Nutrients involved in Antioxidant function

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Long-term excess intake of ____________ ___ (2000 mg/day) can cause nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds, and abdominal cramps

Megadoses of _____________ _____ are harmful for people with hemochromatosis (excess iron accumulation in the body)

-Vitamin E -Vitamin C -Beta-carotene (phytochemical and precursor to vitamin A) -Vitamin A -Selenium All are nutrients with ___________ properties

Antioxidant

Vitamins E, A, C, Selenium, and Phytochemical are all nutrients with ________________ properties

Antioxidant

_____________ vitamins donate electrons to free radicals. They stabilize them anad reduce oxidation damage.

Antioxidant

There is an important interaction between _______________, fiber, and phytochemicals -work together to reduce rick of certain cancers

Antioxidants

_____________ play a role in cancer prevention

Antioxidants

______________ work to stabilize and repair or oppose oxidation

Antioxidants

_________________ are compounds that protect cells from damage caused by oxidation

Antioxidants

_________________ in fruits, whole grains, and vegetables -dietary fiber (soluble): oatmeal and oat bran -folate: reduce homocysteine-CVD risk factor -others (flavonoids): tea

Antioxidants

_____________________: Enhance immune system Inhibit cancer cell growth Prevent oxidative damage to cells

Antioxidants

Studies show _______________ between consuming dairy antioxidants and cancer risk. NOT cause and effect

Association

Carotenoid, a classification of plant chemicals is also __________-________

Beta-Carotene

Consuming 6-8mg of __________-___________ per day from food sources may reduce

Beta-Carotene

Heat improves the digestibility and absorption of _________-_________

Beta-Carotene

Suipplementation of ________-_________ is not recommended; there are adequate amounts from fruits and vegetables

Beta-Carotene

There is no RDA established for _________-_________

Beta-Carotene

Toxicity of __________-________ Causes carotenosis (carotenodermia): reversible and harmless

Beta-Carotene

________-_________ Protects skin from UV-ray damage

Beta-Carotene

________-__________ food sources: red, yellow, and deep green fruits and vegetables

Beta-Carotene

________-____________ functions to enhance the immune system

Beta-Carotene

_________-_________ is not an essential nutrient

Beta-Carotene

_________-__________ functions to fight lipid oxidation in cell membranes

Beta-Carotene

_________-__________ has no known deficiency symptoms

Beta-Carotene

_________-__________ protects eyes from damage, preventing or delaying age-related vision impairment

Beta-Carotene

_________-____________ functions as a weak antioxidant

Beta-Carotene

_______________-______________ is expressed in food as Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE), which indicates how much active vitamin A is available to the body after conversion

Beta-Carotene

In epidemiological, in vitro, and animal studies _________-_____________ was found to decrease risk of cancer

Beta-carotene

_______-___________ may increase risk of cancer in some population (lung cancer in smokers)

Beta-carotene

Copper, zinc, and iron are for __________ health

Blood

____-____________ _________ are associated with Hogg her risk for heart attack in the presence of normal cholesterol levels

C-reactive protein

____-______________ ____________ or (CRP) is a marker for inflammation

C-reactive protein

____________: a group of diseases characterized by cells growing out of control

Cancer

_____________ cells aggressively invade tissues and organs throughout the body

Cancer

antioxidant _____________ work by functioning within the enzyme system. They convert free radicals to less damaging substances and excretes them

Minerals

___________ are composed of electrons

Molecules

__________ ___________ ____________ can destabilize other molecules and damage cells

Free radical damage

Asbestos causes __________ __________ to form

Free radicals

Digestion and absorption fo food cause __________ ________ to form

Free radicals

Environmental factors cause ________ __________ to form

Free radicals

Excess sunlight causes ____________ ___________ to form

Free radicals

Immune system fighting infection causes _________ ________ to form

Free radicals

Increased risk for Heart disease is linked with _________ _______

Free radicals

Increased risk for arthritis is linked with ___________ __________

Free radicals

Increased risk for cataracts is linked with __________ __________

Free radicals

Increased risk for type 2 diabetes is linked with _________ ________

Free radicals

Increased risks for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are linked with ___________ ________

