Nutrition Ch. 12
Elderly nutrient needs
absorption and production of certain nutrients decrease with aging so the older person's diet should focus on more nutrient dense foods
Longer life span due to ____________ and ___________
advanced medical care and nutrition
Diabetes during pregnancy
aka gestational diabetes; requires diabetic diet; most women do not continue to have diabetes after giving birth; appears more commonly in women with obesity and family history
Avoid ______ which easily enters breast milk
alcohol
What kinds of meals and snacks should be given during childhood?
balanced and iron-rich
Overall dieting goals during pregnancy
balanced; avoid vitamin mega-doses; take supplements only when prescribed; take a pre-natal vitamin that has folate; avoid weight loss diets; achieve ideal weight first, gain appropriate weight
Achieve weight __________ pregnancy
before
When and how should new foods be offered to children?
beginning of meal with familiar foods
________ improves learning
breakfast
Which is recommended over the other, breast feeding or formula?
breast feeding
Protein deprivation
can affect height permanently
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, which causes irreversible brain damage. recommendation = no alcohol
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
condition requiring medical treatment; severe cases can lead to stillbirth; very serious
Do young children prefer cooked or crunchy vegetables? Smooth or chunky? Warm or hot?
crunchy; smooth; warm
Ways to reduce cancer risk
decrease fats; limit alcohol intake (to moderate amounts); increase fiber and antioxidants - fruits and veggies (>5 servings per day is the goal) (7-9 new goal); control calories/weight
Strategies to treat/protect against heart disease
decrease saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol in the diet; quit smoking; add physical activity; lose weight
Alzheimer's disease
degenerative brain disease; memory loss; best nutrition approach to helping patients is to remind them to eat
Nutrient needs for the elderly
difficult to set standards for the elderly because variety of medications and diet restrictions can affect nutrient needs
When feeding solids....
don't limit fat; serve iron-rich foods; minimize risk of choking; avoid baby "desserts;" "feed with love"
How to avoid dehydration while feeding
drink a glass of milk, juice, or water each time the baby nurses as well as at mealtimes
Prevent chronic diseases by ________ and ________
eating healthy, maintaining an ideal weight
Pica
eating non-food items
How can morning sickness be alleviated?
eating small, frequent meals and alternating dry and fluid feedings
Are cravings physiologically or emotionally driven?
emotionally
Aging and activity
exercise helps older people maintain high BMR; they don't have to reduce food/nutrients
T/F: a woman who craves a food during pregnancy instinctively knows that she needs the nutrients in that food
false
T/F: for older adults, age-related weight gain is inevitable
false
T/F: if a child loses his or her appetite, the caretaker must insist that the child eat his or her meals anyway
false
T/F: the number of old people is declining
false
T/F: a woman needs twice as many calories per day in late pregnancy as she did before she was pregnant
false; 17% more calories
T/F: as you grow older, you need more calories, but fewer vitamins and minerals, to stay healthy
false; need fewer calories and same amount of vitamins and minerals
T/F: school lunches provide all of the nutrients children need in a day
false; they provide 1/3 of nutrients needed in a day
Identify risks associated with _______ and assess ________, and make ___________ as needed
family history; personal history; diet changes
Breast milk and formula have a similar amount of _________________
fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals
Nutritional assistance programs
federally funded food programs for the elderly; eligibility based on age; meals at group sites; volunteers can deliver meals to homebound elders
Physical and emotional benefits of breast feeding for mother and baby
first few days of feeding contain colostrum, a milk-like liquid which contains antibodies; helps babies fight disease and infections and allergies; reduces risk of disease, death, allergies; improves mother-baby bonding; improves mental development of baby
Other lifestyle benefits of breast milk
free, convenient
Childhood obesity
growing problem in US; can lead to health problems like diabetes; can lead to adult obesity; limit tv, encourage activity; limit junk foods in the home; provide healthy meals for the whole family; don't single out overweight kid
About ____ of all older adults (>65 y/o) have ____________
heart disease
Top 2 leading causes of death in US
heart disease, cancer
Risk of which diseases is lowered with good nutrition?
heart disease, certain cancers, GI diseases, high blood pressure, diabetes
How can constipation in later pregnancy be alleviated?
high fiber diet and plenty of fluid
Are calorie needs higher or lower during pregnancy?
