NTR 213 Chapter 14: Feeding the World
How many people are overweight or obese worldwide?
1 billion
How many Americans live at or below poverty level?
14.3% of Americans live at or below the poverty level.
If that trend continues what percent of the worlds population will be overweight or obese?
57.8%
Subsistence crop
A crop that is grown as food for a farmer"s family, with little or nothing left over to sell.
Stunting
A decrease and linear growth rate.
What can government policies do?
Can also help reduce poverty and improve food security for those who are unable to gain access to food because of monetary distress. They can do this by increasing the population's income, lowering food prices, are finding food programs for those who are poor.
What will changes in cultural and economic factors do?
Changes in cultural and economic factors may reduce the desire for large families, but reducing birth rate also requires the availability of health and family planning services. To be successful, family planning efforts must be acceptable to the population and compatible with cultural and religious beliefs.
How can environmental damage lead to food shortages?
Environmental damage, such as drought, flooding, or earthquakes, can cause damage to both the production and distribution of foods, leading to food shortages.
What is the typical diet and developing countries based on? How does the specter and to the occurrence of malnutrition?
Even when there is enough food, malnutrition can occur if the quality of the diet is poor. The typical diet and developing countries is based on high fiber green products or root vegetables and has little variety. Those who can't consume food and larger quantities will not be up to get enough nutrition.
Give the most obvious example of food shortage
Famine
Explain the concept of food insecurity.
Food insecurity is a situation in which people lack adequate physical, social, or economic access to sufficient, safe, nutritious foods that meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Where does the income of poor families? Why is this a problem?
For families misuse most of their income to pay for shelter, situation that seriously reduces the changes that will be adequately fed. The high cost of housing not only limits food budget but it also contributes to the growing problem of homelessness in the US.
How does gender inequality affect birthrate?
Girls are often At home to work rather than being sent to school. They don't get an education, meaning they have few options other than to say at home and have children. Providing girls with an education has been shown to reduce birth rates.
What have governments done around the world to reduce the birth rate?
Governments around the world have used a number of approaches, such as provision of contraceptives, education, and economic incentives to decrease population growth.
What benefits to pe what can healthy diets do?
Healthy diets not only improve current health by optimizing growth, productivity, and well-being but are essential for preventing chronic
What are the human causes of famine?
Human causes include wars and civil conflicts.
What are the economic and cultural factors that affect birth rate?
In many cultures, large family is expected. The major reason is because high infant and child mortality rates. They choose to have many children so that some will survive. Children are also needed to work farms, support the elders, and otherwise contribute to the economic survival of the family.
In the long-term, what is required to solve the problem of world hunger?
In the long term, solving the problem of world hunger requires balancing the number of people in the amount of food that can be produced. The trend needs to continue to ensure that food production and natural resources comes for the population.
Food recovery
Involves collecting food that is wasted and fields, commercial kitchens, restaurants, and grocery stores and distributing it to those in need.
What causes food insecurity?
It can be caused by famine, natural disasters like drought, and wars or civil unrest.
What is the target population of the Child and Adult Care Food Program?
Low income children
What is the target population of the National School Lunch Program?
Low income children
What is the target population of the Special Milk Program?
Low income children
What is the target population of the Summer Food Service Program?
Low income children
What can nutrition education do?
Nutrition education can help improve nutrient intake in the population by teaching consumers what foods to grow, which is to choose, and how to compare food safely. This can also help when introducing new foods to a population in order to address the common deficiency among the population.
How does nutrition transition affect a population's health?
Nutrition will follow a cycle, and populations that are malnourished will create new generations that will also be malnourished. The same goes for overnourished populations.
How many of all deaths in children under 5 are due to undernutrition?
One third
What else also contributes to hunger and undernutrition?
Overpopulation is when a regent has more people than its natural resources can support. If food sources are overwhelmed, food shortages can occur. Some cultural practices contribute to malnutrition.
What are the benefits of increased nutritional knowledge?
People you have more nutrition information and greater awareness of the relationship between diet and health consume healthier diets. Increased knowledge about nutrition can reduce medical costs and improve the quality of life.
What essential to hunger and undernutrition? What does it do?
Poverty is central to hunger and undernutrition. It also reduces access to health care, increasing the prevalence of disease and disability. They also have less access to education, and this lack of access contributes to undernutrition and disease, and reduces opportunities to escape poverty.
What does poverty do?
Poverty reduces access to food, education, and healthcare.
What are the goals and methods of the Child and Adult Care Food Program?
Provide nutritious meals to children and adults and daycare settings
What are the goals and methods of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)?
Provides assistance and work opportunities to needy families by granting states federal funds to implement welfare programs
What are the goals and methods of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)?
Provides education all aspects of food preparation and nutrition
What are the goals and methods of the Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP)?
Provides food by distributing US Department of Agriculture (USDA) commodity foods
What are the goals and methods of the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations?
