NTR ch 4

64) Hypoglycemia is a condition in which fasting blood sugar levels: A) are too low. B) are normal. C) are too high. D) fluctuate rapidly.

A) are too low.

47) Trevor's doctor wants to screen him for type 1 diabetes by administering a glucose tolerance test. If his doctor's suspicions are correct and Trevor does have type 1 diabetes, what would you expect his blood glucose concentration to be at approximately TWO HOURS after the test? A) elevated as compared to a healthy individual B) depressed as compared to a healthy individual C) normal; two hours after consuming the glucose load, his blood concentrations will be no different from those of a healthy individual. D) extremely depressed as compared to a healthy individual

A) elevated as compared to a healthy individual

17) The absorption of which monosaccharide does NOT require energy? A) fructose B) maltose C) galactose D) glucose

A) fructose

3) Which monosaccharide is the preferred source of energy for the brain? A) glucose B) fructose C) galactose D) glycogen

A) glucose

53) Red blood cells and the brain rely on ________ for energy. A) glucose B) glucagon C) protein D) fat

A) glucose

13) Which of the following fiber types includes fibers that can be classified as both soluble and insoluble? A) hemicelluloses B) cellulose C) lignins D) pectins

A) hemicelluloses

11) In the body, the major storage sites for glycogen are the: A) muscles and liver. B) kidney and muscles. C) liver and kidney. D) liver and pancreas.

A) muscles and liver.

5) Which of the following is a five-carbon monosaccharide? A) ribose B) fructose C) galactose D) glucose

A) ribose

38) Which artificial sweetener was once linked to cancer but later removed from the list of potential cancer-causing substances? A) saccharin B) sucralose C) aspartame D) acesulfame-K

A) saccharin

58) Plants store glucose in the form of the complex carbohydrate: A) starch. B) glycogen. C) glucagon. D) lipids.

A) starch.

6) Which of the following is a disaccharide? A) sucrose B) fructose C) galactose D) glucose

A) sucrose

7) When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form: A) sucrose. B) maltose. C) lactose. D) fructose.

A) sucrose.

20) Gluconeogenesis is: A) the synthesis of new glucose from amino acids or other sources that are not carbohydrates. B) the release of stored glycogen from the liver. C) the process by which plants use sunlight to synthesize glucose. D) the uptake of glucose by the body's cells.

A) the synthesis of new glucose from amino acids or other sources that are not carbohydrates.

4) A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of: A) two monosaccharides. B) two polysaccharides. C) one monosaccharide and one polysaccharide. D) two oligosaccharides.

A) two monosaccharides.

39) Which of the following is a sugar alcohol? A) xylitol B) saccharin C) high fructose corn syrup D) glycogen

A) xylitol

27) Carbohydrates contribute ________ kcal of energy per gram. A) 3 B) 4 C) 7 D) 9

B) 4

34) Which of the following is a non-nutritive sweetener? A) sucrose B) aspartame C) sorbitol D) fructose

B) aspartame

45) In type 1 diabetes, the ________ are destroyed by an autoimmune disease. A) hepatocytes of the liver B) beta cells of the pancreas C) neurotransmitters of the brain D) glomerulus cells of the kidney

B) beta cells of the pancreas

19) Which of the following is a technique employed by some endurance athletes to increase their storage of muscle glycogen? A) ketosis B) carbohydrate loading C) glycogen surging D) gluconeogenesis

B) carbohydrate loading

49) Lactose intolerance is due to a(n): A) deficiency of lactose. B) deficiency of lactase. C) deficiency of healthy bacteria in the GI tract. D) allergy to casein (milk protein).

B) deficiency of lactase.

46) Sarah's doctor wants to screen her for reactive hypoglycemia. If her doctor's suspicions are correct and Sarah does have reactive hypoglycemia, what would you expect her blood glucose concentration to be at approximately TWO HOURS after she had begun her glucose tolerance test? A) normal; two hours after consuming the glucose load, her blood concentrations will be no different from those of a healthy individual. B) depressed as compared to a healthy individual C) slightly elevated as compared to a healthy individual D) highly elevated as compared to a healthy individual

B) depressed as compared to a healthy individual

59) The complex carbohydrate that is the storage form of glucose in animals is: A) starch. B) glycogen. C) glucagon. D) lipids.

