NUTR 1030 chp. 6
the digestive enzyme that removed two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule is called
pancreatic lipase
wotf dietary changes can help reduce the risk of developing CVD:
- increasing dietary fiber - reducing intake of refined sugar - reducing alcohol intake
the direct benefits of physical activity include:
- maintaining a healthy body weight - reducing blood LDL cholesterol level - achieving healthy body weight
scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as dietary ____ ____
saturated fat
eating smaller more frequent meals and avoiding high-fat meals will help prevent
steatorrhea
certain cooking methods which can limit added fats, but maximize flavor include:
- steaming - pot roasting - stir-frying
match the term
atherosclerosis- long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls arteriosclerosis- a loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"
the cholesterol carried by LDL is often called "____" cholesterol because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues that contribute to atherosclerotic plaques
bad
why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
both have a straight shape
1/3 adult Americans suffer from some form of ____ disease, which includes heart disease and stroke
cardiac
the hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called
cholecystokinin
____ is found only in foods that contain animal products
cholesterol
a substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together is called a(n)
emulsifier
T/F: women are more prone to heart attacks than men
false
____ acids can be saturated or unsaturated
fatty
name one of the most common digestive diseases in the United States
gallstones
what is a non-modifiable risk factor for CVD?
genetics
atherosclerosis is a complex disease with multiple ____ ____
risk factors
____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
saturated
while a(n) ____ is a fixed bunch of clots that remain in place disrupting blood flow, a(n) ____ is a clot that breaks free from where it forms and travel through the bloodstream
thrombus; embolus
members of the following ethnic group have higher rater of gallbladder disease in the United States:
- American Indians - Mexican-Americans
replacing energy from saturated fats with ____ is associated with a reduction in mortality from CVD
- MUFA fats - PUFA fats
according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range- AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between ____ to ____% of their total calories
20; 35
the main characteristic all lipids have in common is that they are ____ in water
insoluble
glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments are the end products of ____ digestion
lipid
what is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD?
lose excess body fat
which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?
statins
which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?
trans
____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ____ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process
trans; cis
T/F: phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel water
true
having one or more risk factor(s) ____ a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis
increases
what are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD?
- replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats - use less butter and margarine
arterial plaque cause clots to form by
- rupturing plaque causing a clot formation to repair rupture - roughening the smooth arterial surface and slowing blood flow
the primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the ____. bile acids produced in the ____ and stored in the ____ aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying lipids. the ____ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat
small intestine liver gallbladder pancreas
a ____ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol
triglyceride
non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include ____
- male sex - increasing age - family history (genetics)
what are some risk factors for CVD?
- physical inactivity - excess body fat - hypertension
which statements are true about how an emulsifier works?
- prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules - isolates individual fat droplets
why do manufactures partially hydrogenate oils?
- to decrease rancidity (unappetizing odor and taste) - to increase the shelf life of a product
list the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack
1. damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3. as plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, an lose elasticity 4. pressure in artery in increased 5. clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack
list in order from 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine
1. fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2. cholecystokinin signals that pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3. pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules
clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called ____
a thrombus
according to the Dietary Guidelines to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease, saturated fats should contribute
no more than 10% of total kilocalories
match the lipoprotein with its specific role
HDL- transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal LDL- transports cholesterol to cells for their use oxidized LDL- transports cholesterol into arterial lining foam cells- holds oxidized LDL within the arterial wall
foods that naturally contain small amounts of trans fats
- meat - whole milk and whole-milk products - butter
match the lipoprotein with its correct major components
chylomicron- transports the most triglycerides HDL- transports the least triglycerides LDL- transports the most cholesterol
name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
lipids
digesting ____ is more complicated process than digesting ____, because the majority of this type of nutrient in foods are not water soluble and the digestive process involves considerable amounts of water
lipids; carbohydrates
pair the type of fatty acid with its associated shape of the carbon chain
cis fatty acid- causes the carbon chain to bend trans fatty acid- allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
wotf is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?
lipoprotein lipase
what are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
- chicken - ice cream - eggs
lipoproteins are water-soluble structures that transport ____ through the bloodstream
lipids