Nutrition & Metabolism Practice Questions

Most dietary carbohydrates come from:

plant-based food.

In the presence of oxygen, ______________ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.

pyruvic

Homeostatic regulation of the body temperature within a narrow range is known as ___________________.

thermoregulation

______________ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.

transamination

Convection?

transfer of heat moving fluid such as blood, air, or water

Which are disaccharides? - lactose - maltose - fructose - sucrose - galactose - glucose

- lactose - maltose - sucrose

Which of the following are lipids? - polypeptides - glycogen - phospholipids - triglycerides - cholesterol

- phospholipids - triglycerides - cholesterol

The products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include which of the following?

- water - ATP - carbon dioxide

The maximum number of ATP generated by the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose is ______.

32

What molecule functions as a universal carrier of energy used to do cellular work?

ATP

What is lipolysis?

Breakdown of triglycerides

Which of the following are examples of trace minerals?

Copper, Iodine, Zinc

Total metabolic rate is the sum of basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure for which of the following?

Digestion Exercise Thermoregulation

What are the three principle forms of dietary carbohydrates?

Disaccharides Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

Which produces most of your body heat?

Exergonic chemical reactions

True or False: the basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum metabolic rate needed to sustain life.

False

In the absence of oxygen, small amounts of ATP may be produced via an anaerobic process called ___________.

Fermentation

What role does the protein and phospholipid coating of a lipoprotein serve?

Forms a recognition marker for cells Enables lipid droplets to remain suspended in the blood

Match each of the peptides involved in short-term appetite regulation to it description.

Ghrelin: produces the sensation of hunger and stimulates the hypothalamus to release growth hormone releasing hormone. Peptide YY: signals satiety and terminates eating; prevents the stomach from emptying too quickly. Cholecystokinin (CCK): stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes; suppresses appetite.

List examples of carbohydrates:

Glycogen, Glucose, Sucrose

Which factors have been shown to affect the set point for body weight in humans?

Hereditary factors Eating habits Exercise habits

The glycemic index is an expression of which of the following?

How a particular dietary carbohydrate affects blood glucose level.

Define nutrient:

Ingested compound used for growth, repair, or maintenance.

Match the liver disorder with its description.

Jaundice: yellowing of skin/eyes due to the buildup of bilirubin. Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver, usually viral Cirrhosis: irreversible inflammatory disease of liver with scarring

Which of the following are types of lipoprotein?

LDLs HDLs VLDLs Chylomicrons

Which function in long term appetite regulation?

Leptin Neuropeptide Y Insulin

The essential nutrients include which of the following?

Most vitamins All minerals Eight of the amino acids

Which are types of dietary fiber?

Pectin Cellulose

The process called ___________ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule.

Phosphorylation

Which class of nutrient is our chief dietary source of nitrogen?

Protein

Which of the following constitutes about 12 - 15 percent of the body's mass?

Protein

Which of the following are components of lipoproteins?

Proteins Triglycerides Cholesterol

In anaerobic fermentation, NADH donates a pair of electrons to _______ acid, thus reducing it to __________ acid and regenerating NAD.

Pyruvic acid, lactic acid

Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?

Retinol Calitrol

Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain?

Series of oxidation-reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP.

_______________ temperature is the temperature close to the body surface, e.g. skin and oral temperature.

Shell

Match each mineral to its most common dietary source: - sodium - calcium - iron - fluoride - milk, fish, shellfish, greens, tofu, orange juice - red meat, liver, shellfish, eggs, dried fruits, nuts, legumes, molasses - fluoridated water and toothpaste, tea, seafood, seaweed - table salt, processed foods; usually present in excess

Sodium > table salt, processed foods; usually present in excess Calcium > milk, fish, shellfish, greens, tofu, orange juice Iron > red meat, liver, shellfish, eggs, dried fruits, nuts, legumes, molasses Fluoride > fluoridated water and toothpaste, tea, seafood, seaweed

Which of the following is considered the only nutritionally significant polysaccharide?

Starch

Cholesterol is a precursor for what?

Testosterone Vitamin D Estrogen Bile acids

The typical American consumes about four time the sodium RDA of 1100mg/day. T or F?

True

True or False? Insulin has an affect on appetite.

True

Match each vitamin to its function.

Vitamin C: promotes hemoglobin and collagen synthesis; functions as an antioxidant. Vitamin A: a component of the visual pigments; promotes proteoglycan synthesis; promotes epithelial maintenance; functions as an antioxidant. Vitamin D: promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Vitamin K: essential to prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting.

Which vitamin promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization?

Vitamin D

Match each nutrient class to its partial list of functions:

Water: coolant; solvent; reactant or product in many metabolic reactions, etc. Vitamins: coenzymes for many metabolic pathways; antioxidants, etc. Lipids: fuel; plasma membrane structure; myelin sheaths; hormones; insulation; padding around organs, etc. Proteins: muscle contraction; enzymes; antibodies; buffers; emergency fuel, etc. Carbohydrates: fuel; glycoproteins and glycolipids Minerals: structure of bones and teeth; electrolytes; buffers; stomach acid, etc

For several hours during and after a meal, you are in the ___________ state.

absorptive

The process of ___________ is the addition of an amino group to a molecule.

amination

Fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups during the process called _______ oxidation.

beta

By definition, one __________ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

calorie

Because the class of nutrients called _______________ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.

carbohydrates

Which is a major structural component of plasma membranes, and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D?

cholesterol

Proteins are classified as _________ proteins if they provide all the essential amino acids for human tissue growth, maintenance and nitrogen balance.

complete

The removal of an amino group from an organic molecule is known as ____________.

deamination

When does a positive nitrogen balance often occur?

during growth and development, weight gain, pregnancy, lactation, and times of muscle healing or recovery from injury

When does a negative nitrogen balance often occur?

during weight loss, illness, burns, or injury

Radiation?

emission of inferred energy (rays); contact is not required for energy transfer

Alcohol and sugary foods are considered "________ calories", calories that do not provide nutrients that the body requires.

empty

What are important examples of proteins in the body?

enzymes, keratin, hemoglobin

What class of macronutrients provides the most energy per gram?

fat

Match each common carbohydrate to its most common dietary source: fructose lactose maltose sucrose germinating cereal grains fruit cow's milk refined from sugar cane and sugar beets

fructose > fruit lactose > cow's milk maltose > germinating cereal grains sucrose > refined from sugar cane and sugar beets

What term refers to the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as glycerol and amino acids?

gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of ______________.

glucose

The synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose is called _____________.

glycogenesis

What term refers to the hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose or glucose 1-phosphate?

glycogenolysis

Which process yields a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule?

glycolysis

Evaporation?

head dissipated as it breaks bonds between water molecules

Conduction?

heat transferred molecule to molecule; contact is required for energy transfer

Which term refers to an excessively high body temperature?

hyperthermia

The _______________ of the brain controls body temperature by initiating heat-conserving or heat-loss mechanisms.

hypothalamus

Water-__________ fiber includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

insoluable

One thousand calories is called a Calorie (capital C) in dietics and a ___________ in biochemistry.

kilocalorie

Anaerobic fermentation results in in pyruvic acid being reduced to _______________ acid.

lactic

The term ______________ refers to the synthesis of fats.

lipogenesis

Which are directly involved in the process of protein synthesis?

mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, DNA

The term _____________ rate refers to the amount of energy released per unit of time (kcal/h or kcal/day).

metabolic

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including both anabolic and catabolic reactions is called:

metabolism

What is the cellular location of the Krebs cycle?

mitochondria

Based on their structure, glucose, galactose and fructose are classified as which of the following?

monosaccarhides