Nutrients involved in Antioxidant function
Long-term excess intake of ____________ ___ (2000 mg/day) can cause nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds, and abdominal cramps
Megadoses of _____________ _____ are harmful for people with hemochromatosis (excess iron accumulation in the body)
-Vitamin E -Vitamin C -Beta-carotene (phytochemical and precursor to vitamin A) -Vitamin A -Selenium All are nutrients with ___________ properties
Antioxidant
Vitamins E, A, C, Selenium, and Phytochemical are all nutrients with ________________ properties
Antioxidant
_____________ vitamins donate electrons to free radicals. They stabilize them anad reduce oxidation damage.
Antioxidant
There is an important interaction between _______________, fiber, and phytochemicals -work together to reduce rick of certain cancers
Antioxidants
_____________ play a role in cancer prevention
Antioxidants
______________ work to stabilize and repair or oppose oxidation
Antioxidants
_________________ are compounds that protect cells from damage caused by oxidation
Antioxidants
_________________ in fruits, whole grains, and vegetables -dietary fiber (soluble): oatmeal and oat bran -folate: reduce homocysteine-CVD risk factor -others (flavonoids): tea
Antioxidants
_____________________: Enhance immune system Inhibit cancer cell growth Prevent oxidative damage to cells
Antioxidants
Studies show _______________ between consuming dairy antioxidants and cancer risk. NOT cause and effect
Association
Carotenoid, a classification of plant chemicals is also __________-________
Beta-Carotene
Consuming 6-8mg of __________-___________ per day from food sources may reduce
Beta-Carotene
Heat improves the digestibility and absorption of _________-_________
Beta-Carotene
Suipplementation of ________-_________ is not recommended; there are adequate amounts from fruits and vegetables
Beta-Carotene
There is no RDA established for _________-_________
Beta-Carotene
Toxicity of __________-________ Causes carotenosis (carotenodermia): reversible and harmless
Beta-Carotene
________-_________ Protects skin from UV-ray damage
Beta-Carotene
________-__________ food sources: red, yellow, and deep green fruits and vegetables
Beta-Carotene
________-____________ functions to enhance the immune system
Beta-Carotene
_________-_________ is not an essential nutrient
Beta-Carotene
_________-__________ functions to fight lipid oxidation in cell membranes
Beta-Carotene
_________-__________ has no known deficiency symptoms
Beta-Carotene
_________-__________ protects eyes from damage, preventing or delaying age-related vision impairment
Beta-Carotene
_________-____________ functions as a weak antioxidant
Beta-Carotene
_______________-______________ is expressed in food as Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE), which indicates how much active vitamin A is available to the body after conversion
Beta-Carotene
In epidemiological, in vitro, and animal studies _________-_____________ was found to decrease risk of cancer
Beta-carotene
_______-___________ may increase risk of cancer in some population (lung cancer in smokers)
Beta-carotene
Copper, zinc, and iron are for __________ health
Blood
____-____________ _________ are associated with Hogg her risk for heart attack in the presence of normal cholesterol levels
C-reactive protein
____-______________ ____________ or (CRP) is a marker for inflammation
C-reactive protein
____________: a group of diseases characterized by cells growing out of control
Cancer
_____________ cells aggressively invade tissues and organs throughout the body
Cancer
antioxidant _____________ work by functioning within the enzyme system. They convert free radicals to less damaging substances and excretes them
Minerals
___________ are composed of electrons
Molecules
__________ ___________ ____________ can destabilize other molecules and damage cells
Free radical damage
Asbestos causes __________ __________ to form
Free radicals
Digestion and absorption fo food cause __________ ________ to form
Free radicals
Environmental factors cause ________ __________ to form
Free radicals
Excess sunlight causes ____________ ___________ to form
Free radicals
Immune system fighting infection causes _________ ________ to form
Free radicals
Increased risk for Heart disease is linked with _________ _______
Free radicals
Increased risk for arthritis is linked with ___________ __________
Free radicals
Increased risk for cataracts is linked with __________ __________
Free radicals
Increased risk for type 2 diabetes is linked with _________ ________
Free radicals
Increased risks for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are linked with ___________ ________
Free radicals
Metabolic processes cause _________ _________ to form
Free radicals
Pollution causes __________ _______ to form
Free radicals
Tobacco smoke causes ___________ ____________ to form
Free radicals
Toxic substances cause __________ ___________ to form
Free radicals
Unstable atoms are called _______ __________
Free radicals
Various Cancers Heart disease Diabetes Arthritis Cataracts Kidney disease Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease Are all diseases linked with ____________ ____________
Free radicals
________ _________ damage LDL's, cell proteins, and DNA
Free radicals
increased risk for Cancer is linked with _______ _______
Free radicals
During metabolic reactions, electrons can be transferred -___________ the atoms of one molecule -________ the atoms of another molecule
From, to
Diets high in __________ and ________________ are inversely related with reduced risk of cancer
Fruits, vegetables
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) removes ____________ ____________ from the body.
