NUTR 1030 chp. 6

the digestive enzyme that removed two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule is called

pancreatic lipase

wotf dietary changes can help reduce the risk of developing CVD:

- increasing dietary fiber - reducing intake of refined sugar - reducing alcohol intake

the direct benefits of physical activity include:

- maintaining a healthy body weight - reducing blood LDL cholesterol level - achieving healthy body weight

scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as dietary ____ ____

saturated fat

eating smaller more frequent meals and avoiding high-fat meals will help prevent

steatorrhea

certain cooking methods which can limit added fats, but maximize flavor include:

- steaming - pot roasting - stir-frying

match the term

atherosclerosis- long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls arteriosclerosis- a loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"

the cholesterol carried by LDL is often called "____" cholesterol because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues that contribute to atherosclerotic plaques

bad

why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

both have a straight shape

1/3 adult Americans suffer from some form of ____ disease, which includes heart disease and stroke

cardiac

the hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called

cholecystokinin

____ is found only in foods that contain animal products

cholesterol

a substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together is called a(n)

emulsifier

T/F: women are more prone to heart attacks than men

false

____ acids can be saturated or unsaturated

fatty

name one of the most common digestive diseases in the United States

gallstones

what is a non-modifiable risk factor for CVD?

genetics

atherosclerosis is a complex disease with multiple ____ ____

risk factors

____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

saturated

while a(n) ____ is a fixed bunch of clots that remain in place disrupting blood flow, a(n) ____ is a clot that breaks free from where it forms and travel through the bloodstream

thrombus; embolus

members of the following ethnic group have higher rater of gallbladder disease in the United States:

- American Indians - Mexican-Americans

replacing energy from saturated fats with ____ is associated with a reduction in mortality from CVD

- MUFA fats - PUFA fats

according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range- AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between ____ to ____% of their total calories

20; 35

the main characteristic all lipids have in common is that they are ____ in water

insoluble

glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments are the end products of ____ digestion

lipid

what is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD?

lose excess body fat

which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?

statins

which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?

trans

____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ____ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process

trans; cis

T/F: phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel water

true

having one or more risk factor(s) ____ a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis

increases

what are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD?

- replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats - use less butter and margarine

arterial plaque cause clots to form by

- rupturing plaque causing a clot formation to repair rupture - roughening the smooth arterial surface and slowing blood flow

the primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the ____. bile acids produced in the ____ and stored in the ____ aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying lipids. the ____ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat

small intestine liver gallbladder pancreas

a ____ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol

triglyceride

non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include ____

- male sex - increasing age - family history (genetics)

what are some risk factors for CVD?

- physical inactivity - excess body fat - hypertension

which statements are true about how an emulsifier works?

- prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules - isolates individual fat droplets

why do manufactures partially hydrogenate oils?

- to decrease rancidity (unappetizing odor and taste) - to increase the shelf life of a product

list the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack

1. damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3. as plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, an lose elasticity 4. pressure in artery in increased 5. clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack

list in order from 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine

1. fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2. cholecystokinin signals that pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3. pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules

clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called ____

a thrombus

according to the Dietary Guidelines to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease, saturated fats should contribute

no more than 10% of total kilocalories

match the lipoprotein with its specific role

HDL- transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal LDL- transports cholesterol to cells for their use oxidized LDL- transports cholesterol into arterial lining foam cells- holds oxidized LDL within the arterial wall

foods that naturally contain small amounts of trans fats

- meat - whole milk and whole-milk products - butter

match the lipoprotein with its correct major components

chylomicron- transports the most triglycerides HDL- transports the least triglycerides LDL- transports the most cholesterol

name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

lipids

digesting ____ is more complicated process than digesting ____, because the majority of this type of nutrient in foods are not water soluble and the digestive process involves considerable amounts of water

lipids; carbohydrates

pair the type of fatty acid with its associated shape of the carbon chain

cis fatty acid- causes the carbon chain to bend trans fatty acid- allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

wotf is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?

lipoprotein lipase

what are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

- chicken - ice cream - eggs

lipoproteins are water-soluble structures that transport ____ through the bloodstream

lipids