Provides food by distributing USDA, commodity foods
What are the goals and methods of the Nutrition Program for the Elderly?
Provides free congregant meals and churches, schools, senior centers, or other facilities and deliver speed to homebound people
Hunger
Recurrent involuntary lack of food that ever time may lead to malnutrition.
What is the target population of Team Nutrition?
School-age children
What is the impact of stunting on the health and productivity of a population?
Stunting in childhood produces smaller adults who have a reduced work capacity and are unable to contribute optimally to their society's economic and social development. Stunted, malnourished women are more likely than others to give birth to low-weight babies. In addition, abdominal obesity in adulthood is more common in those who have experienced lower birth weight and early childhood stunting. Abdominal obesity increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes.
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths during the first year of life per 1000 live births.
Describe these individuals that live at or below poverty level
These individuals have little money to spend on food and often have limited access to affordable food.
True or False? The number of ever nourished people exceeds the number of undernourished people.
True
What is the target population of Healthy People 2020?
US population
What is the target population of WIC Farmers Market Nutrition Program?
WIC participants
What must happen when people are starving?
When people are starving, short-term food and medical aid must be provided right away. The standard approach has been to bring food into stricken areas. It is often not well-planned in terms of nutrient content. Although this aid is necessary, it does little to prevent future hunger.
How prevalent are undernutrition and overnutrition around the world?
Worldwide, 6% are underweight and 8% are overweight.
Cash crop
A crop that is grown to be sold for monetary return rather than as food for the local population.
Renewable resource
A resource that is restored and replaced by natural processes and can therefore be used for ever
Nutritional transition
A series of changes in the diet, physical activity, health, and nutrition that occurs as poor countries become more prosperous.
Starvation
A severe reduction in nutrient and energy intake that impairs health and eventually causes death.
Food insecurity
A situation in which people lack adequate physical, social, or economic access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Famine
A widespread lack of access to food to a disaster that causes a collapse in food production and marketing systems.
Compare the problems of under and overnutrition in the world today.
About 925 million people around the world are chronically undernourished, and more than one-third of all deaths in children under age 5 are due to undernutrition. At the same time, rates of illness related to overnutrition are soaring.
How many people around the world are chronically undernourished?
About 925 million people around the world are chronically undernourished.
Explain how nutrition transition affects the incidence of obesity.
Affluent Western diets are high-fat, high-sugar, low-fiber, diverse, varied, and high in animal proteins. It's nutritionally adequate but imprudent. Coupled with inactivity, smoking, alcohol, or stress, it leads to overnutrition (higher risks of obesity, coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and stroke).
Sustainable agriculture
Agricultural methods that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance while having minimal long-term impacts.
Will food fortification provide energy for the hungry population?
Although food fortification will not provide energy for a hungry population, it can increase the protein quality of the diet and eliminate micronutrient deficiencies. However it only works if vulnerable groups consumed centrally processed foods. Food selected for fortification should include those commonly consumed by the general population.
Food desert
An area that lacks access to affordable fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat milk, and other foods that make up a healthy diet.
Cycle of malnutrition
In the populations were hunger is a chronic problem. The cycle begins when women consume nutrient deficient diet during pregnancy.
Why does an adequate income reduce the chances that healthier foods will be consumed?
Inadequate income also reduces the chances that healthier foods will be consumed this is because leaner meats and dairy products and whole grains cost more.
What are the goals and methods of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) ?
Increases access to food by providing coupons or debit cards that can be used to purchase food at a grocery store
What are the goals and methods for the WIC Farmers Market Nutrition Program?
Increases access to fresh produce by providing vouchers that can be used to purchase produce at authorized local farmers markets
What is target population of the Nutrition Program for the Elderly?
Individuals age 60 and ever and their spouses
What is the target population of the National School Breakfast Program?
Low income childrenIncreases access to fresh produce by providing vouchers that can be used to purchase produce at authorized local farmers' markets
What is the target population of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)?
Low income families
What is the target population of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)?
Low income households
What is the target population of Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations?
Low income households living on reservations and Native Americans living near reservations
What is the target population for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)?
Low income individuals
What is the target population of the Emergency Food Assistance Program?
Low income people
What is the target population of The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)?
Low income pregnant women, breast-feeding and non-breast-feeding postpartum women, and infants and children under age 5
What is target population of Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP)?
Low income pregnant women, breast-feeding and non-breast-feeding postpartum women, infants and children under age 6, and elderly people
What is the target population of Headstart?
Low income preschool children and their families
What is the target population of the Homeless Children Nutrition Program?
Low income seniors
What is the target population of the Senior Farmers' Market Program?
Low income seniors
In populations where hunger is a chronic problem, there's a cycle of malnutrition, describe the cycle of malnutrition.
