Nutrition
A food item is considered low fat if it has less than _ grams of fat per serving
3
Organelle
A compartment, particle, or filament that performs a specialized function within a cell
ATP
A high energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells. chemical reactions convert the energy in glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
mouth-pharynx-epiglottis-esophogus
Beginning of the digestive system
while cranberries are growing exposure to ____ temperatures, can increase the sugar content
COLD
Which of the following are functions of the cardiovascular system?
Distributing nutrients, facilitating the exchange of oxygen, and delivering hormones to target cells
90% of Cancers are related to
Environmental and Lifestyle factors
Vitamins and minerals can be broken down to yield energy
False
Only the enzymes from the digestive system are made of protein
False.
enzymes
Made of proteins
acidic environment of stomach
Makes dietary minerals soluble, partially digesting protein activating some digestive enzymes
Which organelles are capable of converting energy from nutrients into a form the cells can use?
Mitochondria
DNA is stored in the _____ of the cell
Nucleus
there is a clear interrelatationship between nutrition status and organ system functions
TRUE
What distinguishes the portal vein from other veins in the body?
Transports blood to the liver rather than directly to the heart
nutrition influences gene expressions
True
bolus
a moistened mass of food swallowed from the oral cavity into the pharnyx
protein
a protease assists in the digestion of this macronutrient
Gluten
a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley
intrinsic factor
absorption of vitamin b-12
kidneys and lungs
acid based balance in blood
the acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in partially digesting protein, activating some digestive enzymes and making dietary minerals soluble
acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial
minerals, protein, oxygen, and vitamins
are substances needed for chemical reactions to take place within the cells of the body
lymph
are vessels that empty their contents into a cardiovascular system through a duct near the heart
cecum
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
liver
bile, is the organ that produces bile
calcium
bones
chemical digestion
breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes
digestive system
breaks down food both mechanical and chemically
heart, arteries, veins
cardiovascular system is made of these three
enzymes
catalyzes reacts that digest nutrients into small components for absorption, proteins inside the membrane that speed up the rate of a chemical process
amylase
chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action
how to prevent peptic ulcers
chew food well, limit consumption of tea, coffee, alcohol, and spicy foods
peptic ulcers and diarrhea
complaints commonly caused by bacterial infections
what is a probiotic?
contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health.
pyloric sphincter
controls the rate of food that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine
functions of the cell membrane:
controls the substances that pass through the cells; provides some structure for the cell; allows cell-to-cell communication
hydrochloric acid
destroys pathogens, solubilizes minerals and activates enzymes
two factors needed for development of celiac disease
dietary exposure to gluten and genetic predisposition to celiac disease
to alleviate constipation
drink more water, exercise whole grains and dried fruits
ribosomes
during protein synthesis, RNA is translated and located within the endoplasmic reticulum
true
each enzyme is specific to only one type of chemical process
adrenal glands
epinephrine and nonepinephrine
respiratory
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the atmosphere and regulates acid -base balance
what does the brain primarily rely on for energy
glucose
carbohydrates
glycogen is the primary storage form in the body
pituitary glands
growth hormone
cardiovascular system
heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body
bile
helps fat digestion by suspending fat in water in the small intestine, one substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine
glucagon, insulin
hormones secreted to the pancreas
stomach
hydrochloric acid, and intinsic factor, is where hydrochloric acid is secreted, small amounts of water and alcohol are removed
a deficiency in protein, zinc and vitamin A is likely to impair
immune function
pharaynx
in the throat, an organ that is located in the back of the oral and nasal cavity
prolonged sitting, pregnancy and obesity
increase the risk of developing hemorroids
IBS- irritable bowel syndrome
inflammatory responses, depression, stress, and alteration of hormones that regulate the movement of food through the GI tract
peristakis
involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract
cholesterol
is a fat soluble molecule that provides rigidity and stability to the membrane, a waxy liquid found in all body cells that has a structure containing multiple chemical rings, it is only found in animal products
Esophagus
is a long tube in the GI tract that connects the throat with the stomach
nervous system
is a regulatory system that centrally controls most body functions, detects sensations controls physiological and intellectual functions
ephinephrine
is also referred to adrenaline
constipation and hemorrhoids
is caused by ignoring the urge to defecate
veins
is how blood is returned to the heart
glucose
is made when carbohydrates are broken down, stored in the muscle and liver
epilastis
