Nutrition & Drugs - Ch. 7 Proteins

The purpose of _____ is to transfer the DNA code from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm so that protein synthesis can occur.

mRNA

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the _____ code.

DNA

What is a healthy adult's RDA for protein? a) 2.0 g/kg of body weight b) 1.0 g/kg of body weight c) 0.8 g/kg of body weight d) 1.0 g/lb of body weight

c) 0.8 g/kg of body weight

Poor sources of protein are _____. a) chicken and fish b) soy products c) fruits

c) fruits

True or False: Little is known about the long-term safety of amino supplements.

true

Soybeans may reduce the risk of: a) certain cancers b) dementia or alzheimer's disease c) arthritis d) pancreatitis

a) certain cancers

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of celiac disease? (choose all) a) chronic diarrhea b) weight loss c) dizziness and memory loss d) dry skin e) abdominal bloating

a) chronic diarrhea b) weight loss e) abdominal bloating

A specific tRNA molecule _____. a) conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome b) transcribes a sequence of its amino acid sequence c) unwinds exposing a single portion of the DNA

a) conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome

The process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid is called: a) deamination b) hydrogenation c) protein turnover d) transamination

a) deamination

Nutritional genomics studies the interactions between gene functioning and: (select all that apply) a) dietary choices b) anatomical function c) environment

a) dietary choices c) environment

_____ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues. a) edema b) obesity c) anemia

a) edema

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) affects people whose diets lack: (choose all that apply) a) energy b) water c) lipids d) protein

a) energy d) protein

A _____ diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes diary products and eggs.

lactoovovegetarian

A(n) _____ is a modified vegetarian because they will extend their vegetarian diet to include dairy products.

lactovegetarian

Rank the basic steps of protein synthesis. - the ribosomes "read" the messenger RNA - at the ribosome, the amino acid attaches to the peptide chain - mRNA transfers the information from the nucleus to ribosomes - the gene undergoes transcription, forming messenger RNA - DNA unwinds exposing a gene - RNA molecule conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome

1) DNA unwinds exposing a gene 2) the gene undergoes transcription, forming messenger RNA 3) mRNA transfers the information from the nucleus to ribosomes 4) the ribosomes "read" the messenger RNA 5) RNA molecule conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome 6) at the ribosome, the amino acid attaches to the peptide chain

High-protein diets are generally not recommended for healthy individuals because they may lead to higher-than-normal urinary losses of: a) calcium b) protein c) albumin d) glucose

a) calcium

Which of the following are two primary sources of fuel for cells? a) carbohydrates b) water c) proteins d) fats

a) carbohydrates d) fats

Proteins are made up of smaller units called _____ _____.

amino acids

Proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids in amounts that support growth are considered: a) legumes b) low-quality (incomplete) protein c) high-quality (complete) protein

c) high-quality (complete) protein

When many amino acids are bonded together it is called a polypeptide. What is formed when two amino acids bond and a molecule of water is released in the process?

dipeptide

A(n) _____ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

dispensable

When blood protein levels decrease and water leaks from the bloodstream into the spaces between cells, the resulting condition is called _____.

edema

What is the name of compounds that speed up chemical reactions without becoming part of the products?

enzymes

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are all _____ amino acids.

essential

True or False: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.

false

If a person with celiac disease eats foods that contain _____, the body will mount an immune response in the small intestine that inflames or destroys villi.

gluten

_____ -protein diets lead to increased urine output which, in turn, poses a risk for dehydration.

high

_____ proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential amino acids.

incomplete

Match each term with the most appropriate definition. Term: - lactovegetarian - lactoovovegetarian - ovovegetarian Def.: - eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods - eats eggs but no other animal foods - eats milk and milk products but no animal flesh or eggs

lactovegetarian: eats milk and milk products but no animal flesh or eggs lactoovovegetarian: eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods ovovegetarian: eats eggs but no other animal foods

A(n) _____ is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. Examples include: peanuts, garden peas, and lentils.

legume

A(n) _____ nitrogen balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed.

negative

Match the term with its definition. Term: - peptide bond - peptides - polypeptides Def.: - chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together - proteins comprised of 2 or more amino acids - small chains of amino acids

peptide bond: chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together peptides: small chains of amino acids polypeptides: proteins comprised of 2 or more amino acids