Free radicals

Metabolic processes cause _________ _________ to form

Free radicals

Pollution causes __________ _______ to form

Free radicals

Tobacco smoke causes ___________ ____________ to form

Free radicals

Toxic substances cause __________ ___________ to form

Free radicals

Unstable atoms are called _______ __________

Free radicals

Various Cancers Heart disease Diabetes Arthritis Cataracts Kidney disease Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease Are all diseases linked with ____________ ____________

Free radicals

________ _________ damage LDL's, cell proteins, and DNA

Free radicals

increased risk for Cancer is linked with _______ _______

Free radicals

During metabolic reactions, electrons can be transferred -___________ the atoms of one molecule -________ the atoms of another molecule

From, to

Diets high in __________ and ________________ are inversely related with reduced risk of cancer

Fruits, vegetables

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) removes ____________ ____________ from the body.

Hydrogen peroxide

_______________________ results from excess accumulation of protein keratin in follicles of the skin. It may impair epithelial cells from producing mucus

Hyperkeratosis

Epithelial cells and mucus forming cells are needed for _____________ function

Immune

High CRP and high cholesterol can _______________ the risk for heart attack

Increase

Low-grade _____________________ may be even more important than elevated cholesterol levels

Inflammation

____________________ weakens plaque in blood vessel -plaque likely to burst, break away, lodge in blood vessels of heart or brain and close off blood supply, resulting in a heart attack or stroke

Inflammation

_________ is part of the catalase structure

Iron

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) stops free radicals in ___________

Lipids

_________ support for vitamin E supplements and cancer prevention

Little

______________ found in tomatoes may help lower risk of prostate cancer

Lycopene

_________________ is an important cofactor in carbohydrate metabolism

Manganese

Clinical trials do ______ support supplementation for cancer prevention -too high doses -combination -dependent on baseline antioxidant levels

Not

____________ is a chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons

Oxidation

__________ __________ is when there is a disruption of cellular redox balance

Oxidative stress

______________ ________ is when oxidants outnumber antioxidants

Oxidative stress

___________ ___________ __________ are oxygen molecules the become free radicals -oxygen accepts a single electron -reacts with cellular components

Reactive oxygen species

_____________ occurs when atoms gain an electron

Reduction

__________ _________ is damage to cells from free radical attack

Reductive stress

___________ _________ is when antioxidants outnumber oxidants in the cell

Reductive stress

The ability to adjust to dim light, recover from bright flashes, and see in color are critically dependent on adequate levels of ________ in the eyes

Retinal

________ is lost with each visual cycle and must be replaced by retinol from the bloodstream

Retinal

__________ turns visual light into nerve signals in retina of eye

Retinal

Brittle hair and nails, skin rashes, vomiting, nausea, weakness, cirrhosis of the liver are signs of ___________ toxicity

Selenium

Increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in areas with low soil ______________ content

Selenium

Inverse relationship between ________________ intake and cancer

Selenium

Kashmir-Beck disease = deforming arthritis and results from a deficiency in ___________

Selenium

Keshan disease (heart disease) results From a deficiency in ____________

Selenium

____________ is the cofactor for Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)

Selenium

______________ is a trace mineral needed in small amounts. There are varying amounts in the soil and that affects food sources

Selenium

_______________ lowered deaths from lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers

Selenium

________________ AI: 55mcg/d men and women

Selenium

________________ is part of thyroxine (thyroid hormone) -role in maintenance of basal ,metabolism and body temperature

Selenium

_________________ too has a role in immune function

Selenium

__________________ food sources: -Organ meats -pork -seafood -nuts -wheat, rice

Selenium

__________________ is an antioxidant. It decreases the number of free radicals, spares vitamin E and prevents oxidative damage

Selenium

__________________ is an antioxidant: part of glutathione peroxidase

Selenium

___________________ UL: 400 mcg/d

Selenium

_________ atoms have an even number of electrons (pairs) orbiting

Stable

Copper, zinc and manganese are cofactors for ______________ ____________ (SOD)

Superoxide dimutase

Copper, zinc, and manganese are part of the _________________ ____________ enzyme antioxidant complex

