Philosophy 1301 Final- introduction/overview, history, Descartes, Plato, Republic, Intro to Logic, Basic Analysis, Rousseau, Origin of Inequality, Social Contract, Philosophical Writing, Wollstonecraft, Rights of Woman

Formal Truth

Validity and soundness

Explain the Allegory of the cave

What you think you see is your reality even if it is false or only a small piece of what is really real

Philosophy

"Love of Wisdom"

Strawman

"attack the arguement"

Ad Hominem

"to the man", attack the person

Logic literal definition

"valid reasoning"

Nietzsche

* Friedrich (Wilhelm) Nietzsche * October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900 19th Century Philosopher * (German) * Literary Figure * Philology= study of words * Social Criticism * Fiery Personality * Illnesses Ideas The Will to Power The Death of God Ubermensch Works Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883) Beyond Good and Evil (1886) On the Genealogy of Morality (1887)

The Genealogy of Morals

Master Morality- positive value system Slave Morality- negative value system Ressentiment- a reaction

Medieval Times

1000AD-1500AD

Renaissance Time Period

1500AD-1700AD

Early Modern Time Period

1600's-1800's

Modern time period

1900's-present

Ancient time

600 BC-1000AD

What is the Noble Lie?

A lie told for the good of the people

Arguments and proofs

An argument consists of assumptions (premises) and a conclusion.

Plato

Ancient time period, platonic love, mathematician, student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, founded the Academy in Athens, laid the foundations of western philosophy and science, Dialogues

Rules of Arguments and proofs

Basic Rules: & Out (& In) V In (V Out) Modus Ponens [(A -> B) + A = B)] Modus Tollens [(A -> B) + ~B = ~A)] Double Negation (~~A = A) Contradiction (Ex. A & ~A) Indirect Proof (IP)

Medieval Math and Science

Biaise Pascal- Pascals wager, you should believe in God just to be on the safe side Galileo Galilei- telescope, planets have elliptical orbits, not allowed to publish what he believed, put under house arrest Frances Bacon and Robert Boyle- empiricists, scientific method

Rights of Woman

Book 1: The Rights and Involved Duties of Mankind Considered (Rousseau and the State of Nature) Book 2: The Prevailing Opinion of a Sexual Character Discussed (General view of women in her time) Book 3: The Same Subject Continued (Examples where Wollstonecraft believes in a difference between the sexes) Book 4: Observations on the State of Degradation to Which Woman is Reduced by Various Causes (Main reason why women are considered inferior AND reason Wollstonecraft believes women are subjugated) Book 5: Animadversions on Some of the Writers Who Have Rendered Women Objects of Pity, Bordering on Contempt (Rationality vs. Sensibility) Book 6: The Effect Which an Early Association of Ideas Has Upon the Character Book 7: Modesty - Comprehensively Covered, and Not as a Sexual Virtue Book 8: Morality Undermined by Sexual Notions of the Importance of a Good Reputation Book 9: Of the Pernicious Effects Which Arise from the Unnatural Distinctions Established in Society Book 10: Parental Affection Book 11: Duty to Parents Book 12: On National Education (co-education) Book 13: Some Instances of the Folly Which the Ignorance of Women Generates, with Concluding Reflections on the Moral Improvement that a Revolution in Female Manners Might Naturally be Expected to Produce

On The Social Contract

Book I: Discussion 1.Does might make right? (Ch. 3) 2.Is "majority rules" a legitimate form of government? (Ch. 5) 3.What is the reason for the Social Contract? (Ch. 6) Book II: Discussion 1) Explain what Rousseau means by the term "sovereignty". (Ch.s 1 - 2) the people in charge 2) Does Rousseau believe the General Will can be wrong? (Ch. 3) 3) What is one thing Rousseau thinks is a limit on Sovereign Power? (Ch. 4) Rousseau's Influence on the US Constitution Role of government Believes inequality began with private property.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British April 27, 1759 - September 10, 1797 Revolutionary and Enlightenment time period Writer and Philosopher One of the founders of Feminist Philosophy Daughter Mary Shelley, who wrote Frankenstein

Anselm

Medieval time period, theologian, school of thought is theology, Scholasticism, "the ontological argument for the existence of god" Scholasticism is based on Aristotelian logic and Church fathers Gaunilo's reply "on behalf of the fool"