A(n) _____ protein balance occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses.

positive

During protein synthesis, the mRNA moves to the _____ after leaving the nucleus.

ribosome

Rank the correct order for the steps of urea production and removal. - liver converts ammonia to urea - deamination results in the production of ammonia - kidneys pick up urea and eliminate it in the urine - urea is released into the blood

1) deamination results in the production of ammonia 2) liver converts ammonia to urea 3) urea is released into the blood 4) kidneys pick up urea and eliminate it in the urine

Rank in order the steps involved in the digestion of protein beginning in the stomach. - rectum: very little dietary protein is excreted in feces - final digestion occurs within absorptive cells - denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin - the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes - amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver

1) denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin 2) the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes 3) final digestion occurs within absorptive cells 4) amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver 5) rectum: very little dietary protein is excreted in feces

Put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order. - further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes, including trypsin - amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver - final digestion occurs within absorptive cells - digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine

1) digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2) further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes, including trypsin 3) final digestion occurs within absorptive cells 4) amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver

A(n) _____ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet. (choose all that apply) a) essential b) indispensable c) non-essential

a) essential b) indispensable

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet? a) essential amino acid b) nonessential amino acid

a) essential amino acid

Research shows that a high-protein diet may _____ calcium loss in urine. a) increase b) decrease

a) increase

Which of the following are potential disadvantages from following a vegetarian diet? (choose all that apply) a) low iron and calcium b) high phytochemicals c) low vitamin D and riboflavin d) high magnesium and potassium

a) low iron and calcium c) low vitamin D and riboflavin

Which of the following is true about protein? (choose all that apply) a) organic molecules b) contains nitrogen c) identical to lipids and carbohydrates d) contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

a) organic molecules b) contains nitrogen

What confirms the diagnosis of celiac disease? (choose all) a) positive blood test b) positive stool c) positive urinalysis d) intestinal biopsy

a) positive blood test d) intestinal biopsy

Most foods contain some _____. a) protein b) vitamin C c) omega-3 fatty acids d) calcium

a) protein

_____ is synthesized by every cell in the body. a) protein b) oxygen c) calcium

a) protein

Which of the following are guidelines suggested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPyramid Plan for protein? (choose all that apply) a) remove any visible fat b) choose lean or low-fat meat c) when buying ground beef, choose "extra lean" products d) choose labels that state the meat is at least 80% lean

a) remove any visible fat b) choose lean or low-fat meat c) when buying ground beef, choose "extra lean" products

Which of the following are ways to decrease food costs without sacrificing nutrition? (choose all that apply) a) spend more time preparing food b) compare "unit" costs of packaged foods c) buy in bulk d) shop at convenience stores

a) spend more time preparing food b) compare "unit" costs of packaged foods c) buy in bulk

What are some common deficiencies in a poorly planned plan-based diet? (choose all that apply) a) vitamin B-12 b) iron c) vitamin E d) vitamin D

a) vitamin B-12 b) iron d) vitamin D

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for protein increases during: (choose all) a) a high-calorie diet b) a period of rapid growth c) recovery from serious illness d) pregnancy

b) a period of rapid growth c) recovery from serious illness d) pregnancy

The amino acid pool is an _____ source of nitrogen. a) deaminated b) endogenous c) denaturated d) exogenous

b) endogenous

Which of the following are unproven diagnostic methods for allergies? (choose all) a) skin testing for reactions to allergens b) hair analysis c) diagnosis performed by an alternative medical practitioner d) electrodermal testing

b) hair analysis c) diagnosis performed by an alternative medical practitioner d) electrodermal testing

What type of physician specializes in the treatment and diagnosis of allergies? a) wholest b) immunologist c) orthopedic d) internist

b) immunologist

Strategies to lower costs at the grocery store include: (choose all) a) use more red meat than chicken or fish b) limit soda consumption c) having at least 1 vegetarian meal a week d) consume more canned fish

b) limit soda consumption c) having at least 1 vegetarian meal a week d) consume more canned fish

