Nutrition 112: All Online Tests

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What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

Protects stomach cells from gastric juices

If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?

Protein synthesis will be limited

Which of the following represents an indirect measure of the amount of energy released from food?

Quantity of oxygen consumed when the food is burned

In what organ is pepsin active?

Stomach

What is one function of the gallbladder?

Stores bile

Pernicious anemia results from a combination of lack of intrinsic factor and

lack of hydrochloric acid.

What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis?

female athlete triad

Which of the following does not decrease the metabolic rate?

fever

All of the following are sources of dietary carbohydrates except: fish, milk, fruits, and legumes.

fish

Fiber levels are similar to those in the whole grains in not a feature of nutrient enrichment of what food?

flours

What is the primary function of insulin?

Lowers blood glucose levels

Which of the following nutrients does not yield energy during its metabolism?

Vitamins

What serves as the body's chief storage site for lipids?

White adipose tissue

Keratinization is the result of

deficiency of vitamin A

The body's amino acid pool consists of

both essential and nonessential amino acids

Bile is known to assist in the absorption of

fat only

Your sister Ellen has just joined the Peace Corps and will be working on ways to improve the nutritional status of children in Indonesia. Once there, she saw that many of the children and some adults suffer from night blindness. Which of the following foods should she recommend be incorporated into the Indonesian diet to help prevent future generations from developing this condition?

sweet potato

All of the following are behavior modifications for losing weight except

taking smaller portions of food but always eating everything on the plate quickly.

Information that must be lawfully provided on food labels includes all of the following except

the amount recommended for ingestion each day

All of the following organs are required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D except: skin, liver, kidney, intestines

the intestines

All of the following describe the behavior of fat cells except

the number decreases when fat is lost from the body

General characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins include all of the following except

they must be consumed daily.

The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may be treated with supplements of:

thiamin

Proteins, because they attract hydrogen ions, can act as

buffers

Greg says that he usually eats 1 medium carrot every day to ensure that he's consuming enough vitamin A. Today he said he didn't eat any carrots and is worried that there is not enough vitamin A in his system. What would you say to Greg to allay his fear?

"Don't worry; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. It takes a lot longer than one day to develop any adverse effects"

What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people?

0.5-2 lbs/week

How much energy is required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (liter) of water 1° C?

1 kilocalorie

What is the normal pH of stomach juice?

1.5-1.7

What is the AMDR for protein?

10-35%

What is the total kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrates, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, and 5 g of alcohol?

110 g CHO * 4 kcals/g= 440 kcals 25 g Pro * 4 kcals/g = 100 kcals 20 g Fat * 9 kcals/g= 180 kcals 5 g Alcohol * 7 kcals/g= 35 kcals total = 755 kcals The correct answer is: 755

How many micrograms of dietary beta-carotene are equivalent to 1 retinol activity equivalent?

12

As a general rule, what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight?

1200

What is the range of body fat content for healthy/normal-weight men?

13-21%

How many dietary folate equivalents are provided by 100 µg of a folate supplement?

170

Kwashiorkor typically develops in children of ages

18-24 months

The classification of underweight is defined when the BMI first drops below

18.5

Upon beginning a meal, the satiety signal in the body is sent after a lag time of about

20 minutes

What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight women?

23-31%

What is the approximate value for the thermic effect of a 2500-kcalorie diet?

250kcal

A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1400 kcalories, which includes 30 g of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?

30 grams of fat = 270 kcals (30 g * 9 kcals/g) 270 kcals/1400 kcals = 19.3% The correct answer is: 19

According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?

35

A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed

35 inches

There is a high risk of obesity-related health problems when a mans waist circumference begins to exceed

40 inches

According to most dietary guidelines, what percentage of the days total energy intake should be furnished by carbohydrates?

45-65%

What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month?

4lbs

For every decade beyond the age of 30, what is the percentage decrease in the need for total kcalories?

