Nutrition 1322 Chapter 1 & 2 LS + Powerpoint
The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said,
"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven."
Metric Basics 1 inch = 1 oz = 1 lb = 2.2 lbs =
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 oz = 28 grams (28.375) 1 lb = 454 grams 2.2 lbs = 1 kg
Registered Dietitians have done the following:
1. Completed an ACEND accredited baccalaureate degree program. 2. Completed a supervised practice program or dietetic internship 3.Pass the national registration examination
When searching nutrition information on the internet look for: (3)
1. Multiple sites that use .gov or .org 2. Sites that are managed by qualified health professionals 3. Look for HONcode symbol
Is a phytochemical a nutrient? Are they produced in humans?
1. yes 2. no. They are produced by plants, but can be beneficial to humans.
A serving of food supplies 99 kcal from fat. Based on this information, how many grams of fat are in the serving?
11
A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 ml water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies _____ kcal.
117
Elisa weighs 62 kg, which is approximately _____ pounds.
136
Erika is making a recipe from foods that contain the following nutrients: 120 ml of water, 50 g of fat, 40 g of protein, 500 mg of vitamin C, 235 g of carbohydrate, and 600 mg of calcium. Approximately how many kilocalories does the entire product of this recipe provide?
1550
A serving of food supplies 15g carbohydrate, 15g protein, 400ml water, 25mg vitamin C, and 4g fat. According to this information, how many kilocalories are in a serving of this food?
156
Archie weighs 72 kg, which is approximately ____ pounds.
158
A teaspoon of sugar supplies about 16 kilocalories, which is the same as _____ calories.
16,000
Jerry's height is 70 inches. What is his approximate height in centimeters?
178
Maria limits her sodium intake to 2.3 g/day. This amount is equivalent to...(milligrams equivalent?)
2300 mg/day
A serving of food supplies 100 kcal from protein. Based on this information, how many grams of protein are in the serving?
25
Jorge weighs 198 pounds. What is his weight in kilograms?
90
A deficiency disease is caused by?
A nutrient being missed in a diet
What does DSHEA define a dietary supplement as?
A product that contains a vitamin,mineral or herb or other plant product, amino acid, or dietary substance that supplements the diet b increasing intake.
What is a correlation?
A relationship between two variable.
Why should we eat a variety of foods?
A variety of foods ensure nutritional adequacy in a diet.
____________ _________________ _______________ practices includes a variety of practices and products that are not accepted by the majority of physicians.
Alternative Health Care
Integrative Medicine includes: (2)
Alternative Medicine and Conventional Medical Care
Kilocalorie = _____ = 1000 calories
Calorie
What is the third leading cause of death in the US?
Cancer
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, today's Americans eat more ______ then in 1970
Cheese
Since the 1970s Americans have increased their intake of __,___,___.
Cheese, Chicken, and Grains. Also total calories, and added sugars.
Which of the following groups of Americans is most at risk of undernutrition? Chronic Alcoholics Athletes Chefs
Chronic alcoholics
Which of the following practices is an example of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?
Consuming St. John's wort to improve mood
In 1994, Congress passed the (DSHEA/FDA) , a law that classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals as foods, thereby limiting FDA's ability to regulate dietary supplements.
DSHEA
A person's usual pattern of food choices is?
Diet
(DO NOT) The participants nor the researchers know which subjects know are of the participants assignment (control group or treatment group). This is called:
Double Blind Study
Carbohydrates are a source of ____ for cells.
Energy
Scientists would like to conduct a study to identify lifestyle factors that are associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income American children. Which of the following research designs would be the best for the researchers to use when designing their study?
Epidemiological
_______________________ studies cannot establish cause and effect.
Epidemiological
The ____ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications.
FDA
Are dietary supplements regulated by the FDA?
FDA regulates labels and claims allowed on them. They BYPASS strict regulations imposed on medications.
T or F: According to scientific research, most dietary supplements provide considerable health benefits.
False
T or F: Ads that rely on testimonials and anecdotes are reliable.
False
A serving of food supplies 25 g carbohydrate, 15 g fat, 18 g protein, and 100 g water. Which of the following statements is true about a serving of the food?