B) glycogen.

8) Which of the following has the most Calories in one tablespoon? A) sucrose B) honey C) molasses D) milk

B) honey

24) Which hormone works to lower blood glucose? A) glucagon B) insulin C) epinephrine D) cortisol

B) insulin

60) An adequate intake of carbohydrates: A) helps initiate ketosis. B) keeps the body from using proteins as energy. C) promotes gluconeogenesis. D) causes loss of lean body tissue.

B) keeps the body from using proteins as energy.

30) A potentially life-threatening consequence of low-carbohydrate intake is: A) cancer. B) ketoacidosis. C) glycogenesis. D) lipogenesis.

B) ketoacidosis.

18) The primary function of liver glycogen is to: A) fuel the muscles. B) maintain blood glucose. C) provide energy for digestion. D) store fat.

B) maintain blood glucose.

35) The MOST common source of added sugar in the U.S. diet is: A) fruits. B) soft drinks/sodas. C) chocolate bars. D) alcoholic beverages.

B) soft drinks/sodas.

56) Simple carbohydrates differ from complex carbohydrates by virtue of: A) the type of bonds joining them. B) the number of molecules they are made up of. C) their digestability. D) the type of atoms they are composed of.

B) the number of molecules they are made up of.

33) Which of the following is MOST associated with diets high in added sugars? A) hyperactivity B) tooth decay C) diabetes D) memory loss

B) tooth decay

41) Which of the following is the most prevalent form of diabetes? A) type 1 B) type 2 C) gestational D) pediatric

B) type 2

32) How many grams of carbohydrate (per day) are recommended to prevent ketosis in healthy individuals (RDA)? A) 75 grams B) 100 grams C) 130 grams D) 160 grams

C) 130 grams

36) The Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber is: A)25gperdayformen. B) more than 50 g for men and women. C) 14 g/1000 kcal per day. D) 45 g per day for men and women.

C) 14 g/1000 kcal per day.

55) What is the KEY difference between soluble fiber and insoluble fiber? A) Soluble fiber can be ingested; insoluble fiber cannot. B) Soluble fiber is only found in fruits; insoluble fiber in vegetables. C) Soluble fibers can be digested by bacteria in the colon; insoluble fiber cannot. D) Soluble fibers can be used as food thickeners; insoluble fiber cannot.

C) Soluble fibers can be digested by bacteria in the colon; insoluble fiber cannot.

43) Which of the following is true regarding type 1 diabetes? A) Its increased prevalence is linked to the rise in obesity. B) Treatment is limited to the use of hypoglycemic medications. C) Treatment always involves insulin therapy. D) It has been diagnosed only in individuals over the age of 20.

C) Treatment always involves insulin therapy.

37) Sugar alcohols are most often used in which of the following products? A) diet sodas B) baked confections C) chewing gum D) infant formulas

C) chewing gum

65) A disorder of the large intestine characterized by infected and inflamed pockets forming in the intestinal wall is: A) metabolic disorder. B) lactose intolerance. C) diverticulosis. D) colon cancer.

C) diverticulosis.

48) Which of the following is a state in which the body produces too much insulin even before a meal has been consumed? A) reactive hypoglycemia B) type 1 diabetes C) fasting hypoglycemia D) gestational diabetes

C) fasting hypoglycemia

44) Diabetes is a condition in which the body doesn't utilize ________ properly. A) vitamins B) protein C) glucose D) fat

C) glucose

57) A person who has been diagnosed with impaired fasting glucose: A) has type 1 diabetes. B) has type 2 diabetes. C) is considered pre-diabetic. D) has very low levels of insulin.

C) is considered pre-diabetic.