Hydrogen peroxide
_______________________ results from excess accumulation of protein keratin in follicles of the skin. It may impair epithelial cells from producing mucus
Hyperkeratosis
Epithelial cells and mucus forming cells are needed for _____________ function
Immune
High CRP and high cholesterol can _______________ the risk for heart attack
Increase
Low-grade _____________________ may be even more important than elevated cholesterol levels
Inflammation
____________________ weakens plaque in blood vessel -plaque likely to burst, break away, lodge in blood vessels of heart or brain and close off blood supply, resulting in a heart attack or stroke
Inflammation
_________ is part of the catalase structure
Iron
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) stops free radicals in ___________
Lipids
_________ support for vitamin E supplements and cancer prevention
Little
______________ found in tomatoes may help lower risk of prostate cancer
Lycopene
_________________ is an important cofactor in carbohydrate metabolism
Manganese
Clinical trials do ______ support supplementation for cancer prevention -too high doses -combination -dependent on baseline antioxidant levels
Not
____________ is a chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons
Oxidation
__________ __________ is when there is a disruption of cellular redox balance
Oxidative stress
______________ ________ is when oxidants outnumber antioxidants
Oxidative stress
___________ ___________ __________ are oxygen molecules the become free radicals -oxygen accepts a single electron -reacts with cellular components
Reactive oxygen species
_____________ occurs when atoms gain an electron
Reduction
__________ _________ is damage to cells from free radical attack
Reductive stress
___________ _________ is when antioxidants outnumber oxidants in the cell
Reductive stress
The ability to adjust to dim light, recover from bright flashes, and see in color are critically dependent on adequate levels of ________ in the eyes
Retinal
________ is lost with each visual cycle and must be replaced by retinol from the bloodstream
Retinal
__________ turns visual light into nerve signals in retina of eye
Retinal
Brittle hair and nails, skin rashes, vomiting, nausea, weakness, cirrhosis of the liver are signs of ___________ toxicity
Selenium
Increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in areas with low soil ______________ content
Selenium
Inverse relationship between ________________ intake and cancer
Selenium
Kashmir-Beck disease = deforming arthritis and results from a deficiency in ___________
Selenium
Keshan disease (heart disease) results From a deficiency in ____________
Selenium
____________ is the cofactor for Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
Selenium
______________ is a trace mineral needed in small amounts. There are varying amounts in the soil and that affects food sources
Selenium
_______________ lowered deaths from lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers
Selenium
________________ AI: 55mcg/d men and women
Selenium
________________ is part of thyroxine (thyroid hormone) -role in maintenance of basal ,metabolism and body temperature
Selenium
_________________ too has a role in immune function
Selenium
__________________ food sources: -Organ meats -pork -seafood -nuts -wheat, rice
Selenium
__________________ is an antioxidant. It decreases the number of free radicals, spares vitamin E and prevents oxidative damage
Selenium
__________________ is an antioxidant: part of glutathione peroxidase
Selenium
___________________ UL: 400 mcg/d
Selenium
_________ atoms have an even number of electrons (pairs) orbiting
Stable
Copper, zinc and manganese are cofactors for ______________ ____________ (SOD)
Superoxide dimutase
Copper, zinc, and manganese are part of the _________________ ____________ enzyme antioxidant complex
Superoxide dimutase
____________ _____________ (SOD) is a free radical to less damaging substances
Superoxide dimutase
Hypervitaminosis A: result of ____________________ vitamin A long-term (3-10x RDA)
Supplementing
Increasing fruits, vegetables, nuts,and seeds high ion vitamin E may provide more benefit than taking ____________________
Supplements