Fat provides the most food energy.
A essential nutrient must be supplied by_______?
Food
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals?
Grapes
A nutrition researcher adds 30 mg of the mineral iron to the daily diet of 50 4-week-old laboratory mice. After ten weeks, the scientist takes blood samples from each mouse. According to his findings, the mice developed abnormal levels of certain enzymes in their red blood cells. Based on this information and your knowledge of scientific research, what would you tell him?
He should consider his findings as an observation and redesign the study to include a control group.
What is the second leading cause of death in the US?
Heart Disease
Which of the following conditions or diseases is a leading diet-related cause of death in the United States?
Heart Disease
Remember: Goals of Health People 2030:
Improve health by promoting healthy eating, and making nutritious foods available.
Which of the following statements is true?
In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.
A prospective cohort means
It follows participants into the future
Retrospective Cohort means
It looks at the past of the participants . Past exposures and identify current health conditions.
KHDUDCMM
King (Kilo - 1000) Hector (Hecta- 100) Doesnt (Deci - 10) Usually - (Base Unit- 1 ) Doesnt (Deca - .1) Chocolate ( Centi -.01) Milk ( Mili - .001) Mondays ( Micro - .000001)
What three essential nutrients provide energy?
Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins
Volume is measured in __.
Liters
What is the function of water as an essential nutrient?
Maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of body temperature, transport and elimination of substances. Water is a participant in various relations.
Basic steps of experimental epidemiological research
Make observations, develop a hypothesis, design the study and perform tests, analyze data and draw conclusions, and last step is share results with peers.
Length is measured in ______.
Meters
Can epidemiological studies prove cause and effect?
No. They can show relationships.
Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient dense?
Peanut butter or nuts
What are some risk factors for chronic disease?
Poor dietary practices, lack of physical activity, drug use, genetics, environmental conditions, and psychological factors.
When two variables change in the same direction this is called a ____ correlation.
Positive
A group of scientists conducts a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that influence the development of obesity. Which of the following activities is not likely to be a component of their research efforts?
Posting findings at the main researcher's Internet web site
When a group of 6-year-old children increase their physical activity level to 60 minutes a day, the children's muscle mass increases. This is an example of a _____ correlation?
Postive correlation
Red Flags for misinformation include:
Promises of quick and easy remedies, claims that sound too good to be true,scare tactics, personal attacks on registered dieticians or scientists, statements about superiority of certain dietary supplements, relying on testimonials or anecdotes, vague or meaningless terms, based on a single study, small and hard to read disclaimers.
The 3 Macronutrients are?
Protein, Fats, and Carbohydrates
promoting useless medical treatments is called
Quackery
An experiment where subjects are randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group is caled:
RCT: Randomized Control Trial
RD/RN/RDN is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition advice.
RD
A popular women's magazine has an article about the health benefits of consuming calcium-rich foods. If the article's author has the credentials _____ after his or her name, the article is likely to be a reliable source of nutrition information.
RDN
__________________ assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that member of treatment and control group have similar characteristics.
Random
What are the functions of VITAMINS?
Regulation of body processes and maintenance
What are the function of MINERALS?
Regulation of body processes, structural and functional components; maintenance
Which of the following conditions or diseases is a leading diet-related cause of death in the United States?
Stroke
Researchers at a major American university plan a 10-year scientific study to investigate lifestyle factors that contribute to heart disease. Which of the following activities is likely to be a component of their research efforts?
Submitting an article describing the study to a peer-reviewed journal
_____ includes farming techniques that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment.
Sustainable agriculture
What was the impact of DSHEA? (Dietary Supplement Health and Education ACT of 1994)
The act made it possible to classify nutrient supplements and certain herbal products as foods instead of drugs.
Having a control group enables researchers to
compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group.
A valid experiment requires both a treatment and
control group
When a relationship between two variables is measured, a __________________ can be established.
correlation
When two variables have a relationship, they are said to be in _______________ with each other, but you cannot say there is a cause-and-effect relationship.
correlation
Hannah is in her 5th month of pregnancy. Her diet is poor because she rarely pays attention to her food choices, and she eats a limited variety of foods that she likes. Hannah was described as "undernourished" by her physician. Based on this information, Hannah is likely to
deliver a baby who has breathing difficulties.
