Nutrition Ch. 10: Water and the Electrolytes
interstitial fluid
the portion of the extracellular fluid located in the spaces between the cells of body tissues
dissociate
to separate two charged ions
polar
used to describe a molecule that has a positive charge at one end and a negative charge at the other
hypertension
blood pressure that is consistently elevated to 140/90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or greater
angiotensin II
a compound that causes blood vessel walls to constrict and stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone
water intoxication
a condition that occurs when a person drinks enough water to lower the concentration of sodium in the blood significantly
dehydration
a condition that results when not enough water is present to meet the body's needs
solvent
a fluid in which one or more substances dissolve
Osmosis moves water in response to solute concentration. The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP energy to bring two potassium ions into the cell and expel three sodium ions.
How do electrolytes regulate fluid balance?
fresh fruits and vegetables legumes whole grains
What are some food sources of potassium?
processed food table salt naturally occurring in food
What are some food sources of sodium?
intracellular cation regulation of muscle contractions, nerve impulses and blood pressure keeps cardiac muscle healthy
What are the functions of potassium?
extracellular cation regulation of muscle contractions, nerve impulses and blood pressure transportation of nutrients
What are the functions of sodium?
solvent transports oxygen and nutrients to cells carries carbon dioxide away from cells lubrication and protection regulation of body temperature participation in metabolic reactions maintains pH
What are the functions of water?
irregular heartbeat fatigue muscle cramps
What are the potassium deficiency diseases and symptoms?
AI for adults: 1,500 mg/day UL for adults: 2,300 mg/day
What are the recommended intakes for sodium?
men: 15.5 cups of fluid/day women: 11.5 cups of fluid/day
What are the recommended intakes for water?
muscle cramps nausea disorientation confusion fluid in tissues
What are the sodium deficiency diseases and symptoms?
abnormal heartbeat
What is associated with potassium toxicity?
high blood pressure
What is associated with sodium toxicity?
men and women: 4,700 mg/day
What is the AI for potassium?
90%
What percentage of blood is water?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that increases the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney and therefore retained in the body
aldosterone
a hormone that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidney and therefore enhances water retention
pH
a measure of the level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
ion
an atom of group of atoms that carries an electrical charge
renin
an enzyme produced by the kidneys that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
solutes
dissolved substances
insensible losses
fluid losses that are not perceived by the senses, such as evaporation of water through the skin and lungs
hyponatremia
low blood sodium concentration
electrons
negatively charged particles
electrolytes
positively and negatively charged ions that conduct an electrical current in solution, commonly refers to sodium, potassium, and chloride
blood pressure
the amount of force exerted by the blood against the artery walls
intracellular fluid
the fluid located inside cells
extracellular fluid
the fluid located outside cells; it includes fluid found in the blood plasma, lymph, gastrointestinal tract, spinal column, eyes, and joints and that found between cells