is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea
cranberries
is the fruit that has been shown to reduce the ability of bacteria to adhere to cells; beneficial for reducing infections of the GI and urinary tract
DNA
is the genetic code in the cell nucleus
fat
is the primary nutrient that bile is responsible for digesting and absorbing, adipose tissue is a storage site
small intestine
is the primary site of nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, glucose, fats, amino acids, most vitamins, and minerals, most digestion and absorption of food occurs here, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
metabolism
is thyroid hormones that help control the body's rate
bicarbonate
it is how acid is neutralized since there is no protective layer on the small intestine
signs of hemorrhoids
itching in the rectal area, streaks of blood in the stool, pain with bowel movements
urinary system
kidneys, bladder, urethra
cell-tissue-organ-organ systems
levels of organization
fats
lipase is an enzyme that digests
components of saliva
lipus, mucus, amylase
mucus
lubricates and protects the organs of the digestive tract
causes of diarrhea
malabsorbed carbohydrate microorganisms
digestive organs
mouth-esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
peristalsis
muscular contractions occurring throughout the GI tract that move food along
Bicarbonate
neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches the small intestine
active absorption
nutrients move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, which requires both a carrier - protein and energy
biotin and vitamin K
nutrients produced by bacteria in the large intestine
consuming more fluids and fibers daily
nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation
cell-tissue-organ-
organ system-organism
platelets and RBC
present in blood not in lymph
the digestive system supports the immune system by
preventing pathogens in food from invading the body
Umami
primary taste sensations
someone with Gerd
promotes the stomach acid to enter the esophogus
immune
provides defense against foreign invaders and it's responsible for the formation of white blood cells
ulca
refers to a nitrogenious waste product of protein metabolism that must be excreted in the urine
peristalis
refers to the muscle contractions that move food along the gastrointestinal tract
endocrine
regulates metabolism through the action of hormones
endocrine system
regulates metabolism through the action of hormones, the effects of hormones on appetite and blood glucose
cardiovascular
regulates temperature and transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
lymphatic system
removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption
lymphatic
removes foreign substances, combats diseases, maintains tissue fluid balances, and aids in fat absorption
urinary systems
removes waste products from the circulatory system
mouth
salivary amylase
gallstones
secretion of more cholesterol into bile
Gene
segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein
cells
self-contained living structures that join together to form tissues
pancreas
small intestine that produces most of the digestive enzymes, lipase, amylase, protease, bicarbonate, manufactures hormones, insulin and glucagon
gastric
stomach
gallbladder
stores bile
the catabolic form of metabolism
takes molecules apart
androbic
the breakdown of glucose in the initial phase of metabolism
phospholipids
the cell membrane is a double membrane that have their water-soluble heads facing the interior and exterior of the cell
trachea
the epiglottis prevents a bolus from entering
capillaries
the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waster products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining
water-insoluble
the interior portion of the cell membrane
maintain acid-basic balance
the kidney and lungs work cooperatively
what is the primary role of kidneys
the kidney removes waste from the body
organelles
the nucleus golgi complex and lyposomes are examples
anthocyanins
the pigment that give cranberries their red color
Why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?
the stomach is lined with layers of mucus
thyroid gland
thyroid hormone
muscle
tissue adapted to contract to cause movement
connective
tissue that holds different structure in the body together
epithelial
tissue that lines the outside of the body and all external passages within it
nervous
tissue with branched cells that transmit impulses
functions of the lymphatic system
transport absorbed dietary fats, returns fluids that collect between cells back to the bloodstream defend the body against invading pathogens
potassium and sodium
two minerals important for transmission of nerve impulses
what is a component of urine?
urea, excess vitamins, water
the kidneys, bladder, and urethers make up the
urinary system
nutrients that support immune health
vitamin A, C, zinc, essential fatty acids
which two nutrients are produced by bacteria that live in the larger intestine?
vitamin K and biotin
large intestine
water, potassium, and sodium, has increased bacterial action, lacks digestive enzymes
tailored to personal & cultural preferences
when counseling individuals about nutrition, recommendation
pain in upper right abdomen
when gallstones block the duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestines
enterohepatic circulation
when the components of bile are re-absorbed from the small intestine and returned to the liver via the portal vein and reused
gall bladder
where bile is stored and concentrated
rectum
where feces are held
pancrease
where glucagon and insulin are produced
fatty acids and glycerol
where liquids are broken down