Nutrition Alcohol

ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase)

ADH, or Alcohol dehydrogenase, is enzyme that will break down 80% of ethanol (alcohol)

Alcohol is how many calories per gram?

7

Does the body prioritize alcohol?

Body must rid itself of alcohol first before other functions; calories are from the alcohol; alcohol=empty calories

Is alcohol considered a drug?

It also is a drug which depresses the Central Nervous System.

*MEOS pathway* (microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system)

Larger amounts of alcohol metabolism includes MEOS pathway, which worsens ability to detoxify body from other drugs; the handling of excess alcohol (using MEOS pathway) to metabolize alcohol when other drugs, such as narcotics, present, an individual can overdose on the drug because the pathway is tied up metabolizing excess alcohol); Thought to metabolize another 10% alcohol (80% metabolized liver; 10% urine/skin)

Speed of liver metabolizing alcohol

Liver metabolizes alcohol at a certain rate per hour. Depends on: Amount of metabolizing enzymes in the liver Lean versus fat tissue composition In general, after consumption of one standard drink, the amount of alcohol in blood peaks within 30 to 45 minutes.

MEOS system

MEOS system, another system that breaks down alcohol will kick in to break down 10% and when consumption is severe, the ability of MEOS system to help metabolize other drugs in our system is not as effective because alcohol is the first priority nutrient

Antabuse

an alcoholic will be given antabuse, a drug to make them sick, along with therapy to make a negative connection between feeling sick and drinking alcohol.

cant drink while taking antibiotic

because body will prioritize alcohol so then antibiotic cant do its job

Alcohol _____ the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

depresses -promotes water excretion by the kidneys -dehydration -> water loss takes out vitamins with it increasing mineral concentration. immunity system is depressed too

Chronic use of alcohol will cause an _________________________ in the body.

increase in fatty acid synthesis

What organ metabolizes/breaks down alcohol?

liver

factors that affect blood alcohol level

weight gender food drinking rate type of drink

consistent drinking of alcohol

• Leads to a fatty liver (reversible situation) • Can eventually lead to cirrhosis (death of affected hepatic cells and tissue (not reversible)

beer

-Beer is not carbohydrate-rich -Beer is calorie-rich •One-third of its calories are from carbohydrates •The other two-thirds are from alcohol -Beer is mineral-poor -Beer is vitamin poor •Contains tiny amounts of some B vitamins •Cannot compete with rich food sources -Beer causes fluid losses •Alcohol is a diuretic and causes the body to lose more fluid in urine than is provided by the beer

how alcohol effects reproductive system

-Women: infertility and spontaneous abortion -Men: suppression of testosterone secretion

The two pathways of alcohol metabolism in depth

1) AHD breaks down alcohol to produce acetaldehyde 2) acetaldehyde is toxic and is degraded to produce acetyl-CoA 3)The breakdown of alcohol and acetaldehyde releases electrons that can be used to produce ATP, but also results in changes that inhibit citric acid cycle, limiting breakdown of acetyl-coA 4) Acetyl-CoA that cannot enter the citric acid cycle is used to synthesize fatty acids, which accumulate in the liver 5) When larger amounts of alcohol are consumed, MEOS activity increases. It converts alcohol into acetaldehyde which is then broken down to form acetyl-CoA ethanol -> acetaldehyde -> acetyl-CoA -> fatty acids -> fat

treatment for alcohol consumption

1) WATER REHYDRATION »Not caffeine »Not aspirin »Not Tylenol »Not more alcohol 2) Time THESE TWO THINGS ARE THE ONLY PROVEN THINGS

how alcohol effects brain

1) judgement and reasonning 2) lose voluntary muscular control (stumbling on line) 3) respiration and heart rate. When people drink too much and our outside have sense of warm but actually cold

what percent of alcohol is excreted in _______

10%, lungs/breath, pores, urine

How is alcohol stored in the body?

Alcohol is not stored in the body and is in fact, a first priority nutrient that the body will metabolize over all else. Alcohol therefore competes for the same metabolic pathways as a sedative, narcotic, barbiturate, antibiotic, pain killer and other drugs, worsening the body's ability to detoxify itself from these (metabolize them for the reasons which they were prescribed (or not prescribed). This can result in death, or a perpetual comatose state.

absorption transportation and excretion of alcohol

Alcohol is soluble in both water and lipids. -Rapidly distributed through water compartments Digestion not required; Absorption is easy; rapidly absorbed -simple diffusion along the walls of entire GI tract. -Empty stomach: alcohol to brain in 1 min 20% absorbed in the stomach -Some metabolized by stomach cells -Food in stomach slows absorption -Stimulates secretion stomach acid Absorbed alcohol is rapidly distributed throughout all body water compartments. About 90% of the alcohol is metabolized by the liver, 5% is excreted into the urine, and the reminder is eliminated via the lungs.