5%

Approximately what minimum percentage of all grains consumed by a person should be whole grains?

50

If a group of people consumed an amount of protein equal to the average requirement for their population group, what percentage would receive insufficient amounts?

50

In a weight reduction regimen, the most realistic time frame for losing 10% of initial body weight is

6 months

Approximately how many carbons are contained in a medium-chain fatty acid?

6-10

Approximately what percentage of the lipids in foods are triglycerides?

95

What is the amino acid pool?

A mix of essential and nonessential amino acids derived from protein breakdown and dietary protein intake

What is a precursor?

A substance that is used to synthesize another compound

What are the "ABCDMV" principles of diet planning?

Adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety

What is a "limiting" amino acid in a protein?

An essential amino acid present in insufficient quantity for body protein synthesis to take place

Among the following compounds that serve as coenzymes in metabolism, which is considered a vitamin for human beings?

Biotin

Which of the following features do vitamins C and E share?

Both function as antioxidants

John is looking to increase his dietary sources of vitamin C. However, he expresses a strong dislike for all citrus fruits. Which of the following shopping lists would you recommend?

Brussels sprouts, broccoli, strawberries

In the process of fat hydrogenation, hydrogen atoms are added to which part of the molecule?

Carbon

What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation?

Chylomicrons

What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?

Chyme

In what capacity does vitamin C function?

Cofactor in collagen formation

Among the following, which contains the highest concentration of vitamin E? Butter, carrots, milk fat, corn oil.

Corn oil

Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin?

Cyanocobalamin

Question text Food labels express the nutrient content in relation to a set of standard values known as the

Daily Values

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis?

Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D

A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following?

Dehydration

Food exchange systems were originally developed for people with

Diabetes

Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty?

Duodenum

Which of the following describes an event in the visual response process?

Light energy strikes the retina and excites pigments to release retinal

What is the first organ to receive carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine?

Liver

What are the precursors for synthesis of the eicosanoids?

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

What is the function of bile?

Emulsifies fats

Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight?

Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight

What primary factor governs the quality of a food protein?

Essential amino acid content

Recommended Dietary Allowances are based on the

Estimated Average Requirement

What type of fiber is readily digested by colonic bacteria?

Fermentable

What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin?

Fibers

A deficiency of which of the following vitamins results in accumulation of homocysteine in the blood?

Folate

Ben is worried that his family history of heart disease and his BMI of 28 are putting him at very high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. What would a clinician advise Ben to help lower his risk?

Lose weight as it can lower both blood cholesterol and blood pressure

When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?

Glucagon

All of the following compounds may be synthesized from cholesterol except: bile, glucose, vitamin d, sex hormones.

Glucose

What is the principal reason that appetite is turned off immediately after a person finishes an intense workout?

Glucose and fatty acids are still abundant in the blood

What is the name of the animal polysaccharide composed of glucose units?

Glycogen

A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day would be displaying a food choice most likely based on

Habit

How are the RDA for almost all vitamin and mineral intakes set?

High, to cover virtually all healthy individuals

On which organ or tissue does leptin primarily act?

Hypothalamus

In the scientific method, a tentative solution to a problem is called the

Hypothesis

How is soluble fiber in the diet thought to help lower blood cholesterol level?

It enhances excretion of bile leading to increased cholesterol turnover

Which of the following is a feature of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme?

Its activities in men and women are sex-related and explain the differences in major fat storage regions of the body

The concept of nutrient density is most helpful in achieving what principle of diet planning

Kilocalorie Control

Of the following commonly eaten foods, which makes the greatest contribution to riboflavin intake?

Milk

Providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet-planning principle known as

Moderation

In what organ does the digestion process begin?

Mouth

Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?

Muscle and liver

In comparison to the composition of carbohydrates and fats, which element found in proteins makes them unique?

Nitrogen

A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a

Nutrient claim

What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?