Which of the following conditions or diseases is a leading diet-related cause of death in the United States?
diabetes
Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information? .com .org .gov
dietsnomore4u.com
Sam wants to estimate the grams of carbohydrate in a sugar-sweetened soft drink that supplies 100 kcal. The soft drink contains no fiber, protein, fat, and alcohol. To obtain this value, he should
divide the number of kcal by 4.
A scientist discovers a chemical compound in certain rocks that she calls "stonia." She cannot market extracts that contain stonia as a dietary supplement, because it
does not contain dietary ingredients.
Impoverished children who live in developing countries have a high risk of dying from
drinking polluted water.
A (supplement/drug) may be natural or man-made, is a substance that alters the body functions and may have beneficial as well as harmful effects.
drug
A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children. Based on this information, the researchers should design a (an) _____ study.
epidemiological
Scientists in a Central American country are studying factors that may be associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income children. The children live in a region of the nation that has high levels of lead in drinking water. This study is an example of a(an) ____ study.
epidemiological
Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different population groups are conducting a(n) ____ study.
epidemiological
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems is called
epidemiology
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called an
experiment
In order to test hypotheses, research scientist conduct
experiments
T or F : Generally, epidemiological studies can determine cause and effect relationships.
false they CANNOT
Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving?
fat-free milk
describes individuals or families concerned about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food
food insecurity
Weight is measured in ___.
grams
Define Control Group
group being studied that does not receive a treatment
Experiments using whole living organisms are classified a
in vivo experiments
Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as _____ whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as _______.
in vivo; in vitro
The design of case-control studies consist of
individuals with a disease are matched to a person with similar characteristics who do not have the disease and factors are identified that may be responsible for the disease.
Which of the following nutrients is a micronutrient?
iron
Variable
is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.
Much of information about nutrition, especially in magazines, on the internet, or on television (is/is not) evidence-based, or is not supported by scientific evidence.
is not
A control group is important because
it enables scientist to control the influence of other variables in the study and it allows scientist to determine if a treatment had an effect.
The energy value of a raw peach is reported as a number of
kilocalories
A group of registered dietitians is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on school-age children's behavior. At first, the researchers will
make observations.
What kind of diet is used to meet the needs of people with chronic illness?
medical nutrition therapies
An essential nutrient must be ____.
must be supplied by the diet.
When a group of older adults increases their intake of high-fiber foods, the percentage of people in the group who develop intestinal cancer decreases. This is an example of a ______ correlation.
negative
When two variables move in opposite directions this is called a _____ correlation.
negative
Can one food supply all nutrients?
no
Do mineral supply energy?
no
Do vitamins supply energy?
no
T or F : Malnutrition only includes OVERnutrtion
no it includes overnutrition and undernutrition
Consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health-related claims because
nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources, the FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation and promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers.
Some foods that are nutrient dense and energy dense are
nuts and nut butters
When researchers found new evidence for better nutrition practices and expanded principles of nutrition,
old beliefs and practice about nutrition are discarded.
When a study is complete, investigators that were not part of the study will be recruited to critically analyze the study is called
peer review
Epidemiologists often rely on ______________ __________________ and ______________ of people to obtain health data.
physical examinations; surveys
The amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function is the psychological dose or the physiological dose?
physiological dose
Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of zinc supplements on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain zinc to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain zinc or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain zinc are
placebos
Cohort studies can be retrospective or
prospective
Which of the following nutrients is a source of energy? Proteins Minerals Vitamins Water
protein
Key beneficial nutrients are: 4PF-ACE-MGKCAFE
protein, fiber, vitamins (ACE) and minerals ( calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium) (MGKCAFE) - 4PF-ACE-MGKCAFE
A magazine article about weight loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty information is an example of
pseudoscience.
Using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of
quackery
Control group should be assembled
randomly
Control group
receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.
Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice, which include
recommendations that promise a quick fix, claims that sound too good to be true and recommendations based on a single study
The prefix phyto means?
relating to plants
Define Acedote
reports of personal experiences
A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a ____ study.
retrospective
A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a(n) _____ study.
retrospective
During a television interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement. "Most Americans suffer from nutritional deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n)
scare tactic.
The use of dietary supplements (should/should not) be shared with your doctor.
should
The reachers know which subjects are in the treatment or control group. This is called:
single blind study
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
stroke
Dietitians often refer to _____ as "empty-calorie" foods.
sugar-sweetened soft drinks
A personal endorsement of a product is called a
testimonial
Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing the herbal supplement hoodia for weight loss. Her endorsement is an example of a(n)
testimonial
The RDN credential indicates that
the person has completed rigorous classroom work and clinical training in nutrition.
Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a dietary supplement on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he is in the experimental group, because he is certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he did not receive the dietary supplement. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake—he is certain his muscle mass increased while he took the supplement. According to this information, Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of
the placebo effect.
Epidemiological use data from NHANES
to determine national standards of height, weight, and blood pressure, risk factors for major diseases and prevalence of major diseases.
In 2010, Americans ate more ____ than in 1970.
total calories
T or F: A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings.
true
T or F: Nutrient deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients.
true
Nutrition misinformation promotes
useless medical treatments
For the results of an experiment to be accepted by the medical community, a study design must control for ______________ that are not being testes. This is done with a control group.
variables
Within an experiment design, a person's age, weight, or environment are all examples of
variables
What substance does not provide any energy for the human body?
water, vitamins, and minerals
In VIVO experiments are conducted on :
whole living live organisms, not test tubes.
are RDNs and RD reliables sources of information?
yes
Herbal supplements (can/can not) interact with and influence other medications
can
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, today's Americans eat more ______ then in 1970
cheese
Which of the following factors has a major influence over a person's food choices?
close friends
A medical researcher reads an article in "Today's Health-Conscious Woman" magazine about the benefits of using the phytochemical capsaicin to treat knee pain. She asks 10 people with arthritic knees to rub a cream that contains the phytochemical on their knee joints for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, the researcher asks the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. After collecting responses from the people, the researcher reports the results of her study during a popular TV show that is hosted by a doctor. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?
The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups.
According to the U.S. food and drug administration, which of the following substances cannot be classified as a dietary supplement?
Tobacco
T or F :Nutrients are life-sustaining substances in food.
True
T or F: Dietary supplements may interact negatively with other substances a person takes.
True
T or F: Food contains nutrients
True
T or F: Most foods are mixtures of nutrients.
True
T or F: The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation.
True
What types of foods provide empty nutrients?
Unhealthy solid fats, added sugars, and alcohols
Which of the following federally subsidized food programs is designed to improve the nutritional status specifically of low-income pregnant and breastfeeding women and their preschool children in the United States?
WIC
Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?
Women who smoke 5 or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy.
To compare results between two study groups, to determine whether a treatment had an effect
a control group is necessary.
What is a nutrient dense food?
a food that contains more key beneficial nutrients compared to it total calories.
Define variable
a personal characteristic or other factor that changes and can influence the outcome
A famous football player appears in a advertisement for a new sports drink and he endorses the use of this drink to enhance performance. This is called
a testimonial
In 2010, Americans ate more ____ than in 1970.
added fat
In 2010, Americans ate more ____ than in 1970.
added sugars
A DSHEA of 1994 defines a supplement as a product that
adds to person's dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients.
When Oprah goes on television saying that she lost 50 pounds following a special diet and exercise regime, this is considered _________ 1. and is not reliable scientific information.
anecdotal
Dylan takes garlic pills to lower his blood cholesterol level, and he recommends the pills to his friends, because he thinks the supplement is helpful. Dylan's nutrition-related advice to his friends is an example of a(an)
anecdote
Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an
anecdote
A substance that can protect a person's cells from being damaged or destroyed by certain harmful factors is a (an)
antioxidant
A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide (non-biased/biased) information.
biased
A person's _____ is not a major influence for his or her food selection practices.
blood type
Which of the following substances is a phytochemical?
caffeine