Explain the Divided Line

Metaphysics, intelligible (thought), visible, Epistemology, knowledge, opinion

The Fundamentals of Good Philosophical Writing

Clarity Organization Cohesion Evidence Persuasion

I think therefore I am

Cogito ergo sum

Ancient Chinese Philosopher

Confucius

Meditations Dedication

Decartes did not want to use circular reasoning example- God--->Bible--->God

Meditation IV- Concerning the True and the False

Descartes believes if he uses his faculty of judgement correctly he can not be mistaken, error depends on the faculties of "knowing" and "willing", knowing by itself (although limited) can not be in error and willing is as infinite as god's, it is only the concurrence of these two that cause error,

Meditations V-

Descartes describes to salvage what he can from his skeptical doubts about the outside world, he first checks for which ideas of the external world are "clear and distinct" verses "confused", he believes that certain rational truths are "objective" and did not come from him (math, geometry), he believes his "clear and distinct" understanding of God is like a mathematical truth, example mountain and valley

Meditation II-

Descartes doubts sense perception and memory, he also questions thoughts. "evil demon" is responsible for my thoughts, the mind and the body exist independently=dualism, Descartes says he thinks and therefore it is proof that he exists, uses the example of the wax to show that physical things are not distinctively known

Rene Descartes

Early Modern, French, Cartesian Plane, mathematician, philosopher, scientist, rationalism, Father of modern philosophy

What is the myth of Er

Er is killed in battle but does not die, his soul is taken to heaven, he must come back and report what he has seen God doesn't pick for you, every soul is responsible for themselves and must take full responsibility to be just or unjust

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Focus on education (Plato, Rousseau) Passionate writer and human being Middle class Equal in a spiritual and intellectual way

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

General Person French; 1712 - 1778 Citizen of Geneva various arts (Romanticism, Modernism) Historical Context Social Contract Theorist Revolutionary Era / The Enlightenment Notable Ideas State of Nature vs. "progress" virtue and vice within organized society community (general will)

What must someone who escapes from the cave be obligated to do?

Go back into the cave

the ontological argument

God is by definition that than which nothing greater can be imagined, if god existed only i the mind there would be something than which something greater could be imagined ( a god that existed in the mind and in reality), Therefore, god exists in both the mind and in reality,

Why does Socrates conclude that the tyrannical man is not only the worst but the most unhappy person?

He is a slave to his own desires, he always wants more

Modern Philosophers

Henry David Thoreau- "Civil Disobedience" Ayn Rand- "the fountain head", psychological egoism, "objectivism", selfishness Alan Turing- artificial intelligence, AI "can machines think"

Medieval Islamic Philosphers

Ibn Sina- Polymath, "Jack of all trades", Physician by trade Ibn Rushd- heavy influence on the Renaisance

Early Modern German/Idealists

Immanuel Kant- worked in every field of philosophy, categorical imperative Friedrich Nietzche- "will to power" Karl Marx- "the communist manifesto" Gottlob Frege- father of analytic philosophy

Discourse on the Origin of Inequality

Introduction: Thesis Part One: State of Nature (natural vs. moral) Part Two: Civilization (and the Origin of Inequality) State of Nature: amorality (vs. Hobbes) Private property and civilization (social)

What is the Ring of Gyges?

Invisibility ring, everybody given the chance would act unjustly

Persuasive Argumentation

Literary: Eloquence, style, flow Rhetorical: Questions, Etc. Logical: premises and conclusions

Renaissance Politics

Niccolo Machiavelli- Machiavellianism, "The Prince" John Locke and Thomas Hobbes- British Social Contract Theorists, Enlightenment Locke=ideas for the US Constitution Hobbes= reason why we have the government we do

The Republic

Plato wrote it, central question of justice, ring of gyges, theory of forms, allegory of the cave, parts of the soul

The Process of Good Philosophical Writing

Pre-Writing: organization and cohesion (outline) Draft: evidence and persuasion (quotations and citations) Revision: clarity Proofreading: errors Final Copy: submission

Renaissance

Re-birth

According to Plato what are the 3 parts of the soul?

