Nutrition Ch. 12

Elderly nutrient needs

absorption and production of certain nutrients decrease with aging so the older person's diet should focus on more nutrient dense foods

Longer life span due to ____________ and ___________

advanced medical care and nutrition

Diabetes during pregnancy

aka gestational diabetes; requires diabetic diet; most women do not continue to have diabetes after giving birth; appears more commonly in women with obesity and family history

Avoid ______ which easily enters breast milk

alcohol

What kinds of meals and snacks should be given during childhood?

balanced and iron-rich

Overall dieting goals during pregnancy

balanced; avoid vitamin mega-doses; take supplements only when prescribed; take a pre-natal vitamin that has folate; avoid weight loss diets; achieve ideal weight first, gain appropriate weight

Achieve weight __________ pregnancy

before

When and how should new foods be offered to children?

beginning of meal with familiar foods

________ improves learning

breakfast

Which is recommended over the other, breast feeding or formula?

breast feeding

Protein deprivation

can affect height permanently

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy

can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, which causes irreversible brain damage. recommendation = no alcohol

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)

condition requiring medical treatment; severe cases can lead to stillbirth; very serious

Do young children prefer cooked or crunchy vegetables? Smooth or chunky? Warm or hot?

crunchy; smooth; warm

Ways to reduce cancer risk

decrease fats; limit alcohol intake (to moderate amounts); increase fiber and antioxidants - fruits and veggies (>5 servings per day is the goal) (7-9 new goal); control calories/weight

Strategies to treat/protect against heart disease

decrease saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol in the diet; quit smoking; add physical activity; lose weight

Alzheimer's disease

degenerative brain disease; memory loss; best nutrition approach to helping patients is to remind them to eat

Nutrient needs for the elderly

difficult to set standards for the elderly because variety of medications and diet restrictions can affect nutrient needs

When feeding solids....

don't limit fat; serve iron-rich foods; minimize risk of choking; avoid baby "desserts;" "feed with love"

How to avoid dehydration while feeding

drink a glass of milk, juice, or water each time the baby nurses as well as at mealtimes

Prevent chronic diseases by ________ and ________

eating healthy, maintaining an ideal weight

Pica

eating non-food items

How can morning sickness be alleviated?

eating small, frequent meals and alternating dry and fluid feedings

Are cravings physiologically or emotionally driven?

emotionally

Aging and activity

exercise helps older people maintain high BMR; they don't have to reduce food/nutrients

T/F: a woman who craves a food during pregnancy instinctively knows that she needs the nutrients in that food

false

T/F: for older adults, age-related weight gain is inevitable

false

T/F: if a child loses his or her appetite, the caretaker must insist that the child eat his or her meals anyway

false

T/F: the number of old people is declining

false

T/F: a woman needs twice as many calories per day in late pregnancy as she did before she was pregnant

false; 17% more calories

T/F: as you grow older, you need more calories, but fewer vitamins and minerals, to stay healthy

false; need fewer calories and same amount of vitamins and minerals

T/F: school lunches provide all of the nutrients children need in a day

false; they provide 1/3 of nutrients needed in a day

Identify risks associated with _______ and assess ________, and make ___________ as needed

family history; personal history; diet changes

Breast milk and formula have a similar amount of _________________

fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals

Nutritional assistance programs

federally funded food programs for the elderly; eligibility based on age; meals at group sites; volunteers can deliver meals to homebound elders

Physical and emotional benefits of breast feeding for mother and baby

first few days of feeding contain colostrum, a milk-like liquid which contains antibodies; helps babies fight disease and infections and allergies; reduces risk of disease, death, allergies; improves mother-baby bonding; improves mental development of baby

Other lifestyle benefits of breast milk

free, convenient

Childhood obesity

growing problem in US; can lead to health problems like diabetes; can lead to adult obesity; limit tv, encourage activity; limit junk foods in the home; provide healthy meals for the whole family; don't single out overweight kid

About ____ of all older adults (>65 y/o) have ____________

heart disease

Top 2 leading causes of death in US

heart disease, cancer

Risk of which diseases is lowered with good nutrition?

heart disease, certain cancers, GI diseases, high blood pressure, diabetes

How can constipation in later pregnancy be alleviated?

high fiber diet and plenty of fluid

Are calorie needs higher or lower during pregnancy?

higher

Children control

how much to eat

Overall goals

improve general health and quality of life (decrease risk of chronic diseases and disabilities); increase longevity

Additional concerns during teen years

inadequate calcium - many teens choose diet soda over milk; dental caries; eating disorders; under-nutrition, due to poverty, chronic diets; excess caffeine; peer pressure affects food choices; skipped lunches; many snacks have empty calories