Osteomalacia

What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?

Pancreas

What vitamin forms a part of coenzyme A?

Pantothenic acid

Which of the following defines the body's set point?

Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight

What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?

Prevents the contents of the small intestine from backing up into the stomach

What is the best approach to weight loss?

Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure

A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth?

Riboflavin

The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin?

Riboflavin

Ronnie eats a fairly balanced diet, but wants to include a good source of omega-3 fats. Which of the following should be your recommendation? Eggs, Salmon, Low fat cheeses, lean chicken breast.

Salmon

What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?

Small intestine

Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?

Starch

Among the GI tract organs, which has the strongest muscles?

Stomach

After swallowing, in what order does food pass through the regions of the GI tract?

Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon

What is the chief reason people choose the foods they eat?

Taste

The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are a little hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which of the following foods would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?

Turkey

What defines the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease?

The more risk factors for a disease, the greater the chance of developing that disease

Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers?

They are classified according to solubility in water

Tom was overweight when he was 13. During puberty he continued to gain weight steadily until at age 23, when he decided to lose weight. Tom successfully lost 50 pounds. Which of the following most likely happened to Toms fat cells?

They shrank in size but did not decrease in number

Beriberi results from a deficiency of

Thiamin

Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all of the following mechanisms except

Transmigration

What is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine?

Villi

A graph of the relationship between mortality (left axis) and body mass index is shaped like a(n)

a J

In what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes?

abdomen

What fraction of the days energy expenditure of the average person is represented by his or her basal metabolism?

about 2/3

Not an important function of hydrochloric acid in digestion/absorption would be that it does not

activate pancreatic lipase

Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body's metabolic rate?

amount of lean body tissue

All of the following are contained in an amino acid except; an acid group, an amino group, an aldehyde group, a central carbon atom?

an aldehyde group

Of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency?

antibiotic therapy

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)

antioxidant

After consuming a very large meal, the desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake is an example of behavior known as

appetite

In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?

blood clotting

An index of a persons weight in relation to height is called

body mass index

What instrument is used to measure the energy content of foods?

bomb calorimeter

All of the following are other names for vitamin D except: a. calciferol. b. calcitonin. c. cholecalciferol. d. dihydroxy vitamin D

calcitonin

The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the

cardiac sphincter

Fraudulent weight reduction literature refers to visually apparent lumpy forms of body fat as

cellulite

The animal version of vitamin D is known as

cholecalciferol

The presence of fat in the intestines stimulates cells of the intestinal wall to release

cholecystokinin (CKK)

Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D?

cholesterol

After a meal, most of the fat that eventually empties into the blood is in the form of particles known as

chylomicrons

Oil that is partially hydrogenated sometimes changes one or more of its double bond configurations from

cis to trans

What is a chief function of the B vitamins?

coenzyme participation

The protein that requires ascorbic acid for its formation is

collagen

What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?

condensation

Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of

double bonds

All of the following are sensible guidelines for diet plans except

eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food.

The process by which bile acts on fat so enzymes can attack the fat is known as

emulsification

All of the following are hormones that promote satiety except

ghrelin

All of the following are features of vitamin K in nutrition except

gut microflora synthesis supplies sufficient amounts to meet the needs of most healthy adults

Jenny is 34 years old and has a BMI of 28. Her body type could be described as "pear-like." John is 55 years old with a BMI of 28, and a body type that is "apple-like." Why is John more likely than Jenny to be at risk for degenerative diseases?

he has central obesity

Jim is a 45 year old who eats fast food at least 3 times a week and smokes a pack of cigarettes each day. He just had a physical examination and was told that his body mass index is 24. In what category would Jims BMI be classified?

healthy weight

A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of

high-density lipoprotiens

The maintenance of the body's constant internal conditions is guided by the principle known as

homeostasis

Of the following foods, which would be the only source of vitamin B12? Pecans, hot dog, cauliflower, whole-grain bread

hot-dog

Riboflavin in its coenzyme form functions in the transfer of

hydrogen atoms

The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed

hydrolysis

A diet provides a total of 2200 kcalories, of which 40% of the energy is from fat and 20% from protein. How many grams of carbohydrate are contained in the diet?

if 40% came from fat and 20% came from protein, then 40% came from CHO 2200 kcals * 0.40 = 880 kcals / 4 kcal per g = 220 g The correct answer is: 220

Hyperplastic obesity is related to a(n)

increase in the number of fat cells.

