Nutrition 112: All Online Tests
What is the function of mucus in the stomach?
Protects stomach cells from gastric juices
If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?
Protein synthesis will be limited
Which of the following represents an indirect measure of the amount of energy released from food?
Quantity of oxygen consumed when the food is burned
In what organ is pepsin active?
Stomach
What is one function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile
Pernicious anemia results from a combination of lack of intrinsic factor and
lack of hydrochloric acid.
What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis?
female athlete triad
Which of the following does not decrease the metabolic rate?
fever
All of the following are sources of dietary carbohydrates except: fish, milk, fruits, and legumes.
fish
Fiber levels are similar to those in the whole grains in not a feature of nutrient enrichment of what food?
flours
What is the primary function of insulin?
Lowers blood glucose levels
Which of the following nutrients does not yield energy during its metabolism?
Vitamins
What serves as the body's chief storage site for lipids?
White adipose tissue
Keratinization is the result of
deficiency of vitamin A
The body's amino acid pool consists of
both essential and nonessential amino acids
Bile is known to assist in the absorption of
fat only
Your sister Ellen has just joined the Peace Corps and will be working on ways to improve the nutritional status of children in Indonesia. Once there, she saw that many of the children and some adults suffer from night blindness. Which of the following foods should she recommend be incorporated into the Indonesian diet to help prevent future generations from developing this condition?
sweet potato
All of the following are behavior modifications for losing weight except
taking smaller portions of food but always eating everything on the plate quickly.
Information that must be lawfully provided on food labels includes all of the following except
the amount recommended for ingestion each day
All of the following organs are required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D except: skin, liver, kidney, intestines
the intestines
All of the following describe the behavior of fat cells except
the number decreases when fat is lost from the body
General characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins include all of the following except
they must be consumed daily.
The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may be treated with supplements of:
thiamin
Proteins, because they attract hydrogen ions, can act as
buffers
Greg says that he usually eats 1 medium carrot every day to ensure that he's consuming enough vitamin A. Today he said he didn't eat any carrots and is worried that there is not enough vitamin A in his system. What would you say to Greg to allay his fear?
"Don't worry; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. It takes a lot longer than one day to develop any adverse effects"
What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people?
0.5-2 lbs/week
How much energy is required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (liter) of water 1° C?
1 kilocalorie
What is the normal pH of stomach juice?
1.5-1.7
What is the AMDR for protein?
10-35%
What is the total kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrates, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, and 5 g of alcohol?
110 g CHO * 4 kcals/g= 440 kcals 25 g Pro * 4 kcals/g = 100 kcals 20 g Fat * 9 kcals/g= 180 kcals 5 g Alcohol * 7 kcals/g= 35 kcals total = 755 kcals The correct answer is: 755
How many micrograms of dietary beta-carotene are equivalent to 1 retinol activity equivalent?
12
As a general rule, what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight?
1200
What is the range of body fat content for healthy/normal-weight men?
13-21%
How many dietary folate equivalents are provided by 100 µg of a folate supplement?
170
Kwashiorkor typically develops in children of ages
18-24 months
The classification of underweight is defined when the BMI first drops below
18.5
Upon beginning a meal, the satiety signal in the body is sent after a lag time of about
20 minutes
What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight women?
23-31%
What is the approximate value for the thermic effect of a 2500-kcalorie diet?
250kcal
A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1400 kcalories, which includes 30 g of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?
30 grams of fat = 270 kcals (30 g * 9 kcals/g) 270 kcals/1400 kcals = 19.3% The correct answer is: 19
According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?
35
A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed
35 inches
There is a high risk of obesity-related health problems when a mans waist circumference begins to exceed
40 inches
According to most dietary guidelines, what percentage of the days total energy intake should be furnished by carbohydrates?
45-65%
What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month?
4lbs
For every decade beyond the age of 30, what is the percentage decrease in the need for total kcalories?
5%
Approximately what minimum percentage of all grains consumed by a person should be whole grains?
50
If a group of people consumed an amount of protein equal to the average requirement for their population group, what percentage would receive insufficient amounts?
50
In a weight reduction regimen, the most realistic time frame for losing 10% of initial body weight is
6 months
Approximately how many carbons are contained in a medium-chain fatty acid?
6-10
Approximately what percentage of the lipids in foods are triglycerides?
95
What is the amino acid pool?
A mix of essential and nonessential amino acids derived from protein breakdown and dietary protein intake
What is a precursor?
A substance that is used to synthesize another compound
What are the "ABCDMV" principles of diet planning?
Adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety
What is a "limiting" amino acid in a protein?
An essential amino acid present in insufficient quantity for body protein synthesis to take place
Among the following compounds that serve as coenzymes in metabolism, which is considered a vitamin for human beings?
Biotin
Which of the following features do vitamins C and E share?
Both function as antioxidants
John is looking to increase his dietary sources of vitamin C. However, he expresses a strong dislike for all citrus fruits. Which of the following shopping lists would you recommend?
Brussels sprouts, broccoli, strawberries
In the process of fat hydrogenation, hydrogen atoms are added to which part of the molecule?
Carbon
What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation?