higher
Children control
how much to eat
Overall goals
improve general health and quality of life (decrease risk of chronic diseases and disabilities); increase longevity
Additional concerns during teen years
inadequate calcium - many teens choose diet soda over milk; dental caries; eating disorders; under-nutrition, due to poverty, chronic diets; excess caffeine; peer pressure affects food choices; skipped lunches; many snacks have empty calories
Vitamins and minerals
increased need for vitamin D; iron deficiency can result from antacid use; calcium intake is lower in older adults; vitamin supplements may be needed
Physical changes in aging
insulin action diminishes, diabetes risk increases; increased risk of infection, worsened by poor nutrition; increased constipation; nutrients not digested and absorbed well; lose ability to chew hard foods
Heart disease rate has dropped due to......
less smoking, lower cholesterol, lower blood pressure
Underweight babies
may be malnourished, underfed, e.g. bulky high-fiber diet
Overweight babies
may be overfed or underactive
Antioxidants
may help protect against cataracts and other eye degeneration
Iron deficiency
more common in low income families; iron needs increase during pregnancy; all grains should be whole-grain or enriched; iron-rich foods should be served
Goals to prevent/reduce hypertension
most effective way = lose weight; increase physical activity; watch sodium if genetically sensitive; increase fruits and vegetables (potassium) medication may still be necessary
Are additives and pesticides carcinogenic at the levels found in foods?
no, but limit pesticides, nitrates and nitrites (found in deli meat)
Is low-carb/low-calorie dieting okay?
no, it can deprive the fetus's brain of glucose and cause brain damage
High blood cholesterol
plaque starts developing during childhood; a low fat (<30% fat) heart healthy diet should start at age 2; teens should follow same heart heathy eating as adults
Adolescent pregnancy
pregnant teenager's nutrient needs double for many nutrients; needs are difficult to meet; requires intervention throughout pregnancy; highest rate of pre-term births; low birth weights; common complication is iron deficiency
Water for the elderly
problems with dehydration due to not feeling thirsty, avoiding water due to loss of bladder control, dehydration can lead to disorientation
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
program for low income pregnant women, mothers and their young children; provides low-cost nutritious foods or vouchers, nutrition education; reduces infant mortality, low birth weight, newborn medical costs; for every $1 spent on WIC by our government $3 are saved in medical costs
What to avoid feeding infants
regular (cow's) milk - too much protein, not enough iron and vitamins; soy milk
To encourage kids to eat healthy and try new foods, what should parents do?
role model healthy eating
Other factors that may protect against heart disease
soluble fiber - found in oats, beans, fruits, and vegetables; omega-3 fatty acids - fish oils in fatty fish i.e. salmon; alcohol (moderate amounts), vitamin E supplements medication may still be necessary
Giving solid foods to babies
start at 4-6 months; provide iron and vitamin C for optimal growth; add water to baby's diet
Smoking during pregnancy
stunts baby's growth; can cause premature delivery and low infant birth weight
Screen the elderly for...
tooth/mouth/denture problems; need for assistance with shopping, cooking; weight loss or gain can be due to medical issues or depression; reduced social contact "it is not what the older person eats but with whom"
During infant's first year, weight _________
triples
T/F: even one alcoholic beverage, if taken at the wrong time during pregnancy, can damage the development of the nervous system in the unborn infant
true
T/F: substances in a mother's milk can protect the infant against certain diseases to which the mother has been exposed
true
T/F: the poor nutrition of a pregnant woman can impair the health of her grandchild, even after that child has grown up
true
Food allergies
try less allergic foods first i.e. rice cereal; wait 5 days before each new food to identify new allergies
Parents control
types of food, when to eat
Giving fruits and vegetables to babies
use fresh, not canned, vegetables; vegetables should be introduced first; excess juice is related to growth failure
Are artificial sweeteners okay during pregnancy?
yes
Is breast milk okay when a baby is born prematurely?
yes
Limit sweets during childhood?
yes
Should overweight pregnant women gain any weight?
yes
Can gradual weight loss occur without affecting milk output?
yes (1 pound per week)
Is caffeine okay during pregnancy?
yes, moderate amounts (<16 oz per day)
Ideal length of time for breast feeding
1 year
By what age should the baby drink from a cup and eat food with the family?
1 year old
_____ elderly patients may be suffering from malnutrition, due to....
1/4; skipping meals (low income level, reduced appetite, no interest in cooking), drug interactions (affects appetite and nutrients)
Limit fat starting at what age?
2
Recommended maternal weight gain
25-35 lbs; more if underweight, less if overweight
People with diabetes are ___x as likely to develop _________ and ________
2x; heart disease; stroke
How many more calories per day does a pregnant woman need after the third month of pregnancy?
300
Average life expectancy in 1900
42 y/o
Average life expectancy in 2000/2013
75-80 y/o
Limit milk to _____ to avoid _____
<4 cups per day; iron deficiency