Taking antioxidant _____________ versus consuming antioxidants in Whole Foods may not provide the same benefits
Supplements
______________ vitamin A toxicity: -physical defect on developing fetus Spontaneous abortion, birth defects -may occur with as little as 3x RDA of preformed vitamin A
Teratogenic
_____________ ___ is an antioxidant. It scavenges free radicals and protects LDL from oxidation (this role is still unclear....... research is going on)
Vitamin A
_____________ ___ is fat soluble
Vitamin A
_____________ ____ is responsible for cellular differentiation
Vitamin A
_____________ _____ is responsible for bone growth
Vitamin A
______________ ___ deficiency causes impaired immunity
Vitamin A
______________ ____ deficiency is leading cause of blindness in children
Vitamin A
______________ ____ food sources: Animal: liver, eggs, dairy, fortified foods Plant: dark-green, orange, and deep yellow fruits and vegetables that are high in beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A
Vitamin A
______________ ____ is essential for healthy vision
Vitamin A
______________ _____ is responsible for reproduction
Vitamin A
_________________ ____ deficiency causes Hyperkeratosis
Vitamin A
_________________ _____ deficiency causes Xerophthalmia: hardening of the cornea -and epithelial cells of cornea lose ability to produce mucus->Eye becomes dry -drying of eye and appearance of hardened epithelial cells -Resulting blindness is irreversible
Vitamin A
Anemia can result in ______________ ____ deficiency
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid are the types of ______________ ___
Vitamin C
Based upon observational research __________ ____ can help with: Cataracts Immune function Gout Early research with asthma and hypertension
Vitamin C
Bleeding gums, loose teeth, weakness, wounds that fail to heal, bone pain and fractures, diarrhea, depression are all symptoms of ______________ ___ deficiency
Vitamin C
Elderly people have a higher risk for ____________ ___ deficiency
Vitamin C
Excess ______________ ___ is excreted
Vitamin C
Extra ____________ ___ is excreted; consuming excess is not toxic
Vitamin C
Infants have a higher __________ ____ Deficiency risk
Vitamin C
NO conclusive data to support recommendations to supplement with ________________ _____ for CVD prevention or treatment
Vitamin C
Only supplements can lead to ____________ ____ toxic doses
Vitamin C
People with a low fruit and vegetable intake have a higher risk of ______________ ___ deficiency
Vitamin C
People with alcohol and drug abuse have a higher risk for ____________ ____ deficiency
Vitamin C
Scurvy is the most common deficiency disease of _____________ _____
Vitamin C
There is decreased absorption of __________ ___ with high levels of intake
Vitamin C
__________ ___ is absorbed via active transport system
Vitamin C
__________ ____ protects white blood cells
Vitamin C
___________ ____ synthesizes DNA
Vitamin C
____________ ___ is synthesized by most animals, not primates
Vitamin C
____________ ____ enhances iron absorption
Vitamin C
____________ _____ is water soluble, and it must be consumed on a regular basis
Vitamin C
____________ _____ synthesizes carnitine (transport long-chain fatty acids for energy production)
Vitamin C
____________ _____ synthesizes hormones
Vitamin C
_____________ ___ protects ldl cholesterol from oxidation
Vitamin C
_____________ ____ UL = 2,000 mg/d
Vitamin C
______________ ___ protects lungs from ozone and cigarette damage
Vitamin C
______________ ____ deficiency is rare in developed countries
Vitamin C
______________ _____ Food sources: fresh fruits and vegetables
Vitamin C
______________ _____ reduces formation of nitrosamines (cancer causing agents found in cured and processed meats)
Vitamin C
______________ _______ RDA: 90 mg/d for men 75 mg/d for women + 35 mg/d for smokers 100-120 mg/d = avg. intake
Vitamin C
_______________ ___ regenerates vitamin E by donating electrons
Vitamin C
_______________ ___ synthesizes bile
Vitamin C
_______________ ___ synthesizes collagen
Vitamin C
_______________ ____ -can be destroyed by heat and oxygen -Can be leached into boiling water -minimize loss by steaming, microwaving, and stir-frying
Vitamin C
_______________ _____ synthesizes neurotransmitters (serotonin)
Vitamin C