Superoxide dimutase

____________ _____________ (SOD) is a free radical to less damaging substances

Superoxide dimutase

Hypervitaminosis A: result of ____________________ vitamin A long-term (3-10x RDA)

Supplementing

Increasing fruits, vegetables, nuts,and seeds high ion vitamin E may provide more benefit than taking ____________________

Supplements

Taking antioxidant _____________ versus consuming antioxidants in Whole Foods may not provide the same benefits

Supplements

______________ vitamin A toxicity: -physical defect on developing fetus Spontaneous abortion, birth defects -may occur with as little as 3x RDA of preformed vitamin A

Teratogenic

_____________ ___ is an antioxidant. It scavenges free radicals and protects LDL from oxidation (this role is still unclear....... research is going on)

Vitamin A

_____________ ___ is fat soluble

Vitamin A

_____________ ____ is responsible for cellular differentiation

Vitamin A

_____________ _____ is responsible for bone growth

Vitamin A

______________ ___ deficiency causes impaired immunity

Vitamin A

______________ ____ deficiency is leading cause of blindness in children

Vitamin A

______________ ____ food sources: Animal: liver, eggs, dairy, fortified foods Plant: dark-green, orange, and deep yellow fruits and vegetables that are high in beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A

Vitamin A

______________ ____ is essential for healthy vision

Vitamin A

______________ _____ is responsible for reproduction

Vitamin A

_________________ ____ deficiency causes Hyperkeratosis

Vitamin A

_________________ _____ deficiency causes Xerophthalmia: hardening of the cornea -and epithelial cells of cornea lose ability to produce mucus->Eye becomes dry -drying of eye and appearance of hardened epithelial cells -Resulting blindness is irreversible

Vitamin A

Anemia can result in ______________ ____ deficiency

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid are the types of ______________ ___

Vitamin C

Based upon observational research __________ ____ can help with: Cataracts Immune function Gout Early research with asthma and hypertension

Vitamin C

Bleeding gums, loose teeth, weakness, wounds that fail to heal, bone pain and fractures, diarrhea, depression are all symptoms of ______________ ___ deficiency

Vitamin C

Elderly people have a higher risk for ____________ ___ deficiency

Vitamin C

Excess ______________ ___ is excreted

Vitamin C

Extra ____________ ___ is excreted; consuming excess is not toxic

Vitamin C

Infants have a higher __________ ____ Deficiency risk

Vitamin C

NO conclusive data to support recommendations to supplement with ________________ _____ for CVD prevention or treatment

Vitamin C

Only supplements can lead to ____________ ____ toxic doses

Vitamin C

People with a low fruit and vegetable intake have a higher risk of ______________ ___ deficiency

Vitamin C

People with alcohol and drug abuse have a higher risk for ____________ ____ deficiency

Vitamin C

Scurvy is the most common deficiency disease of _____________ _____

Vitamin C

There is decreased absorption of __________ ___ with high levels of intake

Vitamin C

__________ ___ is absorbed via active transport system

Vitamin C

__________ ____ protects white blood cells

Vitamin C

___________ ____ synthesizes DNA

Vitamin C

____________ ___ is synthesized by most animals, not primates

Vitamin C

____________ ____ enhances iron absorption

Vitamin C

____________ _____ is water soluble, and it must be consumed on a regular basis

Vitamin C

____________ _____ synthesizes carnitine (transport long-chain fatty acids for energy production)

Vitamin C

____________ _____ synthesizes hormones

Vitamin C

_____________ ___ protects ldl cholesterol from oxidation

Vitamin C

_____________ ____ UL = 2,000 mg/d

Vitamin C

______________ ___ protects lungs from ozone and cigarette damage

Vitamin C

______________ ____ deficiency is rare in developed countries

Vitamin C

______________ _____ Food sources: fresh fruits and vegetables

Vitamin C

______________ _____ reduces formation of nitrosamines (cancer causing agents found in cured and processed meats)

Vitamin C

______________ _______ RDA: 90 mg/d for men 75 mg/d for women + 35 mg/d for smokers 100-120 mg/d = avg. intake

Vitamin C

_______________ ___ regenerates vitamin E by donating electrons

Vitamin C

_______________ ___ synthesizes bile

Vitamin C

_______________ ___ synthesizes collagen

Vitamin C

_______________ ____ -can be destroyed by heat and oxygen -Can be leached into boiling water -minimize loss by steaming, microwaving, and stir-frying

