dependency to empowerment
D
Which is an example of a radiological contaminant? A. lead B. mercury C. Ricin D. radon
D
Which is the most accurate definition of a risk assessment? A. assessment of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biologic agents on people, animals, and the environment B. process to help determine whether an individual has been exposed to environmental contaminants C. assessment of factors that determine a person's level of exposure to an environmental contaminant D. determination of the likelihood of adverse effects in a group exposed to an environmental contaminant
D
Which statement are true regarding the UN Global Environmental Outlook (GEO-6)? A. GEO-6 is intended to be solution oriented B. illustrates how a healthy planet contributes directly to healthier people by encouraging healthier lifestyles C. underlines the importance of maintaining the integrity of ecosystems and recognizes their interlinkages with the socioeconomic system D. all of the above
D
Who is in the best position to recognize both children being victimized and children perpetrating violence? A. pediatric primary care provider B. parent C. school nurse D. next door neighbor
D
Which is the fastest growing healthcare expenditure in the United States? A. Healthcare technology B. Hospital care C. Outpatient treatment and surgery D. Prescription medications
D. Prescription medications
Which country spends the most on healthcare? A. Canada B. England C. Japan D. United States
D. United States
What is this an example of? About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week, slightly less than the national average
Endemic disease
What is this an example of? Developing guidelines/criteria about which patients coming to the clinic should be screened (tested) for Chlamydia infection
Policy development
True or False: The United States spends more than any other country on health care, yet ranks 50th in infant mortality and 51st in life expectancy at birth.
True
True or false: SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through the airborne route (through inhalation of particles smaller than droplets that remain in the air over time and distance)
True
True or false: The goal of the video series Love, Sex, and Choices about struggle, strength, and survival is dedicated to promoting health in the community and an end to HIV/AIDS here and abroad.
True
True or false: both acute and chronic violence can affect mental/cognitive functioning through physiological neural, neuroendocrine, and immune responses.
True
True or false: the following is the definition of a spillover infection/event: a single event during which a pathogen from 1 species moves into another species
True
What is this an example of? Comparing persons with symptomatic versus asymptomatic Chlamydia infection to identify predictors
analytic studies
Exposure pathway for climate change
climate driver, exposure, health outcome, impact
social determinants of health
economic stability, education, social and community context, health and health care, neighborhood and built environment
What is this an example of? 22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0-1 per year)
epidemic disease
What is this an example of? Conducting an analysis of patient flow at the public health clinic to determine waiting times for clinic patients
evaluation
What is this an example of? Interviewing persons infected with Chlamydia to identify their sex partners
field investigation
What is this an example of? Average annual incidence was 364 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis per 100,000 population in one area, compared with national average of 134 cases per 100,000
hyperendemic disease
What is this an example of? Meeting with directors of family planning clinics and college health clinics to discuss Chlamydia testing and reporting
linkages
Health Leads
national nonprofit organization that connects low-income patients with the basic resources they need to be healthy such nutritious food and heat
What is this an example of? Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918-1919
pandemic disease
What is this an example of? Reviewing reports of test results for Chlamydia trachomatis from public health clinics
public health surveillance
What is this an example of? single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community
sporadic disease
