Nutrition Ch. 10: Water and the Electrolytes

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interstitial fluid

the portion of the extracellular fluid located in the spaces between the cells of body tissues

dissociate

to separate two charged ions

polar

used to describe a molecule that has a positive charge at one end and a negative charge at the other

hypertension

blood pressure that is consistently elevated to 140/90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or greater

angiotensin II

a compound that causes blood vessel walls to constrict and stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone

water intoxication

a condition that occurs when a person drinks enough water to lower the concentration of sodium in the blood significantly

dehydration

a condition that results when not enough water is present to meet the body's needs

solvent

a fluid in which one or more substances dissolve

Osmosis moves water in response to solute concentration. The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP energy to bring two potassium ions into the cell and expel three sodium ions.

How do electrolytes regulate fluid balance?

fresh fruits and vegetables legumes whole grains

What are some food sources of potassium?

processed food table salt naturally occurring in food

What are some food sources of sodium?

intracellular cation regulation of muscle contractions, nerve impulses and blood pressure keeps cardiac muscle healthy

What are the functions of potassium?

extracellular cation regulation of muscle contractions, nerve impulses and blood pressure transportation of nutrients

What are the functions of sodium?

solvent transports oxygen and nutrients to cells carries carbon dioxide away from cells lubrication and protection regulation of body temperature participation in metabolic reactions maintains pH

What are the functions of water?

irregular heartbeat fatigue muscle cramps

What are the potassium deficiency diseases and symptoms?

AI for adults: 1,500 mg/day UL for adults: 2,300 mg/day

What are the recommended intakes for sodium?

men: 15.5 cups of fluid/day women: 11.5 cups of fluid/day

What are the recommended intakes for water?

muscle cramps nausea disorientation confusion fluid in tissues

What are the sodium deficiency diseases and symptoms?

abnormal heartbeat

What is associated with potassium toxicity?

high blood pressure

What is associated with sodium toxicity?

men and women: 4,700 mg/day

What is the AI for potassium?

90%

What percentage of blood is water?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that increases the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney and therefore retained in the body

aldosterone

a hormone that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidney and therefore enhances water retention

pH

a measure of the level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

ion

an atom of group of atoms that carries an electrical charge

renin

an enzyme produced by the kidneys that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

solutes

dissolved substances

insensible losses

fluid losses that are not perceived by the senses, such as evaporation of water through the skin and lungs

hyponatremia

low blood sodium concentration

electrons

negatively charged particles

electrolytes

positively and negatively charged ions that conduct an electrical current in solution, commonly refers to sodium, potassium, and chloride

blood pressure

the amount of force exerted by the blood against the artery walls

intracellular fluid

the fluid located inside cells

extracellular fluid

the fluid located outside cells; it includes fluid found in the blood plasma, lymph, gastrointestinal tract, spinal column, eyes, and joints and that found between cells


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