What is the significance of the uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue?

increased loss of body heat

The most common cause for the development of ulcers is

infection from H. pylori

Biotin can be synthesized by

intestinal bacteria

Chylomicrons are synthesized within the

intestinal cells

A "functional fiber" is one that

is extracted from plants and has a beneficial health effect

A subclinical nutrient deficiency is defined as one that

is in the early stages

Television watching contributes to obesity for all of the following reasons except

it replaces time that could be spent eating.

An example of a behavior modification technique for weight control is to

keep a record of your eating habits

Food energy is commonly expressed in kcalories and in

kilojoules

An essential nutrient is one that cannot be

made in sufficient quantities in the body

All of the following are characteristics of the results of weight loss surgery except

medical supervision in the post-surgery period is required only for the first 6-9 months.

Spherical complexes of emulsified fats are known as

micelles

If a dancer and a typist are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be heavier because she has

more muscle mass

Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the

mouth

According to the principles of the USDA Food Guide, the foundation of a healthful diet should consist of

nutrient-dense foods

All of the following are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids except: palm oil fish oils, soybean oil, safflower oil.

palm oil

What digestive enzyme would be most affected in people who are unable to produce hydrochloric acid?

pepsin

The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of

polyunsaturated fatty acids.

overeating and gaining body weight is an example of a

positive correlation

A person with a fasting blood glucose level of 120 mg/dL would be classified as

pre-diabetic

Because obesity apparently has many causes, even in an individual, the best approach seems to be

prevention

Microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as

probiotics

An important function of fat in the body is to

protect vital organs against shock/injury

What is the most satiating macronutrient?

protein

Forms of vitamin B6 include all of the following except; a. pyridoxal. b. pyridoxine. c. pyrimidine. Correct d. pyridoxamine.

pyrimidine

The purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to

raise the pH of chyme

A protein that binds with biotin (thus inhibiting absorption) is found in which food?

raw egg whites

All of the following are characteristic of thiamin nutrition except: a. severe deficiency may lead to edema. b. severe deficiency may occur without edema. c. recommended intakes are stated in "equivalents." Correct d. recommended intakes are based primarily on participation in enzyme activity.

recommended intakes are stated in "equivalents."

All of the following are forms of vitamin A except: a. retinol. b. retinal. c. retinoic acid. d. retinoquinone.

retinoquinone

An example of an important function of the colon would be its absorption of

salts

In what system would the effects of a vitamin D deficiency be most readily observed?

skeletal

All of the following foods contain liberal amounts of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid except; tuna, salmon, human milk, soybean oil.

soybean oil

All of the following are features of using weight measures for the assessment of disease risk except

they reveal the location of excess body fat

An omega-3 fatty acid has its first double bond on the

third carbon from the methyl end

An emotionally insecure person might eat for all of the following reasons except

to satisfy energy needs only

A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a

triglyceride

Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?

vegetable oils

Among the following water-soluble vitamins, a secondary deficiency would most likely be seen for

vitamin B12

A similar type of anemia is produced when there is a deficiency of either

vitamin B12 or folate

A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin

vitamin D

A person who shuns dairy and spends most of her time indoors would likely benefit from a supplement of

vitamin D

Increasing the amount of polyunsaturated fats in the diet increases the need for vitamin

vitamin E

Among the following groups, which has the highest metabolic rate?

younger individuals


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