NTS 135 Exam 2

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for lipids is ___% to ____% of kilocalories.

20%-35%

How many kcal's per gram do carbohydrates provide?

4 kcal per gram

To obtain adequate energy, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine recommends that _____% to ______% of the calories we consume each day be from carbohydrates.

45%-65%

what blood glucose measurement indicates hypoglycemia?

47

What is glycogen? And primary function?

A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose; it is the storage form of glucose in humans. Primary function- to store glucose for later use.

a fatty acid is basically a long chain of _________ bonded together and flanked by hydrogens.

carbons

which polysaccharide is digested most rapidly? a. cellulose b. lignins c. amylose d. amylopectin

d. amylopectin

what class of lipids serve as precursors for hormone synthesis? a. phospholipids b. triglycerides c. fatty acids d. sterols

d. sterols

Why is the potential for fat rancidity a problem for manufacturers?

decreases food's shelf life

True or false: Fermentable fiber is fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

false

sucrose is...?

fructose bonded to glucose= table sugar

frutose is found in what food?

fruit and high fructose corn syrup-> soda

Out of glucose, frutose, and galactose, which is most likely to be stored as fat?

frutose

which monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose? *2

galactose and glucose

__________ is the major monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

Sucrose is made up of which two? glucose, maltose, galactose, fructose

glucose and fructose

The most common monosaccharides in foods are...? *3

glucose, fructose, and galactose

benefits of insoluble fiber

helps with constipation, reduces transit time of feces, lowers risk of colon cancer

high fructose corn syrup is widely used in food processing because...? *2

it has better shelf stability than sugar and less expensive than sugar.

a ______ is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. Ex: peas and peanuts

legume

what are 2 examples of the natural food sources of sucrose?

maple syrup and sugar beets

trans fatty acid is a form of unsaturated fatty acid in which the hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on __________-(opposite ends or the same side) of the double bond.

opposite ends

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking hundreds of glucose units together?

polysaccharides

A dietary pattern that supplies enough digestible carbohydrates to prevent breakdown of proteins for energy needs is called _____________.

protein sharing

What is a benefit of soluble fiber?

reduces total serum cholesterol

the carbohydrate that is considered the benchmark against all other sweeteners is...?

sucrose

When foods are low-fat, the total calorie content may not reduced because more ________ has been added.

sugar

energy comes indirectly from ______ through ________.

sun through plants

the hydrogenation process produces _________. (fat type)

trans fats

Hyperglycemia means an individual has high blood sugar?

yes

can the body digest starch?

yes

do eggs contain cholesterol?

yes

does ice cream contain cholesterol?

yes

AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (45-65%)

What is an essential fatty acid that is an alpha-linolenic acid? a. omega 3 b. omega 6 c. omega 9

a. omega 3

Soluble fiber creates bulk by _________ and insoluble fiber creates bulk by ________

holding water (soluble); maintaining shape (insoluble)

a fat digesting enzyme that is produced by the salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas.

lipase

__________ serve as vehicles for the transport of lipids from the small intestine and liver to the body tissues. They are found in the bloodstream and contain a core of lipids with a shell of proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol.

lipoproteins

Where is bile produced?

liver

Where is glycogen stored? *2 places

liver and muscles

Where is the primary site for digestion?

small intestine

saturated fats like butter, are _________(solid or liquid) at room temperature, whereas unsaturated fats, such as olive and corn oil, are __________ at room temperature.

solid; liquid

Which has gel? - soluble or insoluble fiber

soluble

amylase

starch-digesting enzyme from the salivary glands or pancreas

complex carbohydrates are called...?

starches

Trans fatty acid allows the carbon chain to _______________.

stay straight

Which is sweeter- aspartame or sucralose?

sucralose

What 3 types of carbs are from plants?

sugar, starch, fiber

What are the 4 types of carbs?

sugar, starch, fiber, glycogen

simple forms of carbohydrates are called...?

sugars

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

to provide energy for the body

what is the main function of glucose?

to supply calories to the body

Monosaccharides mean?

"one sugar" = simple sugars

Which is considered the "bad" cholesterol? a. HDL b. LDL

LDL

what is pepsin?

a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins

Which of the following about fiber is true? a. a complex carbohydrate b. a substance found in plants c. adds bulk to feces d. can be digested by human enzymes

a. a complex carbohydrate b. a substance found in plants c. adds bulk to feces

why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar? a. both have a straight shape b. both have a bent shape c. both contain double bonds

a. both have a straight shape

Hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond in __________ fatty acid. a. Cis b. Trans

a. cis fatty acid

Cis fatty acid causes the carbon chain to ________.

bend

benefits of soluble fiber

binds to bile in intestines(decreases cholesterol), may reduce risk of heart disease, reduces risk of diabetes, reduces risk of colon cancer, and helps with weight management

The glycogen stored in the liver can be used to maintain blood glucose concentrations in times when you have not eaten for several hours or the food you eat does not supply enough carbohydrates. Regular intake of carbohydrates is important because liver glycogen stores are depleted in about 18 hours if no carbohydrates are consumed. After that point, the body is forced to produce carbohydrates by doing what..?

mostly from the breakdown of proteins in the body.

can the body digest dietary fibers?

no

do peanuts contain cholesterol?

no

yes or no: are alternative sweeteners known to cause cancer?

no

what is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria?

non-fermentable fiber

what two groups are found at the ends of the fatty acid carbon chain?

An acid group and a methyl group

Soluble fiber slows the rate of absorption by attracting water into the _____________, reduces blood cholesterol, and controls blood glucose.

GI Tract

Are essential fatty acids able to be synthesized in the body?

No; they are unable to be synthesized in the body

When the body is forced to breakdown proteins to produce carbohydrates, what does this lead to?

This eventually leads to health problems, including the loss of muscle tissue.

Which of the following are components of a whole grain? a. endosperm b. glucagon c. bran d. germ

a. endosperm c. bran d. germ

What is the most important functions of the phospholipid molecule? a. help form cell membranes b. help form cell nuclei c. help form the glycerol backbone for fatty acids

a. help form cell membranes

What contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the 3rd carbon from the OMEGA end of the carbon chain? a. omega 3 b. omega 6 c. omega 9

a. omega 3 fatty acid

Which of the following types of dietary fiber are viscous (soluble)? a. pectins b. gums c. mucilages d. lignin

a. pectins b. gums c. mucilages

Which is true? a. Omega-6 fatty acids INCREASE inflammation and blood clotting. b. Omega-6 fatty acids REDUCE inflammation but DECREASE blood clotting.

a. they increase both!

Which is true? a. Omega- 3 fatty acids REDUCE both inflammation and blood clotting. b. Omega-3 fatty acids INCREASE both inflammation and blood clotting.

a. they reduce both!

What is an essential fatty acid that is a linoleic acid?a. omega 3 b. omega 6 c. omega 9

b. omega 6

What are the two forms of carbohydrates that provide fuel to cells?

blood glucose and glycogen

what is a nonessential fatty acid?a. omega 3 b. omega 6 c. omega 9

c. omega 9

when the _______ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by-products occur.

carbon-carbon double bonds