28) In the absence of carbohydrate, ________ are produced from the incomplete breakdown of body fat. A) amyloses B) amylases C) ketones D) bacteria

C) ketones

12) Which of the following is an example of an insoluble fiber? A) mucilages B) pectins C) lignins D) gums

C) lignins

2) The type of carbohydrates that consist of only a single molecule are called: A) fatty acids. B) amino acids. C) monosaccharides. D) Calories.

C) monosaccharides.

9) The term complex carbohydrates refers to: A) monosaccharides. B) disaccharides. C) oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. D) glucose.

C) oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

21) Insulin is synthesized and released by the: A) brain. B) liver. C) pancreas. D) gallbladder.

C) pancreas.

10) Which of the following is classified as an oligosaccharide? A) ribose B) starch C) raffinose D) maltose

C) raffinose

26) The glycemic load is: A) the amount of carbohydrate required to reverse hypoglycemia. B) the glycemic index multiplied by the saturated fatty acids. C) the glycemic index multiplied by the grams of carbohydrate. D) equivalent to the glycemic index.

C) the glycemic index multiplied by the grams of carbohydrate.

15) Why does carbohydrate digestion NOT occur in the stomach? A) Pancreatic amylase absorbs all carbohydrates through endocytosis. B) The stomach lining absorbs all carbohydrates. C) All carbohydrates are broken down in the mouth before they reach the stomach. D) Acid in the stomach inactivates salivary amylase.

D) Acid in the stomach inactivates salivary amylase.

22) Why are most types of fiber indigestible in the human GI tract? A) The molecular structure of fiber is too highly coiled to be broken down. B) Fiber is too viscous to be digested by bacteria in the colon. C) Alpha bonds present in fiber are difficult for the body to break down. D) Beta bonds present in fiber are difficult for the body to break down.

D) Beta bonds present in fiber are difficult for the body to break down.

31) Which of the following might a doctor recommend to reduce a patient's risk for diverticulosis? A) Consume more white bread and other refined foods. B) Consume a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. C) Eliminate non-digestible dietary fiber. D) Consume more dietary fiber.

D) Consume more dietary fiber.

40) Individuals with the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) should not consume the artificial sweetener aspartame. Why? A) They are highly prone to development of diabetes. B) They are allergic to the sweetener. C) They experience severe headaches when they consume aspartame. D) They cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.

D) They cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.

16) One class of enzymes that breaks down carbohydrates is: A) carbohydrase. B) lipase. C) pepsidase. D) amylase.

D) amylase.

66) A person with reactive hypoglycemia can control the condition by: A) eliminating dairy products from his or her diet. B) switching to alternative sweeteners. C) administration of insulin by injection or pump. D) eating smaller, more frequent meals.

D) eating smaller, more frequent meals.

1) Which of the following carbohydrates is the end product of photosynthesis? A) glycogen B) galactose C) lactose D) glucose

D) glucose

23) After a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cells? A) glucagon B) estrogen C) CCK D) insulin

D) insulin

54) Hector, who has type 2 diabetes, is looking through the pantry for a snack. Using the glycemic index as a guide, identify which of the following is the BEST choice to help Hector maintain a more stable glucose level. (Glycemic index values are listed in parentheses.) A) Rice Krispies (82) B) jelly beans (78) C) white rice (56) D) kidney beans (28)

D) kidney beans (28)

29) Which of the following diets is associated with the development of ketosis? A) one that contains too much fat B) one that contains insufficient fat C) one that contains too much carbohydrate D) one that contains insufficient carbohydrate

D) one that contains insufficient carbohydrate

14) Which of the following enzymes is found in the mouth? A) lactase B) maltase C) pancreatic amylase D) salivary amylase

D) salivary amylase

25) Which of the following BEST describes the glycemic index? A) an individual's glucose/insulin ratio in a fasted state B) the amount of insulin required to metabolize 100 grams of glucose C) the glucose content of a given food D) the extent to which a given food raises blood glucose and insulin levels

D) the extent to which a given food raises blood glucose and insulin levels

42) Which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes? A) arises most commonly during adulthood B) insulin resistance or insensitivity C) often associated with obesity D) the least common form of diabetes

D) the least common form of diabetes