Nutrition

A food item is considered low fat if it has less than _ grams of fat per serving

3

Organelle

A compartment, particle, or filament that performs a specialized function within a cell

ATP

A high energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells. chemical reactions convert the energy in glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

mouth-pharynx-epiglottis-esophogus

Beginning of the digestive system

while cranberries are growing exposure to ____ temperatures, can increase the sugar content

COLD

Which of the following are functions of the cardiovascular system?

Distributing nutrients, facilitating the exchange of oxygen, and delivering hormones to target cells

90% of Cancers are related to

Environmental and Lifestyle factors

Vitamins and minerals can be broken down to yield energy

False

Only the enzymes from the digestive system are made of protein

False.

enzymes

Made of proteins

acidic environment of stomach

Makes dietary minerals soluble, partially digesting protein activating some digestive enzymes

Which organelles are capable of converting energy from nutrients into a form the cells can use?

Mitochondria

DNA is stored in the _____ of the cell

Nucleus

there is a clear interrelatationship between nutrition status and organ system functions

TRUE

What distinguishes the portal vein from other veins in the body?

Transports blood to the liver rather than directly to the heart

nutrition influences gene expressions

True

bolus

a moistened mass of food swallowed from the oral cavity into the pharnyx

protein

a protease assists in the digestion of this macronutrient

Gluten

a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley

intrinsic factor

absorption of vitamin b-12

kidneys and lungs

acid based balance in blood

the acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in partially digesting protein, activating some digestive enzymes and making dietary minerals soluble

acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial

minerals, protein, oxygen, and vitamins

are substances needed for chemical reactions to take place within the cells of the body

lymph

are vessels that empty their contents into a cardiovascular system through a duct near the heart

cecum

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

liver

bile, is the organ that produces bile

calcium

bones

chemical digestion

breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes

digestive system

breaks down food both mechanical and chemically

heart, arteries, veins

cardiovascular system is made of these three

enzymes

catalyzes reacts that digest nutrients into small components for absorption, proteins inside the membrane that speed up the rate of a chemical process

amylase

chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action

how to prevent peptic ulcers

chew food well, limit consumption of tea, coffee, alcohol, and spicy foods

peptic ulcers and diarrhea

complaints commonly caused by bacterial infections

what is a probiotic?

contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health.

pyloric sphincter

controls the rate of food that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

functions of the cell membrane:

controls the substances that pass through the cells; provides some structure for the cell; allows cell-to-cell communication

hydrochloric acid

destroys pathogens, solubilizes minerals and activates enzymes

two factors needed for development of celiac disease

dietary exposure to gluten and genetic predisposition to celiac disease

to alleviate constipation

drink more water, exercise whole grains and dried fruits

ribosomes

during protein synthesis, RNA is translated and located within the endoplasmic reticulum

true

each enzyme is specific to only one type of chemical process

adrenal glands

epinephrine and nonepinephrine

respiratory

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the atmosphere and regulates acid -base balance

what does the brain primarily rely on for energy

glucose

carbohydrates

glycogen is the primary storage form in the body

pituitary glands

growth hormone

cardiovascular system

heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body

bile

helps fat digestion by suspending fat in water in the small intestine, one substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine

glucagon, insulin

hormones secreted to the pancreas

stomach

hydrochloric acid, and intinsic factor, is where hydrochloric acid is secreted, small amounts of water and alcohol are removed

a deficiency in protein, zinc and vitamin A is likely to impair

immune function

pharaynx

in the throat, an organ that is located in the back of the oral and nasal cavity

prolonged sitting, pregnancy and obesity

increase the risk of developing hemorroids

IBS- irritable bowel syndrome

inflammatory responses, depression, stress, and alteration of hormones that regulate the movement of food through the GI tract

peristakis

involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract

cholesterol

is a fat soluble molecule that provides rigidity and stability to the membrane, a waxy liquid found in all body cells that has a structure containing multiple chemical rings, it is only found in animal products

Esophagus

is a long tube in the GI tract that connects the throat with the stomach

nervous system

is a regulatory system that centrally controls most body functions, detects sensations controls physiological and intellectual functions

ephinephrine

is also referred to adrenaline

constipation and hemorrhoids

is caused by ignoring the urge to defecate

veins

is how blood is returned to the heart

glucose

is made when carbohydrates are broken down, stored in the muscle and liver

epilastis

is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea

cranberries

is the fruit that has been shown to reduce the ability of bacteria to adhere to cells; beneficial for reducing infections of the GI and urinary tract

