Nutrion for Healthcare Final

The transition from infancy to toddler occurs at what age?

1 year

*Jennifer is three years old and weighs 32 pounds. What is her EER (estimated energy expenditure) using the equation: Kcal/day = (89 x weight in kg - 100) + 20?

1,215 kcals

How many grams of carbohydrates (per day) are recommended to prevent ketosis in healthy individuals (RDA)?

130 grams

What is the recommended range for weight gain during pregnancy?

25 to 35 lbs steadily

To achieve cardiorespiratory fitness it is recommended that training should occur ______.

3-5 days a week

*On average, which of the following individuals would have the highest percentage of body water?

35 year old lean man

In burn patients a high protein and high energy diet, preferably administered eternally, should be started within approximately ______ hours following injury.

4 to 36

The temperature Danger Zone is:

40-140 degrees F

What percentage of a person's body weight is made up of water?

50-70%

*To achieve and maintain physical fitness, exercise intensity should be ______ % of the maximal heart rate.

50-80

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend which of the following?

A minimum of 30 minutes of moderate activity most days

Appetite is define as:

A psychological desire to consume a specific food

What is the term that describes the process in which nutrients pass through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract?

Absorption

What are the four characteristics of a healthful diet?

Adequate, Moderate, Balanced, and Varied

Approximately 20-40% of adults aged 85 and older have a slow; progressive form of dementia called ______.

Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is NOT a B-vitamin?

Amino acid

Which of the following proteins are fundamental to the immune system?

Antibodies

You are reading a label and the ingredients list includes pyridoxine as an additive. Which vitamin has been added to this food?

B6

Overweight in children is defined as:

BMI > 85th percentile

Which of the following is a good source of heme-iron?

Beef roast

To facilitate the digestion of dietary fats, the gallbladder stores and releases:

Bile

Which of the following stores the most energy?

Body fat

Which of the following foods are rich sources of saturated fatty acids?

Butter and Lard

Which agency monitors all confirmed cases of food-borne illness?

CDC (The Centers for Disease Control)

What are the nutrients involved in bone health?

Calcium, Vitamin K, Vitamin D, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Fluoride

What are synthetic methods used for food preservation?

Canning, pasteurization, aseptic packaging, addition of preservatives, irradiation, and genetic modification

Chemical digestion of which nutrient occurs in the mouth?

Carbohydrate

What nutrients provide a source of energy for the body?

Carbohydrates

Which class of nutrients provides energy (calories) to the body?

Carbohydrates

Which group has the highest incidence of eating disorders?

Caucasian females

Which group may need significantly more protein than the current RDA?

Competitive athletes

*Which of the following is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Corn oil

What are the standard criteria for diagnosing an eating disorder?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

______ calories represent the extra energy one can consume after the essential needs have been met.

Discretionary

Which of the "nine D's" promote geriatric weight loss by increasing energy expenditure?

Diseases such as cancer

The first section of the small intestine is called the:

Duodenum

Which of the following BEST describes an episode of binge eating?

Eating a large amount of food in a short period of time

______ nutrition therapy is recommended for patients at risk of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM).

Enteral

Proteins that act to speed up body processes, but are NOT changed in the process, are called:

Enzymes

The total amount of energy needed per day for any given age is called ______.

Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)

*Alcohol is a nutrient that provides 7 kilocalories per gram. T/F

False

*The Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) is a nutrient standard used to approximate the energy needs of growing infants and children. T/F

False

A cookie from 20 years ago had approximately the same serving size as a cookie does today? T/F

False

Most people who suffer from binge eating disorders are underweight. T/F

False

The UL is the level of nutrient intake we should attempt to consume daily. T/F

False

The diet modifications for late stages of cirrhosis are the same as for hepatitis. T/F

False

What is the FIT principle used for?

Frequency, Intensity, and Time (duration) of workout sessions

Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium?

Green leafy vegetables

What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?

H. Pylori Bacteria

*What are the two ways to evaluate exercise intensity?

Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion

______ is a potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of the body's hear-regulation mechanisms.

Heat stroke

Which of the following is the most life threatening?

Heatstroke

The process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acid is called:

Hydrogenation

Which region of the brain controls fluid intake?

Hypothalamus

Why do HIV patients experience weight loss?

Increased energy expenditure due to an increase in metabolic rate, a weaker immune system results in infection affecting the appetite and ability to eat, the body is less able to absorb nutrients, isolation and depression reduce appetite, and they can't work therefore no money

*Why are infants are at a higher risk of dehydration as compared to adults?

Infants have a higher total body percentage of water, they have a greater ration of body surface to body core which allows more sweat to evaporate, they can't tell parents when they are thirsty, and they execute urine at a higher rate

Which hormone works to lower blood glucose?

Insulin

Which of the following is a trace mineral?

Iron

______ is the most common mineral deficiency world wide.

Iron

What are the three trace minerals essential to blood health?