-Loss of muscle contraction and reflexes; impaired vision, speech -impaired immunity (w/ low selenium) Are symptoms of ____________ ____ deficiency
Vitamin E
Clinical trials have not shown that _______________ ____ decreases CVD
Vitamin E
Deficiency of ____________ _____ may result in erythrocyte hemolysis (rupturing of red blood cells) that leads to anemia
Vitamin E
High supplemental doses of _____________ ___ may be harmful for certain individuals
Vitamin E
Inverse association with CVD risk and decreased plasma _________________ _____
Vitamin E
Long-term use of ______________ ____ may cause hemorrhagic stroke
Vitamin E
Side effects of _____________ ___ toxicity: nausea, intestinal distress, and diarrhea
Vitamin E
Suboptimal intake of __________ _____ is associated with increased risk for CVD
Vitamin E
There is little ___________ ___ in deep fried foods and processed foods
Vitamin E
Tocopherols and tocotrienols are types of ___________ _____
Vitamin E
True ___________ ___ is rare
Vitamin E
__________ ___ functions as an antioxidant — it protects lipids from free radicals by donating an electron
Vitamin E
__________ ___ helps the immune system by protecting white blood cells from oxidation. (Major Function)
Vitamin E
__________ ___ may help improve glucose control (one study conducted)
Vitamin E
__________ ______ deficiency is associated with fat malabsorption
Vitamin E
__________ ______ is destroyed by exposure to oxygen, metals, ultraviolet light, and heat
Vitamin E
___________ ___ is stored in the liver, adipose, and skeletal muscle
Vitamin E
___________ ____ is located 90% in adipose tissue and 10% in cell membranes
Vitamin E
___________ ____ protects PUFA's and Cell membranes
Vitamin E
___________ _____ food sources: widespread in foods -vegetable oils (safflower, sunflower, canola, soybean) -nuts, seeds -wheat germ, soybeans
Vitamin E
___________ _____ helps in nerve and muscle development
Vitamin E
___________ ______ is absorbed into the lymphatic system and its absorption is dependent on fat intake
Vitamin E
____________ ___ is transported via chylomicrons and packed into VLDL and LDL
Vitamin E
____________ ___ may improve lung function in elderly
Vitamin E
____________ ____ inhibits LDL oxidation
Vitamin E
_____________ ___ improves Vitamin A absorption if intake is low
Vitamin E
_____________ ___ interacts with anticoagulants (aspirin, Coumadin)
Vitamin E
______________ ___ may slow down Alzheimer's disease (inconclusive)
Vitamin E
______________ ____ deficiency leads to anemia in premature infants
Vitamin E
Antioxidants (____________ ___ and ____________) reduce damage to blood vessels -Scavenge free radicals Reduce low-grade inflammation -reduce blood coagulation and clout formation
Vitamin E, lycopene
Supplementation of __________ ___ and ___________ reduced total and prostate cancer risk, but not lung and colorectal cancer
Vitamin E, selenium
Supplementation of ______________ ____ and ____________ did not affect the incidence of recurrent skin cancer
Vitamin E, selenium
Superoxide radical is a _______________ ______________ __________
Reactive oxygen species
In a 30-80 mg do of vitamin c ______-______% was absorbed
70-90%
______________ Vitamin Toxicity -Ingestion of large doses in a short time -intestinal upset, headache, blurred vision, muscle in-coordination
Acute
Iron is the cofactor for ____________ (CAT)
Catalase
____________ (CAT) removes hydrogen peroxide from the body and converts it into water and oxygen
Catalase
-Free radicals form within the phospholipid bilateral of cell membranes and steal electrons -Damaged lipid molecules cause cell membrane to lose its integrity -Causes damage to the cells and all systems affected by the cell These steps outline ___________ __________ __________
Cell membrane damage
Copper functions as a _______________
Cofactor
Iron functions as a _____________
Cofactor
Manganese functions as a ___________
Cofactor
Selenium functions as a ______________
Cofactor
Zinc functions as a ____________
Cofactor
_________ ________ break down oxidized fatty acids and peroxides
Enzyme systems
___________ __________ make more vitamin antioxidants available to fight free radicals
Enzyme systems
Antioxidant rich foods or, ________________ rich foods, reduce the risk of diseases of aging