Vitamin C

_______________ _____ synthesizes neurotransmitters (serotonin)

Vitamin C

-Loss of muscle contraction and reflexes; impaired vision, speech -impaired immunity (w/ low selenium) Are symptoms of ____________ ____ deficiency

Vitamin E

Clinical trials have not shown that _______________ ____ decreases CVD

Vitamin E

Deficiency of ____________ _____ may result in erythrocyte hemolysis (rupturing of red blood cells) that leads to anemia

Vitamin E

High supplemental doses of _____________ ___ may be harmful for certain individuals

Vitamin E

Inverse association with CVD risk and decreased plasma _________________ _____

Vitamin E

Long-term use of ______________ ____ may cause hemorrhagic stroke

Vitamin E

Side effects of _____________ ___ toxicity: nausea, intestinal distress, and diarrhea

Vitamin E

Suboptimal intake of __________ _____ is associated with increased risk for CVD

Vitamin E

There is little ___________ ___ in deep fried foods and processed foods

Vitamin E

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are types of ___________ _____

Vitamin E

True ___________ ___ is rare

Vitamin E

__________ ___ functions as an antioxidant — it protects lipids from free radicals by donating an electron

Vitamin E

__________ ___ helps the immune system by protecting white blood cells from oxidation. (Major Function)

Vitamin E

__________ ___ may help improve glucose control (one study conducted)

Vitamin E

__________ ______ deficiency is associated with fat malabsorption

Vitamin E

__________ ______ is destroyed by exposure to oxygen, metals, ultraviolet light, and heat

Vitamin E

___________ ___ is stored in the liver, adipose, and skeletal muscle

Vitamin E

___________ ____ is located 90% in adipose tissue and 10% in cell membranes

Vitamin E

___________ ____ protects PUFA's and Cell membranes

Vitamin E

___________ _____ food sources: widespread in foods -vegetable oils (safflower, sunflower, canola, soybean) -nuts, seeds -wheat germ, soybeans

Vitamin E

___________ _____ helps in nerve and muscle development

Vitamin E

___________ ______ is absorbed into the lymphatic system and its absorption is dependent on fat intake

Vitamin E

____________ ___ is transported via chylomicrons and packed into VLDL and LDL

Vitamin E

____________ ___ may improve lung function in elderly

Vitamin E

____________ ____ inhibits LDL oxidation

Vitamin E

_____________ ___ improves Vitamin A absorption if intake is low

Vitamin E

_____________ ___ interacts with anticoagulants (aspirin, Coumadin)

Vitamin E

______________ ___ may slow down Alzheimer's disease (inconclusive)

Vitamin E

______________ ____ deficiency leads to anemia in premature infants

Vitamin E

Antioxidants (____________ ___ and ____________) reduce damage to blood vessels -Scavenge free radicals Reduce low-grade inflammation -reduce blood coagulation and clout formation

Vitamin E, lycopene

Supplementation of __________ ___ and ___________ reduced total and prostate cancer risk, but not lung and colorectal cancer

Vitamin E, selenium

Supplementation of ______________ ____ and ____________ did not affect the incidence of recurrent skin cancer

Vitamin E, selenium

Superoxide radical is a _______________ ______________ __________

Reactive oxygen species

In a 30-80 mg do of vitamin c ______-______% was absorbed

70-90%

______________ Vitamin Toxicity -Ingestion of large doses in a short time -intestinal upset, headache, blurred vision, muscle in-coordination

Acute

Iron is the cofactor for ____________ (CAT)

Catalase

____________ (CAT) removes hydrogen peroxide from the body and converts it into water and oxygen

Catalase

-Free radicals form within the phospholipid bilateral of cell membranes and steal electrons -Damaged lipid molecules cause cell membrane to lose its integrity -Causes damage to the cells and all systems affected by the cell These steps outline ___________ __________ __________