What are some examples of foods made from soybeans? (choose all) a) fruits b) meat substitutes c) infant formula d) soy milk

b) meat substitutes c) infant formula d) soy milk

A protein in red blood cells, hemoglobin, is comprised of four polypeptide chains coiled together. This shape makes hemoglobin very good at transporting _____. a) nitrogen b) oxygen c) protein

b) oxygen

The human digestive system is able to digest nutrients from: (choose all that apply) a) fiber b) plants c) animals

b) plants c) animals

Amino acids are the end product of _____ digestion. a) carbohydrate b) protein c) lipid d) alcohol

b) protein

Commercially prepared vegetarian foods that are substitutes for meat, fish, and poultry are typically made from: a) milk and cheese b) soy c) eggs and raw vegetables

b) soy

Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of food allergies? (choose all that apply) a) dilated pupils b) swollen or itchy lips c) scaly skin rash d) difficulty swallowing

b) swollen or itchy lips c) scaly skin rash d) difficulty swallowing

Consumers who utilize at home genetic tests should: (select all that apply) a) change their diets immediately based on the test results b) use caution when interpreting their results c) first consult their physician

b) use caution when interpreting their results c) first consult their physician

A person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a: a) lactoovovegetarian b) vegetarian c) vegan d) fruitarian

b) vegetarian

A protein intake that is 20% of a person's total calorie intake would be _____ the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). a) insufficient information to answer the question b) within c) above d) below

b) within

Celiac disease is a common inherited condition that results in poor _____ of nutrients from the small intestine. a) recognition b) digestion c) absorption

c) absorption

Choose the nutrient class that is most important. a) vitamins b) carbohydrates c) all nutrient classes are of equal importance d) proteins e) water

c) all nutrient classes are of equal importance

Anaphylactic shock results from: a) exercising too much b) taking supplements c) an allergic reaction

c) an allergic reaction

Which of the following are examples of processed meat products? (choose all) a) chicken b) pork c) ham d) bacon e) sausage

c) ham d) bacon e) sausage

During periods of growth, recovery from a serious illness, and pregnancy, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for protein will: a) decrease b) stay the same c) increase

c) increase

Forms of PEM include: (choose all) a) celiac disease b) PKU c) kwashiorkor d) marasmus

c) kwashiorkor d) marasmus

Which of the following would be a good replacement for processed meat products? (choose all) a) sausage b) bacon c) lean turkey d) ham e) roast beef

c) lean turkey e) roast beef

Which protein type lacks one or more of the essential amino acids? (choose all) a) complete b) high-quality protein c) low-quality protein d) incomplete

c) low-quality protein d) incomplete

Which of the following elements is part of protein but not part of lipids or carbohydrates? a) oxygen b) hydrogen c) nitrogen d) carbon

c) nitrogen

What is the term for the chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein? a) ionic bond b) hydrogen bond c) peptide bond d) covalent bond

c) peptide bond

Plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no _____ than animal sources of protein. (choose all) a) fiber b) potassium c) saturated fat d) cholesterol

c) saturated fat d) cholesterol

Match the type of protein with the most appropriate characteristic of the protein. Protein: - collagen - keratin Characteristic: - hair, nails, and skin - cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue

collagen: cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue keratin: hair, nails, and skin

The end product of protein digestion is: a) polypeptides b) enzymes c) fatty acids d) amino acids

d) amino acids

A _____ diet is best for getting high-quality protein because of the wide variety of foods available to contribute the nine essential amino acids. a) low-sodium b) high-fat c) monotonous d) mixed

d) mixed

Which of the following cells do not contain protein? a) skin, blood, and bone cells b) certain hormones, such as insulin and glucagon c) cells made with collagen d) none, all cells contain some protein

d) none, all cells contain some protein

What is the name for the "hook" that provides a chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid? a) peptides b) polypeptide c) cell nucelus d) peptide bond

d) peptide bond

The process of transferring a a nitrogen-containing group to another substance to make an amino acid is called: a) deamination b) hydrogenation c) protein turnover d) transamination

d) transamination

There are a total of _____ essential amino acids and eleven nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

nine

The study of how a person's genetic makeup influences the way their body reacts to food is called _____.

nutrigenetics

The study of how the nutrients and other components in food can affect gene expression is called _____.

nutrigenomics

Diets that contain low-quality _____ can result in poor growth, slow recovery from illness, and even death.

protein

Amino acids are the building blocks of _____.

proteins

Enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of _____.

proteins