Reason, the spirit, and desire or appetite

Early Modern European Philosophers

Rene Descates-father of modern philosophy Baruch Spinoza- influenced the enlightenment, biblical criticism, nature is god Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz- developed calculus along side Newton

Ancient Greek Philosophers

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Main Characters in Republic

Socrates-protagonist Adeimantus and Glaucon Thrasymachus- antagonist

Meditation III- Concerning God - that he exists

Solipsism=the idea that nothing besides I exists, Clear and distinct ideas lead to truth, organizes the different types of thought and tries to find which ones originate within him and which ones originate from without, Types of thoughts= ideas (images of things), willing (volition's), fearing (affects), Affirming/denying (judgments) can be right or wrong, thoughts might be from the outside, feeling heat from the fire, upon farther reflection even these could be from inside..ex sun, God is the cause of all ideas and must also exist, if he can comprehend the infinite it must also exist

Medieval Christian Philosphers

St. Augustine-wrote about free will and destiny, original sin St. Anseim- uses rationalization to teach religion St. Thomas Aquinas- Italian, natural theology, you can learn through nature, Summa Theologica "The Five Ways", Contempory of Donte

Aristotle

Student of Plato, biologist,

Plato

Student of Socrates, wrote about Socrates, from the upper class, mathmatition

In The Meditations Descartes Used

Systematic Skeptical Doubt- organized way to doubt things to find the truth

The Republic book 1 and 2

The Peloponnesian War, Athens/Spartans, 30 tyrants, Homer 12th century BC, Trojan War, epic poet

Some Points to Consider as You Read A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Wollstonecraft's objections to Rousseau The view of women in Wollstonecraft's time The bases upon which Wollstonecraft says women are deemed inferior The bases upon which Wollstonecraft argues about the true status of women

Syllogism

a group of (3) statements that are logically connected (middle statement) All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Logic

a system consisting of 3 parts: syntax, semantics, and proof

What will the family structure look like in the ideal society?

all wives and children will be in common

What are the types of government

aristocracy=few people, chosen by intellect or wisdom timocracy=military oligarchy=money democracy=freedom tyranny=anarchy

empiricism

collect data from the ground up example=evolution, collect sample and then build up

Soundness

every assumption is True

Zeus

father of the gods

Meditations VI- Concerning the existence of material things and the real distinction between mind and body

he compares the imagination to the intellect, the intellect is essential to him while the imagination is not, the 2 are distinct, this leads him to reconsider if bodies exist, the body and the mind are distinct, the body is divisible and the mind is indivisible, image is inside imagination

Areas of study

history, epistemology, logic, language, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, mind, science, religion

Styles of reasoning

informal vs. formal

Argument is true if

it is both valid and sound

Allegory

literary device, story that represents a deeper truth

Pythagoras

mathematician, philosopher, mystic, cult figure, Pythagorean theorem

What is considered the deepest most fundamental field of study

mathematics

Socrates

middle class family, stone cutter, put on trial for corruption of the youth and impiety to the gods, executed by Hemlock poison

What kind of property should the guardians have?

only what is commonly held

Logic truth tables

p, q, and r are "atomic terms" & p & q v p v q ~ ~ p -> p -> q <-> p <-> q And Rule: pen and pencil (you have to have both) only time you get true is if you have both.

Dialectic

seeking the truth

Why is Socrates (Plato) in favoring of banning certain verses of poetry?

so the guardians only hear and see things that are good

Theologians

study of religions

rationalism

take apart from the top down

Socratic Method

teaching by questioning

Validity

the assumptions necessarily lead to the conclusion (it is impossible for all the assumptions to be True and the conclusion to be False)

Hades

the god of the underworld

What is Thrasymachus's definition of justice?

the interest of the stronger

epistemology

the study of knowledge

What is Socrates's opinion about the role of women in society?

they can do anything men can do and should be educated the same, they are only weaker physically

metaphysics

what is real or what exists

Meditation I- Concerning those things that can be called into doubt

you can doubt everything, Cartesian physics, Decartes realizes that sometimes he is in error, He decides to apply his system of skeptical doubt to getting rid of everything he might be wrong about, although god may be all powerful and good Descartes supposes that an evil demon can thoroughly deceive you, evil demon=skeptical tool, levels= 1 sense perceptions, 2 consciousness, 3 natural world, 4 rational truths

What is on point Socrates makes to show that public office is not for personal benefit?

you have to pay people to do the job