Alcohol toxicity

Alcohol is toxic to cells of the body, more damaging to these cells than even some very potent drugs, reaches your brain in about a minute (as well as your liver) and much is converted to visceral fat in your body.

drinking slowly vs quickly

Alcohol metabolized more slowly than absorbed, so consumption needs to be controlled to prevent accumulation intoxication. Drinking Slowly: Liver collects & processes alcohol without having an effect on other parts of body Drinking Quickly: Some alcohol bypasses liver and flows through brain and the rest of the body

Antabuse

Antabuse inhibits ADH, allowing a person who does not normally get 'sick' from the effects of alcohol to feel those effects -Alcoholism may occur more easily is someone who doesn't get the negative effects while drinking, in other words a 'good' drinker, which is bad and antabuse along with psychotherapy can help make the negative connection between feeling sick and drinking alcohol

Stages of liver deterioration seen in heavy drinkers

Normal Liver -> Fatty Liver (5-6% of liver fat accumulation -> Fibrosis (is diminished blood flow throughout liver and buildup of scar tissue) -> Cirrhosis Without treatment, liver fibrosis may lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.

Is alcohol a nutrient?

Not considered a nutrient because it is a toxin, produces energy only inefficiently since mostly creates fat; toxic to all cells in body

What is the only proven way to get through metabolism of alcohol?

Time is only way proven to get through the metabolism of alcohol; water helps to rehydrate later

alcohol replaces all the water in cells so you are literally..

drying out our cells and there's void in cell until you drink water which is why you get massive headache because your cells are dehydrated

Alcoholism can occur more ______ is someone who doesn't get 'sick' from effects and therefore in rehabilitation

easily

alcoho/ethanol is broken down by two enzymes

ethanol -> acetaldehyde -> AcetylCoa ADH (Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase) helps the process Acetaldehyde very toxic -carcinogenic (esophageal cancers), causes nausea, flushing as accumulates Antabuse used in Rehab inhibits ADH enzyme (drug that inhibits enzyme will make them very sick for first time - negative reinforcement)

Small to moderate amounts of alcohol metabolism will lead to the production of _________ from alcohol metabolism.

fatty acids

how is alcohol produced?

fermentation of yeast. Yeast has no oxygen and goes through alcoholic fermentation. •Fermentation by yeast •Fruits -> wine •Grains -> beer •Rice à->saki Fermentation of a carb (like sugar) and get alcohol + carbon dioxide •Under anaerobic conditions, yeast makes ethanol and carbon dioxide •Sometimes the CO2 is kept in, as in beer and champagne, sometimes removed as in wine

Alcohol in Excess

•Alcohol absorbed faster than metabolized -ADH enzymes can't keep up with large quantity alcohol to metabolize •High alcohol levels overtake 'backup' system in cell -Backup system: Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System (MEOS) •When no alcohol, MEOS functions in -Drug Detoxification »Acetaminophen »Barbiturates »Anesthesia »Antibiotics •When large amount alcohol consumed -Metabolism by MEOS reduces ability to detoxify other drugs -Potential for drug overdose (ER anesthesia procedures different for an alcoholic

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

•Alcohol can reach the fetus »Caused by regular drinking or a single drinking binge early in pregnancy »Deprives fetal brain of oxygen and nutrients »Permanent mental and physical retardation, learning deficits and hyperactivity

alcohol is a controversial nutrient because

•Alcohol: used for fuel or converted to body fat and stored •Alcohol slows down the body's use of fat for fuel by as much as ≈ 33%, causing more fat to be stored -Primarily as visceral fat •Fattening Power of Alcohol -The body preferentially stores fat and uses alcohol for energy -Promotes fat storage in the central abdominal area: "beer belly" -7 calories per gram of alcohol -considered empty calories bc gets converted to fat and stored

what's in alcoholic bevs?