Iron, zinc, and copper

What is the number one nutrient deficiency world wide?

Iron-deficiency anemia

*How does regular exercise reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes?

It delays the onset complications, enhances the action of insulin, increases the cellular uptake of blood glucose, and increases control of blood glucose

What is the function of aldosterone?

It signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride

Which organ is primarily responsible for maintaining fluid balance?

Kidneys

Achlorhydria may lead to which of the following?

Limited absorption of calcium

Which of the following has been shown to improve blood pressure levels?

Losing weight

Which of the following is considered to be a source of discretionary calories in MyPyramid?

Mayonnaise

Which is our primary food source of vitamin D?

Milk

Which human organ system is most affected by toxic levels of mercury?

Nervous

What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?

Nitrogen

Which enzyme digests carbohydrates in the stomach?

None, carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach

______ is the science of food and how food nourishes our body and impacts health.

Nutrition

*Which individual is at the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

Overweight female in her 20s

Amino acids are joined together by which specific bonds?

Peptide bonds

Which of the following BEST describes exercise?

Physical activity that is purposeful, planned, and structured

Which of the following represents a positive nitrogen balance?

Pregnancy

Which of the following aids in zinc absorption?

Protein

*The ______ represents the average daily nutrient intake level that meets nutrient requirements for 97% to 98% of healthy individuals.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

The state reached in which there is no longer a desire to eat is referred to as ______.

Satiety

Body image plays and increasingly important role in food choices in which age group?

School-aged children

Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability?

Spinach

What are natural methods used for food preservation?

Sugaring, slating, and smoking

Which of the following BEST describes the glycemic index?

The extent to which a given food raises blood glucose and insulin

How does fat consumption relate to Vitamin A, D, E, and K intake?

The vitamins are insoluble in water and require fats for their absorption and transport

*Which of the following statements is true about trans fatty acids?

They result from the hydrogenation process of vegetable oils

TPP plays a critical role in the breakdown of glucose for energy. Which water-soluble vitamin is part of the TPP complex?

Thiamin

*What is the fastest growing United States population?

Those 85 and older

Anorexia is the most common cause of malnutrition in cancer patients. T/F

True

Approximately 5-20% of individuals with anorexia will die from complications within 10 years of diagnosis. T/F

True

End stage renal disease or chronic renal failure may occur when kidneys that have been damaged, due to uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension, can no longer function normally. T/F

True

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. T/F

True

Many serious nutrition related birth defects can occur during the first few weeks before a woman even realizes she is pregnant. T/F

True

Most fats are a combination of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids. T/F

True

Nearly all burn patients experience insulin resistance as part of their hyper metabolic response. T/F

True

Obesity is considered by the CDC to be any child above the 95th percentile. T/F

True

Short- and medium- chain fatty acids are absorbed and transported more quickly that long- chain fatty acids. T/F

True

The earliest discoveries in the field of nutrition focused on nutritional deficiencies. T/F

True

The fat soluble vitamins are A, B, E, and K. T/F

True

The use of stimulants for weight loss is associated with serious side effects and health problems. T/F

True

Therapeutic diets are diets modified in foods or nutrients to meet nutritional needs during illness. T/F

True

The amino acid, ______, is a precursor to serotonin.

Tryptophan

Which food is an example of a developmentally appropriate food for a toddler?

Two small slices of cheese

Which of the following government agencies is responsible for the overall monitoring and regulation of food production and preservation?

USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)

For which of the following nutrients does absorption increase with age?

Vitamin A

Which of the following nutrients increases the absorption rate of calcium?

Vitamin D

______ deficiency causes changes in red blood cells and nerve tissue.

Vitamin E

______ interferes with blood clotting by acting as an anticoagulant.

Vitamin E

Without adequate stores of ______ excessive bleeding may result because blood clots are not properly formed.

Vitamin K

*Which type of exercise is the least beneficial in preventing bone mass loss?

Walking

*To protect against contaminating foods, which is the best water temperature to wash hands in?

Warm

Barbara has just been diagnosed with celiac disease. Ingestion of which of the following foods would be most likely to cause her problems?

Whole wheat bread

In which of the following sports are male athletes at greater risk for developing bulimia nervosa?

Wrestling

______ is a dry mouth caused by decreased saliva production.

Xerostomia

Conditions that allow microorganisms to reproduce at the fastest rate include:

a food source, moisture, temperature, and low acidity.

