NUTR 251 Chapter 7 Proteins

What is composed of 4 elements: a nitrogen, an acid, a hydrogen, and a side group?

Amino acid

Most of the ______ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins.

Amino acids

What is the term used for the building blocks of protein?

Amino acids

Identify a key component of the immune system.

Antibody proteins

Indispensable amino acid is another term for a(n):

Essential amino acid

Except for _____, intact proteins are rarely absorbed from the digestive tract.

Infancy

This enzyme is produced by the stomach to break down protein. Multiple choice question.

Pepsin

______ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood.

Proteins

Which shape of the protein determines the function?

Tertiary structure

Amino acids are unique among the energy-yielding nutrients because they contain:

nitrogen

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

-Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. -Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions. -Proteins aid in cell synthesis.

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

-Pump ions into and out of cells -Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

The amino acids needed for the synthesis of protein are supplied by:

-Recycling of body proteins -The diet

Plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no ______ than animal sources of protein.

-Saturated fat

Chyme triggers the release of which hormones?

-Secretin -CKK

The role of gastrin is to:

-Stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce acid -Control the release of pepsin

The hormones secretin and CCK act to stimulate the pancreas to release:

-Trypsin -Chymotrypsin -Carboxypeptidase

The 11 nonessential amino acids _____.

-can be made in our bodies -do not need to be present in the diet

What is the correct order of protein digestion?

1) Proteins are partially digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid. 2) The final digestion of protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine. 3) Amino acids are absorbed into the portal and transported to the liver. 4) Little dietary protein is presented in the feces.

How many amino acids are considered essential?

9

Nonessential amino acids are also called:

Dispensable amino acids

The ____ conversion of protein to amino acids takes place in the small intestine.

Final

The hormones secretin and CCK are made in the small intestine but act upon the:

Pancrease

______ proteins are heart-healthy because they contain no cholesterol.

Plant

Amino acids are the basic elements used in the synthesis of ______.

Protein

The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, cell synthesis and repair, and visual processes.

Protein

Which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

Protein

Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?

Protein equilibrium

Which nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues?

Proteins

Pepsin acts to digest protein by ______ in the protein molecule.

breaking only a few peptide bonds

The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from the nutrient _____, which makes it a costly energy source of calories.

protein

Final digestion of protein occurs in the:

small intestine

What hormone stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid?

Gastrin

The blood proteins _______________ are important in maintaining fluid balance.

-Albumin -Globulin

If your carbohydrate intake is inadequate, the liver is forced to make glucose from ______.

-Amino acids in body tissues -Stored glycogen -Protein in body tissues

There are 9 essential amino acids that _____.

-Cannot be produced by the body. -Must be consumed as part of our diet.

Why can't indispensable (essential) amino acids be made in our body?

-Cells cannot attach an amino group to the carbon skeleton. -Cells can't make the carbon skeleton of the amino acid.

Which structural proteins make up more than a third of the body protein?

-Collagen -Actin -Myosin

Which one of these foods has the highest biological value? -Egg whites -Spaghetti squash -Pork

-Egg whites (Egg white protein has a BV of 100, the highest BV of any single food protein)

Lack of protein can negatively affect many metabolic processes causing ____.

-Increased risk of infection. -Inefficient functioning of the immune system.

Identify the different levels of protein organization.

-Primary structure -Secondary structure -Tertiary structure -Quaternary structure

Egg white protein has a biological value of ___.

100

There are _____ nonessential amino acids.

11

Amino acids that are dispensable _____.

Can be made from other amino acids.

Like carbohydrates and lipids, proteins are made up of _____.

Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen.

What triggers the release of hormones from the walls of the small intestines that go on to stimulate the pancreas to release proteases?

Chyme

Proteins that are ______ are rarely absorbed from the digestive tract.

Intact

Blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids?

Help to maintain body fluid

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______, such as insulin and glucagon.

Hormones

A person's health will deteriorate if _____ amounts of protein are consumed.

Inadequate

When carbohydrates are in short supply, the ______ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues.

Liver

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?

Negative protein balance

Jean consumes 56 g of protein daily. The nitrogen equivalent of 60 g of protein is measured in her urine. Jean is in a state of ___. Multiple choice question.

Negative protein balance.

Which is the most widely used measure of protein quality?

PDCAAS

This score is derived by multiplying a food's chemical score by its digestibility.

PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score)

All of the following are components that make up an amino acid EXCEPT: -Hydrogen -Oxygen -Carbon -Sodium

Sodium

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

Stomach

Which hormone is made only from one amino acid?

Thyroid hormone

When protein balance is reached, _____.

protein intake equals protein loss

The liver and kidneys must work hard to use protein to meet energy needs because ____.

proteins require a lot of processing to produce energy