Phytochemicals
Avoid _____________________ supplements -____________________ can act in different ways under different circumstances in the body -Protective in the low doses commonly provided by foods, but may have very different effects as supplements
Phytochemicals
Eating _________________ is shown to reduce risk of CVD, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's, cataracts, and age related functional decline
Phytochemicals
In order to intake ______________, consume a plant-based diet consisting of as many Whole Foods as possible
Phytochemicals
_____________ have antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals
Phytochemicals
________________ are bound in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, garlic, and soy
Phytochemicals
_________________ are found in hole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, garlic, and soy products
Phytochemicals
_________________ include phytoestrogens, lycopene, and flavonoids
Phytochemicals
__________________ are naturally occurring in plants
Phytochemicals
____________________ interact with -each other in the body to produce a synergistic effect -macronutrients and vitamins and minerals
Phytochemicals
Avoiding infectious agents and UV radiation can help _________ cancer
Prevent
Being physically active can help ___________ cancer
Prevent
Eating a varied healthful diet can help __________ cancer
Prevent
Maintaining a healthful body weight can help ___________ cancer
Prevent
Quit smoking or don't start can help __________ cancer
Prevent
Initiation, promotion, and progression are the __________ steps of cancer development
Primary
Apoptosis (cell death) is regulated by ______________
Radicals
Cell proliferation is regulated by ____________
Radicals
Cell to cell adhesion can be regulated by ___________
Radicals
Gene expression is regulated by _____________
Radicals
Immune response can be regulated by ____________
Radicals
Inflammation is regulated by ___________
Radicals
Metabolism is regulated by ___________
Radicals
Hydrogen Peroxide is a _______________ ______________ __________
Reactive oxygen species
Hydroxyl Radical is a _______________ ______________ __________
Reactive oxygen species
ROS= ___________ __________ __________
Reactive oxygen species
Singlet Molecular Oxygen is a _______________ ______________ __________
Reactive oxygen species
Electron loss during oxidation leaves an odd number or ___________ electron
Unpaired
90% of ____________ ___ is stored in the liver, the other 10% is stored in adipose tissue, kidney and lungs
Vitamin A
Fatal dose of _______________ ______ is 12g, which is 12,000x the RDA. It can be fatal
Vitamin A
Function of _________ ____: Production, structure, and function of epithelial cells = outside lining (skin)
Vitamin A
Function of _____________ ____: embryo development (gene expression)
Vitamin A
Function of ______________ ____: bone growth (synthesis of bone protein and enlargement of bone
Vitamin A
Function of ______________ ____: reproduction (sperm production ands fertilization)
Vitamin A
Function of ________________ ___: production, function, structure of mucus forming cells = protective layer on all organs; protects from foreign invaders
Vitamin A
Night blindness is an early sign of ___________ ____ deficiency
Vitamin A
People at risk for _____________ ____deficiency - Preschoolers with poor vegetable and meat intake - Urban poor - Elderly - Alcoholics and people with liver disease - Individuals with fat malabsorp+on
Vitamin A
Provitamin A, inactive form (precursor) of ______________ ___ to be converted to active retinol
Vitamin A
__________ ___ is responsible for Infections
Vitamin A
__________ ___ is transported via chylomicrons
Vitamin A
__________ _____ is absorbed into the lymphatic system and is dependent on fat intake
Vitamin A
___________ ____ is responsible fo cell differentiation, process by which stem cells mature into specialized cells
Vitamin A
_____________ ___ has 3 forms: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
Vitamin A
Tobacco use, obesity/overweight, Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, infectious agents, and ultraviolet radiation are all ________________ risk behaviors of cancer
modifiable