*The primary role of the B-complex vitamins is to:

act as coenzymes

The most common type of blindness in the elderly in the United States is:

age-related macular degeneration

What of the following is a diuretic?

alcohol

A deficiency of riboflavin is referred to as:

ariboflavinosis

A majority of food infections are caused by...

bacteria

The three components of total energy expenditure include:

basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and the thermic effect of food

A thiamin deficiency disease is called:

beriberi

Jessica always works out on the stair master for hours after eating a huge meal. This type of behavior is common in:

bulimia nervosa

The type of eating disorder characterized by episodes of binging and purging is:

bulimia nervosa

After surgery Vitamin C and Zinc aid in ______ which is what scar tissue is made of.

collagen formation

To use proteins for energy, the amine group is removed from the amino acid in a process called:

deamination

*The process of the low-protein diet (15-20 g) is to help prevent the development of hepatic coma by...

decreasing ammonia production

Lactose intolerance is due to a:

deficiency of lactase

The only "cure" for preeclampsia is:

delivery of the infant

Milk curdles when lemon juice is added to it. The change that occurs in the protein is called:

denaturation

Aging is often associated with dysphagia, which is:

difficulty swallowing food

Foods most commonly associated with Salmonella intoxication are:

eggs and chicken

Which of the following correctly describes the energy balance equation?

energy consumed = energy expended

What is the primary symptom of niacin toxicity?

flushing

A part of the filtering system, the ______, a delicate network of tiny blood vessels, regulate the amount of necessary proteins, fluids, electrolytes (NA and K), and other useful substances that are retained to be reused by the body (recycled)

glomeruli

Omega- 3 fatty acids found in fish oils improve ______ health by reducing "bad" cholesterol and increasing "good" cholesterol in the body.

heart

Abdominal obesity increases a person's risk for:

heart disease

The oxygen-carrying protein found in our red blood cells is called:

hemoglobin

Milk that is high in fat and produced late in nursing is termed:

hindmilk

Growth acceleration in adolescence is primarily driven by:

hormonal changes

Being underweight increases a person's risk of developing:

infection and illness

After surgery ______ is an integral part of hemoglobin, necessary to rebuild the blood supply.

iron

Bulimia Nervosa:

is evidence by uncontrolled overeating at least twice a week, followed by some compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, referred to as purging

Anorexia Nervosa:

is manifested by extreme starvation and body weight which is 15% below normal weight for height

Parenteral nutrition:

is used when all or part of the digestive trace does not function normally; it is provided intravenously using a catheter that is inserted directly into the peripheral vein.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN or hyperalimentation):

is when greater amounts of nutrients are needed and can't be safely given through the peripheral vein so the catheter is inserted into the central vein in the chest.

The specific function of a protein is determined by:

it's three dimensional shape

In the absence of carbohydrate,______ are produced from the incomplete breakdown of body fat.

ketones

The weight loss during HIV infection tends to be in the form of ______, such as muscle.

lean tissue

The primary determinant of basal metabolic rate is an individual's:

lean tissue mass

Physical activity not related to a person's occupation is defined as:

leisure-time physical activity

Hepatitis A is a food-borne virus that can result in ______ damage.

liver

Medical nutrition therapy includes nutrition support for patients through the use of specialized formulas to treat of prevent ______.

malnutrition

To avoid ______ contamination during pregnancy, fish consumption should not exceed 12 oz a week.

mercury

Which of the following is an example of a nerve toxin?

mercury

Magnesium is an important nutrient in energy ______.

metabolism

The B vitamins, Folic acid and vitamin B-12, play an important role in ______ and production of ______.

metabolism and blood cells

The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called:

mutual supplementation

Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid are two forms of ______.

niacin

Protein needs can be determined through a specialized procedure called:

nitrogen balance

*Premature bone loss associated with the females athletes triad is also called:

osteoporosis

Insulin is synthesized and released by the:

pancreas

The term complex carbohydrates refers to:

polysaccharides

A primary function of the mucus in the stomach is to...

protect stomach lining

The gaining of electrons by an atom during metabolism is called:

reduction

According to the American Psychiatric Association, anorexia nervosa is diagnosed when the client:

refuses to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height

The primary reason for sweating is to:

regulate body temperature

Diet therapy for Renal Disorders focuses on five primary nutrients:

restricting the amount of fluids, choosing high quality proteins, avoiding foods high in sodium, balancing the amount of potassium in the blood, and limiting the amount of phosphorus

*The formula 220 minus age:

should be used by athletes as their training heart rate

The two most common extracellular ions are:

sodium and chloride

When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form:

sucrose

Environmental factors that affect the aging process include:

sun exposure

Body mass index is:

the ratio of a person's body weight to their height squared

The recommendation for fiber intake for older adults is less because:

they consume fewer calories

Enteral nutrition:

this support is sometimes referred to as tube feeding since it is most frequently provided through a thin flexible tube in the stomach or small intestine

For immobilized patients there are four nutritional challenges that must be considered:

total calories, increased protein and calcium needs, and urinary and bowel functions

The most common lipids found in food are______.

triglycerides

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of:

two monosaccharaides

Which method of assessing body composition is considered to be the gold standard? (most accurate)

underwater weighing

The easiest and most efficient way to prevent food-borne illnesses is to:

wash hands before handling food