•Alcoholic beverages consist primarily of water, ethanol, and sugar. •Calories come from carbohydrates and alcohol •Definition of a standard drink: 5 fl oz of wine (11%), 12 fl oz of beer (5%), or 1.5 fl oz of distilled spirits (80 proof)

breakdown of alcohol

•Breakdown of alcohol •Fatty Acids are created instead of Energy from Alcohol -Therefore fatty acid synthesis INCREASES •Alcohol will not create energy in the body efficiently because of the way enzymes process substrates in cellular respiration (citric acid cycle) •While Drinking alcohol, body CANNOT MAKE GLUCOSE -Can lead to hypoglycemia (glucose too low) if drinking for enough time/quantity ADH (Enzyme that breaks down alcohol) cannot keep up with amount of alcohol consumed, MEOS (back up system in body) can lead to person go into coma who might be taking drug/drinking at same time. Too much alcohol and drug at same time your MEOS wont be metabolizing drug it will be getting rid of alcohol first body will overdose on drug bc drug was allowed to build up in cells BREAKING DOWN OF ALCOHOL NEVER MAKES GLUCOSE

two primary pathways

•Cytosol alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH): for breaking down small amounts of alcohol •Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): important for breaking down large amounts of alcohol

Direct effects of alcohol

•Dehydration •Electrolyte imbalance •Gastrointestinal disturbance •Low blood sugar (possible hypoglycemia) •Sleep disturbances •Alcohol withdrawal •Alcohol metabolism (acetaldehyde toxicity due to build-up effect)

physiological impact of alcohol metabolism

•Gender difference: •Women have lower activity of stomach ADH and less body water than men. •Products of alcohol metabolism by ADH promote fat synthesis. •Reactive oxygen molecules are generated in MEOS pathway.

alcohol metabolism

•Intestine -Moves through cell membranes -Decreases absorption of other nutrients -Transported through portal vein -> liver •Liver -Most ethanol metabolized by liver -First Priority nutrient: body recognizes it as a toxin and therefore tries to rid body of it before anything else alcohol will reach every cell in body and cause toxic effects everywhere damaging organs all over -limits for how much alcohol can pass through membrane per individual is unknown

Alcohol Summary points:

•Is a first priority nutrient (body has to get rid of first0 • alters amino acid metabolism • Increases fatty acid synthesis • Weakens immunity • Blocks glucose production thereby causing hypoglycemia, which is a decreased level of blood glucose • Soluble in both water and lipids • Can not be broken down to produce glucose (only fat) • Interferes with vitamin absorption • Causes dehydration because is suppresses antidiuretic hormone secretion therefore causing loss of water

Consequences of Ethanol Metabolism (in order)

•Liver clogged with fat •Secretes Triglycerides into the blood -Increase in blood lipids leads to hyperlipidemia (very high blood lipids) -Increasing LDL concentrations •Fatty infiltration of the liver -increased fat synthesis •Fat chokes off blood supply -decreases oxygen and nutrients •Cells die -alcoholic hepatitis (liver 'dying') •Cells replaced by scar tissue •Cirrhosis of the liver -terminal phase after years of alcohol abuse

Long-term excessive alcohol consumption generates toxins and free radicals that cause:

•Liver damage: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc. •Hypertension, heart disease and stroke •Increased risk for certain types of cancers

Order of occurence of huge alcohol doses

•Overtakes metabolic pathways •Blocks glucose production -Ethanol can not be converted to glucose -Ethanol inhibits gluconeogenesis -Glucose needed by the brain •Hypoglycemia -in a fasting state, ethanol will produce hypoglycemia lasting for 8 to 12 hours after the last drink; Severe hypoglycemia can cause death. -IF ALCOHOL BLOCKS GLUCOSE PRODUCTION AND YOU NEED GLUCOSE FOR YOUR BRAIN, you become HYPOLYCEMIC (low blood sugar) and risk dying. •Coma •Death -Generally will pass out before the lethal amount, but drinking really fast can be deadly

what is a hangover

•Physical state - fatigue, weakness, thirst •Pain - headache and muscle aches •GI - nausea, vomiting, stomach pain •Sleep/Biological Rhythms - decreased sleep, decreased quality of sleep, •Sensory - sensitivity to light and sound and vertigo •Cognitive - decreased attention and concentration •Mood - depression, anxiety and irritability •Sympathetic hyperactivity - tremors, increased sweating, increased pulse and systolic blood pressure

Excess alcohol metabolism

•The liver metabolizes majority of alcohol •When in excess, -80% broken down by Alcohol Dehydrogenase -10% broken down by MEOS -10% excreted through breath, in urine, pores •The more alcohol consumed -the longer the waiting time -alcohol circulates in the body before alcohol dehydrogenase can break it down in liver

Short vs chronic effects of ethanol consumption

•The short-term effects interfere with organ function for several hours after ingestion. •Chronic alcohol consumption interferes with nutritional status and produces toxic compounds. •The effects of alcohol vary with life stage.