Nutrition 4.3

Lino recently saw a "high-potency" mineral supplement being advertised on a late-night infomercial. He compared the amount of minerals in the supplement with the percent Daily Values recommended for minerals and determined that the supplement contained megadoses of minerals. Why can taking megadoses of individual mineral supplements be potentially harmful? A. Taking megadoses of individual mineral supplements can greatly diminish the absorption and metabolism of other minerals. B. Taking megadoses of individual mineral supplements can increase blood pressure, increasing risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. C. Taking megadoses of individual mineral supplements supplies unneeded extra calories in the body that can contribute to weight gain and associated chronic disease risks. D. There is nothing harmful about taking megadoses of individual mineral supplements: minerals are water soluble so they are excreted from the body in urine if consumed in excess.

A

What happens when the red blood cell shrinks Choose one: A. Hypertonic solution B. Isotonic solution C. Hypotonic solution

A

Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body fluid? A. intracellular compartment B. extracellular compartment C. Both compartments contain the same amount of water

A

The body loses water in a variety of ways. Put the water output mechanisms in order from greatest contribution to fluid loss to least contribution to fluid loss per day. A. Urine production B. Lung respiration C. Feces D. Skin losses

A D B C

Classify the factors as being associated with increasing blood pressure A. High-sodium diets B. Magnesium C. Calcium D. Low-potassium diets E. Fiber F. Obesity

A D F

In the U.S., dietary intakes of the major minerals ______ and _______ often fall short of recommendations. A. sodium; phosphorus B. calcium; phosphorus C. sodium; potassium D. potassium; calcium

D

Lino has lactose intolerance. He has been researching non-dairy sources of calcium and learns that dark green leafy greens do contain calcium, but in some types of greens, the calcium is not absorbed because of the presence of oxalic acid. Of the following types of greens, which one will have the least amount of bioavailable calcium? A. Turnip greens B. Kale C. Collard greens D. Spinach

D

Measuring blood calcium levels is not an accurate indicator of total body calcium because A. calcium in the blood reflects only the most recent dietary intake of calcium. B. there are no reliable tests for measuring blood calcium. C. blood calcium levels vary according to the intake of other positive ions (e.g., sodium, potassium, and magnesium). D. blood calcium levels are strictly controlled by hormones and do not reflect total body stores.

D

Parathyroid hormone elevates blood calcium levels by A. increasing the synthesis of 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D. B. reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys. C. increasing bone resorption by osteoclast activity. D. All of the choices are accurate.

D

Most of our dietary chloride comes from A. fresh fruits B. vegetables C. meat D. seed oils E. table salt

E

Some North Americans are called "sodium sensitive." For these people, high sodium intake contributes to A. stomach cancer B. hypertension C. GI upsets D. serious fluid imbalances

B

The major cation in the intracellular fluid is ________, whereas the major anion in the extracellular fluid is ________. A. sodium; phosphate B. potassium; chloride C. sodium; chloride D. potassium; phosphate

B

The richest dietary sources of magnesium are A. animal products, e.g., beef and milk. B. plant products, e.g., green vegetables, beans, whole grains. C. fats and oils. D. bottled waters.

B

What happens when the red blood cell is at equilibrium. Choose one: A. Hypertonic solution B. Isotonic solution C. Hypotonic solution

B

Classify the factors as being associated with low blood pressure A. High-sodium diets B. Magnesium C. Calcium D. Low-potassium diets E. Fiber F. Obesity

B C E

Choosing a diet low in sodium means knowing which foods are high in sodium and which foods are low in sodium. Match the foods on the left with their high or low sodium classification. -START WITH HIGH SODIUM (3) -THEN LOW SODIUM (3) A. Asparagus B. Canned soup C. Brown rice D. Pears E. Cheese F. Deli meat

B E F A C D

When the body registers a shortage of available water, it increases fluid conservation in two ways. Put the resulting actions of fluid conservation in order as they occur after the body registers reduced fluid availability.

Body senses water deficiency.Pituitary gland releases ADH.Adrenal glands release aldosterone, which withholds Na and water in kidneys from being excreted.Both these processes reduce urine output.

Aldosterone... A. is a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion. B. is minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity. C. is an adrenal hormone that increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney. D. is a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells. E. is an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure.

C

Drinking too much water can result in dilution of sodium in the blood, a condition known as _________. A. Hypernatremia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hyponatremia D. ADH syndrome

C

Individuals advised to consume calcium supplements should consume A. about 2,000 mg in a single dose each day. B. only calcium citrate as other calcium salts are poorly absorbed. C. an amount of no more than 500 mg with or just after a meal. D. the calcium supplement at the same time as other mineral supplements.

C

What happens when the red blood cell swells and bursts Choose one: A. Hypertonic solution B. Isotonic solution C. Hypotonic solution

C

Which of the following groups would be most at risk for potassium deficiency? A. infants and young children B. pregnant women C. patients taking diuretics D. breastfeeding mothers

C

T or F: An individual who consumes one cup of coffee in the morning should drink an additional 2 cups of fluid to compensate for caffeine-induced fluid loss.

F