NTR 108 WEEK 7

Supplementation with large doses of niacin may result in __________.

"flushing" (Niacin supplementation can cause burning, tingling, itching, and redness known as the "niacin flush.")

There are a variety of options for approaching weight loss, but each has pros and cons. While success will vary for different individuals, there are several evidence-based strategies that are more likely to contribute to success. From the list below, choose all the correct statements for healthful weight loss.

-Severely restricting fat or carbohydrates may result in weight loss, but these diets may provide inadequate nutrients and can have related health risks. -People who exercise regularly are more likely to lose weight and maintain weight loss. -Weight loss goals should be specific, reasonable, and measurable to increase the likelihood of success. (There are countless options for losing weight, but the most successful strategies tend to be those that promote gradual change, emphasize healthful habits, and involve realistic and sustainable lifestyle changes.)

There is no single "ideal" weight or size. Instead, individuals should aim for a weight that encourages healthful habits and does not increase risk of weight-related health conditions. Complete the sentence about healthful weight. A healthful weight ____________.

-is more likely to be associated with normal blood pressure, blood lipid levels, and glucose tolerance -is the result of good eating habits and regular physical activity (A healthful weight should be supportive of overall health and fitness and should not be dictated by anyone's expectations about appearances.)

Obesity has been associated with an increased risk for __________.

All of the listed responses are correct. (Obesity is a risk factor for several chronic diseases, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer.)

There are a variety of tools and measurements available to assess body composition and health risks, each with some limitations. Some examples are BMI, fat patterning, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. Choose the correct statement about body composition evaluation methods.

Fat stored around the waist can lead to unhealthful changes in blood cholesterol, insulin, glucose levels, and blood pressure. (Health risks are significantly higher for those with a BMI of 30 or above, an apple-shaped fat pattern, and a high waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio.)

In addition to biological influences on body weight, cultural, economic, and social factors play a role as well. Some of these factors, such as the pressure to overindulge on holidays, are nearly ubiquitous, whereas others, such as living in a community in which it is unsafe to walk or exercise, affect certain people more than others. Choose the statement about cultural, economic, and social influences on body weight that is not correct

People with lower incomes have lower rates of obesity than people with higher incomes. (Many social, cultural, and economic factors influence weight. Factors such as lack of physically active role models and excessive engagement in sedentary activities (including playing games on hand-held devices) are associated with decreased levels of physical activity. Factors such as the pervasiveness of vending machines and fast-food restaurants conspire to increase energy intake. Other factors influence weight in more complex ways. For example, having a lower income or less education is associated with a higher risk of obesity.)

Which agency reports data on the trends in adult obesity in the United States?

The CDC tracks and reports trends in obesity with the Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

What is the MOST accurate description of B-vitamins?

The primary role of many B-vitamins is to act as coenzymes in metabolic processes. (Many B-vitamins are particularly important in assisting energy metabolism.)

The classic energy balance equation states that when energy intake equals energy expenditure, energy balance exists and weight remains stable. If energy intake exceeds expenditure by about 3500 kcal over a period of time, an individual should gain 1 lb of fat; and if energy intake falls short of expenditure by 3500 kcal, he or she should lose 1 lb. Choose the statement that explains why the energy balance equation does not always accurately predict the amount of weight gained or lost when a person consumes more or less energy than required.

When energy intake is greater than energy expenditure, a spontaneous increase in energy output may occur. (Research has demonstrated that people often gain and lose weight more slowly than predicted by the classic energy balance equation. Possible explanations include the body's ability to adjust its basal metabolic rate and physical activity levels in response to changes in energy intake, as well as genetics and body composition. As a result, experts have suggested that the dynamic equation of energy balance replace the classic one.)

Which of the following individuals would be MOST likely to benefit from thiamin supplementation?

a 53-year-old male with chronic heavy alcohol consumption and limited food intake (Alcohol increases the need for thiamin, while also interfering with its absorption.)

What is the primary role of the B-vitamins?

act as coenzymes

Excessive vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy can result in __________.

birth defects

Beta-carotene is a __________.

carotenoid

Vitamin C assists in __________.

collagen maintenance

The primary sources of folate in the American diet are

enriched ready-to-eat cereals, bread, and grain products.

BMI is a measurement used to determine a person's body composition.

false

Underweight is defined as having a BMI of less than 18.5. Just as overweight and obesity increase the risk for adverse health consequences, being underweight carries its own risks, including a higher risk for infection and illness. Fill in the blank about gaining weight safely and effectively. Safe and effective strategies for gaining weight include ____________.

increasing energy intake by 500 to 1000 kcal/day by eating small, frequent, and nutritious meals and snacks throughout the day (To promote weight gain at the rate of about 1 to 2 lb per week, energy intake should be increased by 500 to 1000 kcal/day. This can be accomplished by eating small, frequent meals and snacks throughout the day, and choosing energy-dense foods. Choosing healthful foods and engaging in physical activity are just as important for people whose goal is to gain weight as it is for those who want to lose weight.)

Vitamin B12 supplementation would be MOST appropriate for __________.

men and women older than 50 years that have atrophic gastritis (Low stomach acid results in decreased absorption of vitamin B12.)

Good sources of riboflavin include

milk, meats, and green vegetables.

Obesity is defined as a BMI, or body mass index, greater or equal to 30.

true (Body mass index is a measure of an adult's weight in relation to his or her height.)

Vitamin A is essential to __________.

vision

Alpha-tocopherol is a biologically active form of what antioxidant vitamin?

vitamin E