Vitamins and minerals

increased need for vitamin D; iron deficiency can result from antacid use; calcium intake is lower in older adults; vitamin supplements may be needed

Physical changes in aging

insulin action diminishes, diabetes risk increases; increased risk of infection, worsened by poor nutrition; increased constipation; nutrients not digested and absorbed well; lose ability to chew hard foods

Heart disease rate has dropped due to......

less smoking, lower cholesterol, lower blood pressure

Underweight babies

may be malnourished, underfed, e.g. bulky high-fiber diet

Overweight babies

may be overfed or underactive

Antioxidants

may help protect against cataracts and other eye degeneration

Iron deficiency

more common in low income families; iron needs increase during pregnancy; all grains should be whole-grain or enriched; iron-rich foods should be served

Goals to prevent/reduce hypertension

most effective way = lose weight; increase physical activity; watch sodium if genetically sensitive; increase fruits and vegetables (potassium) medication may still be necessary

Are additives and pesticides carcinogenic at the levels found in foods?

no, but limit pesticides, nitrates and nitrites (found in deli meat)

Is low-carb/low-calorie dieting okay?

no, it can deprive the fetus's brain of glucose and cause brain damage

High blood cholesterol

plaque starts developing during childhood; a low fat (<30% fat) heart healthy diet should start at age 2; teens should follow same heart heathy eating as adults

Adolescent pregnancy

pregnant teenager's nutrient needs double for many nutrients; needs are difficult to meet; requires intervention throughout pregnancy; highest rate of pre-term births; low birth weights; common complication is iron deficiency

Water for the elderly

problems with dehydration due to not feeling thirsty, avoiding water due to loss of bladder control, dehydration can lead to disorientation

Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

program for low income pregnant women, mothers and their young children; provides low-cost nutritious foods or vouchers, nutrition education; reduces infant mortality, low birth weight, newborn medical costs; for every $1 spent on WIC by our government $3 are saved in medical costs

What to avoid feeding infants

regular (cow's) milk - too much protein, not enough iron and vitamins; soy milk

To encourage kids to eat healthy and try new foods, what should parents do?

role model healthy eating

Other factors that may protect against heart disease

soluble fiber - found in oats, beans, fruits, and vegetables; omega-3 fatty acids - fish oils in fatty fish i.e. salmon; alcohol (moderate amounts), vitamin E supplements medication may still be necessary

Giving solid foods to babies

start at 4-6 months; provide iron and vitamin C for optimal growth; add water to baby's diet

Smoking during pregnancy

stunts baby's growth; can cause premature delivery and low infant birth weight

Screen the elderly for...

tooth/mouth/denture problems; need for assistance with shopping, cooking; weight loss or gain can be due to medical issues or depression; reduced social contact "it is not what the older person eats but with whom"

During infant's first year, weight _________

triples

T/F: even one alcoholic beverage, if taken at the wrong time during pregnancy, can damage the development of the nervous system in the unborn infant

true

T/F: substances in a mother's milk can protect the infant against certain diseases to which the mother has been exposed

true

T/F: the poor nutrition of a pregnant woman can impair the health of her grandchild, even after that child has grown up

true

Food allergies

try less allergic foods first i.e. rice cereal; wait 5 days before each new food to identify new allergies

Parents control

types of food, when to eat

Giving fruits and vegetables to babies

use fresh, not canned, vegetables; vegetables should be introduced first; excess juice is related to growth failure

Are artificial sweeteners okay during pregnancy?

yes

Is breast milk okay when a baby is born prematurely?

yes

Limit sweets during childhood?

yes

Should overweight pregnant women gain any weight?

yes

Can gradual weight loss occur without affecting milk output?

yes (1 pound per week)

Is caffeine okay during pregnancy?

yes, moderate amounts (<16 oz per day)

Ideal length of time for breast feeding

1 year

By what age should the baby drink from a cup and eat food with the family?

1 year old

_____ elderly patients may be suffering from malnutrition, due to....

1/4; skipping meals (low income level, reduced appetite, no interest in cooking), drug interactions (affects appetite and nutrients)

Limit fat starting at what age?

2

Recommended maternal weight gain

25-35 lbs; more if underweight, less if overweight

People with diabetes are ___x as likely to develop _________ and ________

2x; heart disease; stroke

How many more calories per day does a pregnant woman need after the third month of pregnancy?

300

Average life expectancy in 1900

42 y/o

Average life expectancy in 2000/2013

75-80 y/o

Limit milk to _____ to avoid _____

<4 cups per day; iron deficiency