Chylomicrons
What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?
Chyme
In what capacity does vitamin C function?
Cofactor in collagen formation
Among the following, which contains the highest concentration of vitamin E? Butter, carrots, milk fat, corn oil.
Corn oil
Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin?
Cyanocobalamin
Question text Food labels express the nutrient content in relation to a set of standard values known as the
Daily Values
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis?
Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D
A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following?
Dehydration
Food exchange systems were originally developed for people with
Diabetes
Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty?
Duodenum
Which of the following describes an event in the visual response process?
Light energy strikes the retina and excites pigments to release retinal
What is the first organ to receive carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine?
Liver
What are the precursors for synthesis of the eicosanoids?
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
What is the function of bile?
Emulsifies fats
Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight?
Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight
What primary factor governs the quality of a food protein?
Essential amino acid content
Recommended Dietary Allowances are based on the
Estimated Average Requirement
What type of fiber is readily digested by colonic bacteria?
Fermentable
What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin?
Fibers
A deficiency of which of the following vitamins results in accumulation of homocysteine in the blood?
Folate
Ben is worried that his family history of heart disease and his BMI of 28 are putting him at very high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. What would a clinician advise Ben to help lower his risk?
Lose weight as it can lower both blood cholesterol and blood pressure
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?
Glucagon
All of the following compounds may be synthesized from cholesterol except: bile, glucose, vitamin d, sex hormones.
Glucose
What is the principal reason that appetite is turned off immediately after a person finishes an intense workout?
Glucose and fatty acids are still abundant in the blood
What is the name of the animal polysaccharide composed of glucose units?
Glycogen
A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day would be displaying a food choice most likely based on
Habit
How are the RDA for almost all vitamin and mineral intakes set?
High, to cover virtually all healthy individuals
On which organ or tissue does leptin primarily act?
Hypothalamus
In the scientific method, a tentative solution to a problem is called the
Hypothesis
How is soluble fiber in the diet thought to help lower blood cholesterol level?
It enhances excretion of bile leading to increased cholesterol turnover
Which of the following is a feature of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme?
Its activities in men and women are sex-related and explain the differences in major fat storage regions of the body
The concept of nutrient density is most helpful in achieving what principle of diet planning
Kilocalorie Control
Of the following commonly eaten foods, which makes the greatest contribution to riboflavin intake?
Milk
Providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet-planning principle known as
Moderation
In what organ does the digestion process begin?
Mouth
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?
Muscle and liver
In comparison to the composition of carbohydrates and fats, which element found in proteins makes them unique?
Nitrogen
A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a
Nutrient claim
What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?
Osteomalacia
What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?
Pancreas
What vitamin forms a part of coenzyme A?
Pantothenic acid
Which of the following defines the body's set point?
Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?
Prevents the contents of the small intestine from backing up into the stomach
What is the best approach to weight loss?
Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth?
Riboflavin
The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin?
Riboflavin
Ronnie eats a fairly balanced diet, but wants to include a good source of omega-3 fats. Which of the following should be your recommendation? Eggs, Salmon, Low fat cheeses, lean chicken breast.
Salmon
What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?
Small intestine
Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?
Starch
Among the GI tract organs, which has the strongest muscles?
Stomach
After swallowing, in what order does food pass through the regions of the GI tract?
Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon
What is the chief reason people choose the foods they eat?
Taste
The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are a little hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which of the following foods would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?
Turkey
What defines the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease?
The more risk factors for a disease, the greater the chance of developing that disease
Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers?
They are classified according to solubility in water
Tom was overweight when he was 13. During puberty he continued to gain weight steadily until at age 23, when he decided to lose weight. Tom successfully lost 50 pounds. Which of the following most likely happened to Toms fat cells?
They shrank in size but did not decrease in number
Beriberi results from a deficiency of
Thiamin
Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all of the following mechanisms except
Transmigration
What is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine?
Villi
A graph of the relationship between mortality (left axis) and body mass index is shaped like a(n)
a J
In what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes?
abdomen
What fraction of the days energy expenditure of the average person is represented by his or her basal metabolism?
about 2/3
Not an important function of hydrochloric acid in digestion/absorption would be that it does not
activate pancreatic lipase
Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body's metabolic rate?
amount of lean body tissue
All of the following are contained in an amino acid except; an acid group, an amino group, an aldehyde group, a central carbon atom?
an aldehyde group
Of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency?
antibiotic therapy
The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)
antioxidant
After consuming a very large meal, the desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake is an example of behavior known as
appetite
In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?
blood clotting
An index of a persons weight in relation to height is called
body mass index
What instrument is used to measure the energy content of foods?
bomb calorimeter
All of the following are other names for vitamin D except: a. calciferol. b. calcitonin. c. cholecalciferol. d. dihydroxy vitamin D
calcitonin
The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the
cardiac sphincter
Fraudulent weight reduction literature refers to visually apparent lumpy forms of body fat as
cellulite
The animal version of vitamin D is known as
cholecalciferol
The presence of fat in the intestines stimulates cells of the intestinal wall to release
cholecystokinin (CKK)
Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D?
cholesterol
After a meal, most of the fat that eventually empties into the blood is in the form of particles known as
chylomicrons
Oil that is partially hydrogenated sometimes changes one or more of its double bond configurations from
cis to trans
What is a chief function of the B vitamins?
coenzyme participation
The protein that requires ascorbic acid for its formation is
collagen
What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?
condensation
Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of
double bonds
All of the following are sensible guidelines for diet plans except
eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food.