DNA

is the genetic code in the cell nucleus

fat

is the primary nutrient that bile is responsible for digesting and absorbing, adipose tissue is a storage site

small intestine

is the primary site of nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, glucose, fats, amino acids, most vitamins, and minerals, most digestion and absorption of food occurs here, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

metabolism

is thyroid hormones that help control the body's rate

bicarbonate

it is how acid is neutralized since there is no protective layer on the small intestine

signs of hemorrhoids

itching in the rectal area, streaks of blood in the stool, pain with bowel movements

urinary system

kidneys, bladder, urethra

cell-tissue-organ-organ systems

levels of organization

fats

lipase is an enzyme that digests

components of saliva

lipus, mucus, amylase

mucus

lubricates and protects the organs of the digestive tract

causes of diarrhea

malabsorbed carbohydrate microorganisms

digestive organs

mouth-esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

peristalsis

muscular contractions occurring throughout the GI tract that move food along

Bicarbonate

neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches the small intestine

active absorption

nutrients move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, which requires both a carrier - protein and energy

biotin and vitamin K

nutrients produced by bacteria in the large intestine

consuming more fluids and fibers daily

nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation

cell-tissue-organ-

organ system-organism

platelets and RBC

present in blood not in lymph

the digestive system supports the immune system by

preventing pathogens in food from invading the body

Umami

primary taste sensations

someone with Gerd

promotes the stomach acid to enter the esophogus

immune

provides defense against foreign invaders and it's responsible for the formation of white blood cells

ulca

refers to a nitrogenious waste product of protein metabolism that must be excreted in the urine

peristalis

refers to the muscle contractions that move food along the gastrointestinal tract

endocrine

regulates metabolism through the action of hormones

endocrine system

regulates metabolism through the action of hormones, the effects of hormones on appetite and blood glucose

cardiovascular

regulates temperature and transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body

lymphatic system

removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption

lymphatic

removes foreign substances, combats diseases, maintains tissue fluid balances, and aids in fat absorption

urinary systems

removes waste products from the circulatory system

mouth

salivary amylase

gallstones

secretion of more cholesterol into bile

Gene

segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

cells

self-contained living structures that join together to form tissues

pancreas

small intestine that produces most of the digestive enzymes, lipase, amylase, protease, bicarbonate, manufactures hormones, insulin and glucagon

gastric

stomach

gallbladder

stores bile

the catabolic form of metabolism

takes molecules apart

androbic

the breakdown of glucose in the initial phase of metabolism

phospholipids

the cell membrane is a double membrane that have their water-soluble heads facing the interior and exterior of the cell

trachea

the epiglottis prevents a bolus from entering

capillaries

the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waster products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining

water-insoluble

the interior portion of the cell membrane

maintain acid-basic balance

the kidney and lungs work cooperatively

what is the primary role of kidneys

the kidney removes waste from the body

organelles

the nucleus golgi complex and lyposomes are examples

anthocyanins

the pigment that give cranberries their red color

Why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?

the stomach is lined with layers of mucus

thyroid gland

thyroid hormone

muscle

tissue adapted to contract to cause movement

connective

tissue that holds different structure in the body together

epithelial

tissue that lines the outside of the body and all external passages within it

nervous

tissue with branched cells that transmit impulses

functions of the lymphatic system

transport absorbed dietary fats, returns fluids that collect between cells back to the bloodstream defend the body against invading pathogens

potassium and sodium

two minerals important for transmission of nerve impulses

what is a component of urine?

urea, excess vitamins, water

the kidneys, bladder, and urethers make up the

urinary system

nutrients that support immune health

vitamin A, C, zinc, essential fatty acids

which two nutrients are produced by bacteria that live in the larger intestine?

vitamin K and biotin

large intestine

water, potassium, and sodium, has increased bacterial action, lacks digestive enzymes

tailored to personal & cultural preferences

when counseling individuals about nutrition, recommendation

pain in upper right abdomen

when gallstones block the duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestines

enterohepatic circulation

when the components of bile are re-absorbed from the small intestine and returned to the liver via the portal vein and reused

gall bladder

where bile is stored and concentrated

rectum

where feces are held

pancrease

where glucagon and insulin are produced

fatty acids and glycerol

where liquids are broken down