Cell membrane damage

Copper functions as a _______________

Cofactor

Iron functions as a _____________

Cofactor

Manganese functions as a ___________

Cofactor

Selenium functions as a ______________

Cofactor

Zinc functions as a ____________

Cofactor

_________ ________ break down oxidized fatty acids and peroxides

Enzyme systems

___________ __________ make more vitamin antioxidants available to fight free radicals

Enzyme systems

Antioxidant rich foods or, ________________ rich foods, reduce the risk of diseases of aging

Phytochemicals

Avoid _____________________ supplements -____________________ can act in different ways under different circumstances in the body -Protective in the low doses commonly provided by foods, but may have very different effects as supplements

Phytochemicals

Eating _________________ is shown to reduce risk of CVD, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's, cataracts, and age related functional decline

Phytochemicals

In order to intake ______________, consume a plant-based diet consisting of as many Whole Foods as possible

Phytochemicals

_____________ have antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals

Phytochemicals

________________ are bound in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, garlic, and soy

Phytochemicals

_________________ are found in hole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, garlic, and soy products

Phytochemicals

_________________ include phytoestrogens, lycopene, and flavonoids

Phytochemicals

__________________ are naturally occurring in plants

Phytochemicals

____________________ interact with -each other in the body to produce a synergistic effect -macronutrients and vitamins and minerals

Phytochemicals

Avoiding infectious agents and UV radiation can help _________ cancer

Prevent

Being physically active can help ___________ cancer

Prevent

Eating a varied healthful diet can help __________ cancer

Prevent

Maintaining a healthful body weight can help ___________ cancer

Prevent

Quit smoking or don't start can help __________ cancer

Prevent

Initiation, promotion, and progression are the __________ steps of cancer development

Primary

Apoptosis (cell death) is regulated by ______________

Radicals

Cell proliferation is regulated by ____________

Radicals

Cell to cell adhesion can be regulated by ___________

Radicals

Gene expression is regulated by _____________

Radicals

Immune response can be regulated by ____________

Radicals

Inflammation is regulated by ___________

Radicals

Metabolism is regulated by ___________

Radicals

Hydrogen Peroxide is a _______________ ______________ __________

Reactive oxygen species

Hydroxyl Radical is a _______________ ______________ __________

Reactive oxygen species

ROS= ___________ __________ __________

Reactive oxygen species

Singlet Molecular Oxygen is a _______________ ______________ __________

Reactive oxygen species

Electron loss during oxidation leaves an odd number or ___________ electron

Unpaired

90% of ____________ ___ is stored in the liver, the other 10% is stored in adipose tissue, kidney and lungs

Vitamin A

Fatal dose of _______________ ______ is 12g, which is 12,000x the RDA. It can be fatal

Vitamin A

Function of _________ ____: Production, structure, and function of epithelial cells = outside lining (skin)

Vitamin A

Function of _____________ ____: embryo development (gene expression)

Vitamin A

Function of ______________ ____: bone growth (synthesis of bone protein and enlargement of bone

Vitamin A

Function of ______________ ____: reproduction (sperm production ands fertilization)

Vitamin A

Function of ________________ ___: production, function, structure of mucus forming cells = protective layer on all organs; protects from foreign invaders

Vitamin A

Night blindness is an early sign of ___________ ____ deficiency

Vitamin A

People at risk for _____________ ____deficiency - Preschoolers with poor vegetable and meat intake - Urban poor - Elderly - Alcoholics and people with liver disease - Individuals with fat malabsorp+on

Vitamin A

Provitamin A, inactive form (precursor) of ______________ ___ to be converted to active retinol

Vitamin A

__________ ___ is responsible for Infections

Vitamin A

__________ ___ is transported via chylomicrons

Vitamin A

__________ _____ is absorbed into the lymphatic system and is dependent on fat intake

Vitamin A

___________ ____ is responsible fo cell differentiation, process by which stem cells mature into specialized cells

Vitamin A

_____________ ___ has 3 forms: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

Vitamin A

Tobacco use, obesity/overweight, Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, infectious agents, and ultraviolet radiation are all ________________ risk behaviors of cancer

modifiable


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