Pregnant women: low birth weight gain increased maternal mortality Infants: low birth weight, high mortality rate, impaired mental development, increased risk of adult chronic disease Children: stunted growth, reduced mental capacity, impaired immunity Adolescence: stunted growth, decreased physical capacity Adult men and women: for health, for productivity in the workforce
Describe the consequences of 3 nutrient deficiencies that are common worldwide.
Protein-energy malnutrition is most common in children. When there is a general lack of food, the wasting associated with marasmus results, and when the diet is limited to starchy grains and vegetables, kwashiorkor, characterized by a bloated belly, can predominate. Other factors, such as metabolic changes caused by infection may also play a role in the development of kwashiorkor. More than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from iron deficiency anemia, which is characterized by small, pale red blood cells. The lack of iron reduces the amount of hemoglobin produced, and the lack of hemoglobin lowers the blood's ability to deliver oxygen. In developing countries, intestinal parasites, which cause gastrointestinal blood loss, and acute and chronic infections, such as malaria, increase the risk and severity of dietary iron deficiency. Iron deficiency can have a major impact on the health and productivity of a population. Although goiter (swollen neck thyroid glands) is a more visible manifestation of iodine deficiency, the more subtle effects on mental performance and work capacity may have a greater impact on the population as a whole. Iodine-deficient children have lower IQs and impaired school performance. It is also associated with apathy and decreased initiative and decision-making capabilities.
What are the goals and methods of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)?
Provide statures for the purchase of foods (including infant formula and infant cereal) high nutrients that are typically lacking in the programs target population; provides nutrition education and referrals for healthcare
What are the goals and methods of the Emergency Food Assistance Program?
Provides commodities to soup kitchens, food banks, and individuals for home use
What are the goals and methods of the Senior Farmers' Market Program?
Provides coupons that can be exchanged for eligible foods at farmers markets, roadside stands, and community supported agricultural programs
What are the goals and methods of Summer Food Service Program?
Provides free meals and snacks for children when school is not in sessionLow income children
The goals and methods of the National School Breakfast Program?
Provides free or low-cost breakfast at schools to improve the nutritional status of children
The goals and methods of the National School Lunch Program?
Provides free or low-cost lunches at school to improve the nutritional status of children
What are the goals and methods of Headstart?
Provides meals and education, including nutrition education
What are the goals and methods of the Special Milk Program?
Provides milk for children in schools, camps, and childcare institutions with no federally supported meal program
What are the goals and methods of Team Nutrition?
Provides nutrition education, training and technical assistance, and resources to participating schools, with the goal of improving children's lifelong eating and physical activity habits
What are the goals and methods of the Homeless Children Nutrition Program?
Reimburses providers for meals served
What are the goals and methods of Healthy People 2020?
Sets national health promotion objectives to improve the health of the US population through health care system and industry involvement, as well as individual actions
What do solutions of world hunger need to address?
Solutions to world hunger need to address population growth, ensure that the nutrient needs of large and diverse population are met with culturally acceptable foods, and increased food production without damaging the global ecosystem.
Give an example of when cultural practices contribute to malnutrition.
Some cultures to girls as less important than boys, so they get less food.
What could be a great asset to the country struggling to support the population?
Sustainable agriculture could be a great asset to this country struggling to support the population.
Discuss the impact of undernutrition throughout the lifecycle.
THE CYCLE OF MALNUTRITION Pregnant women have low weight gain and increased maternal mortality. Infants have low birth rates, high mortality rate, impaired mental development, and an increased risk of adult chronic disease. Children have stunted growth, reduced mental capacity, and impaired immunity. Adolescents have stunted growth and decreased physical capabilities. Adults and women have poor health and poor productivity in the work force.
How are the elderly affected by malnutrition?
The elderly are also vulnerable due to high frequency of diseases and disabilities. They may limit their ability to purchase, prepare, and consume food.
What puts pregnant women and small children at a particular risk for undernutrition? Why?
The high nutrient needed pregnant and lactating women and small children and put them at a particular risk for undernutrition. Because of their increased need, malnutrition may occur and pregnant women and small children, even when the rest of the household is properly fed.
Discuss the factors that cause food shortages for populations and individuals.
The most obvious example of a food shortage is famine. Drought, floods, earthquakes, and crop destruction due to diseases or pests are natural causes of famine. Human causes include wars and civil conflict.
What are the natural causes of famine?
The national causes of famine include drought, floods, earthquakes, and crop destruction due to diseases or pests are natural causes of famine.
What do the overweight and the undernourished both suffer from?
The overweight and undernourishment suffer from malnutrition and experience high levels of sickness and disability, shorter life expectancies, and reduced levels of productivity.
What are children more likely to do when it comes to weight?
The prevalence is also growing among children. These children are more likely to stay overweight into adulthood and to develop chronic diseases like heart disease or diabetes.
What are the specific reasons for hunger and food insecurity?
The specific reasons for hunger and food insecurity very with time and location, but the underlying cause is that the available food is not distributed equitably. This inequitable distribution results in either a shortage of food or the wrong combo of foods to meet nutrient needs.