The process by which bile acts on fat so enzymes can attack the fat is known as
emulsification
All of the following are hormones that promote satiety except
ghrelin
All of the following are features of vitamin K in nutrition except
gut microflora synthesis supplies sufficient amounts to meet the needs of most healthy adults
Jenny is 34 years old and has a BMI of 28. Her body type could be described as "pear-like." John is 55 years old with a BMI of 28, and a body type that is "apple-like." Why is John more likely than Jenny to be at risk for degenerative diseases?
he has central obesity
Jim is a 45 year old who eats fast food at least 3 times a week and smokes a pack of cigarettes each day. He just had a physical examination and was told that his body mass index is 24. In what category would Jims BMI be classified?
healthy weight
A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of
high-density lipoprotiens
The maintenance of the body's constant internal conditions is guided by the principle known as
homeostasis
Of the following foods, which would be the only source of vitamin B12? Pecans, hot dog, cauliflower, whole-grain bread
hot-dog
Riboflavin in its coenzyme form functions in the transfer of
hydrogen atoms
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed
hydrolysis
A diet provides a total of 2200 kcalories, of which 40% of the energy is from fat and 20% from protein. How many grams of carbohydrate are contained in the diet?
if 40% came from fat and 20% came from protein, then 40% came from CHO 2200 kcals * 0.40 = 880 kcals / 4 kcal per g = 220 g The correct answer is: 220
Hyperplastic obesity is related to a(n)
increase in the number of fat cells.
What is the significance of the uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue?
increased loss of body heat
The most common cause for the development of ulcers is
infection from H. pylori
Biotin can be synthesized by
intestinal bacteria
Chylomicrons are synthesized within the
intestinal cells
A "functional fiber" is one that
is extracted from plants and has a beneficial health effect
A subclinical nutrient deficiency is defined as one that
is in the early stages
Television watching contributes to obesity for all of the following reasons except
it replaces time that could be spent eating.
An example of a behavior modification technique for weight control is to
keep a record of your eating habits
Food energy is commonly expressed in kcalories and in
kilojoules
An essential nutrient is one that cannot be
made in sufficient quantities in the body
All of the following are characteristics of the results of weight loss surgery except
medical supervision in the post-surgery period is required only for the first 6-9 months.
Spherical complexes of emulsified fats are known as
micelles
If a dancer and a typist are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be heavier because she has
more muscle mass
Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the
mouth
According to the principles of the USDA Food Guide, the foundation of a healthful diet should consist of
nutrient-dense foods
All of the following are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids except: palm oil fish oils, soybean oil, safflower oil.
palm oil
What digestive enzyme would be most affected in people who are unable to produce hydrochloric acid?
pepsin
The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of
polyunsaturated fatty acids.
overeating and gaining body weight is an example of a
positive correlation
A person with a fasting blood glucose level of 120 mg/dL would be classified as
pre-diabetic
Because obesity apparently has many causes, even in an individual, the best approach seems to be
prevention
Microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as
probiotics
An important function of fat in the body is to
protect vital organs against shock/injury
What is the most satiating macronutrient?
protein
Forms of vitamin B6 include all of the following except; a. pyridoxal. b. pyridoxine. c. pyrimidine. Correct d. pyridoxamine.
pyrimidine
The purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to
raise the pH of chyme
A protein that binds with biotin (thus inhibiting absorption) is found in which food?
raw egg whites
All of the following are characteristic of thiamin nutrition except: a. severe deficiency may lead to edema. b. severe deficiency may occur without edema. c. recommended intakes are stated in "equivalents." Correct d. recommended intakes are based primarily on participation in enzyme activity.
recommended intakes are stated in "equivalents."
All of the following are forms of vitamin A except: a. retinol. b. retinal. c. retinoic acid. d. retinoquinone.
retinoquinone
An example of an important function of the colon would be its absorption of
salts
In what system would the effects of a vitamin D deficiency be most readily observed?
skeletal
All of the following foods contain liberal amounts of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid except; tuna, salmon, human milk, soybean oil.
soybean oil
All of the following are features of using weight measures for the assessment of disease risk except
they reveal the location of excess body fat
An omega-3 fatty acid has its first double bond on the
third carbon from the methyl end
An emotionally insecure person might eat for all of the following reasons except
to satisfy energy needs only
A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a
triglyceride
Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?
vegetable oils
Among the following water-soluble vitamins, a secondary deficiency would most likely be seen for
vitamin B12
A similar type of anemia is produced when there is a deficiency of either
vitamin B12 or folate
A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin
vitamin D
A person who shuns dairy and spends most of her time indoors would likely benefit from a supplement of
vitamin D
Increasing the amount of polyunsaturated fats in the diet increases the need for vitamin
vitamin E
Among the following groups, which has the highest metabolic rate?
younger individuals
