Nutrition Ch 5+6

which of the following conditions is a common sign or symptom of untreated type 1 diabetes

Hyperglycemia

the lipoprotein that carries the highest concentration of cholesterol to cells in the body is____

LDL

what are some food sources of insoluble fiber

brown rice, whole wheat

the hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called

cholecystokinin

A lipid found only in the foods that contain animal products is

cholesterol

a healthy diet in conjunction with high fiber may reduce the risk of ______cancer

colorectal

smoking and elevated cholesterol levels and blood in early adulthood are associated with the formation of ______ calcium

coronary calcium

stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has

diabetes

high pressure inside the large intestine during bowel movements can cause small pouches called ____ to protrude through the small intestinal wall.

diverticula

which of the following signs is associated with metabolic syndrome

high fasting blood glucose

fats and cholesterol are _____, a class of nutrients

lipids

in people with type 1 diabetes who are not being treated for the condition blood sugar levels remain high for several hours after eating a meal because their ______

pancreas does not make and release insulin

Galactose

part of milk sugar

a _______ molecule functions as a major structural component of cell membranes

phospholipid

which of the following contribute to unwanted weight gain

physical inactivity, excess calorie consumption

what are some things you can do to reduce fat intake

steam meats, choose lean meats, trim fat

starch

storage form of glucose in plants

modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include

tobacco use

example of complex carbohydrates include

starch

bees make honey from flower nectar which is rich in

sucrose

What is added to food to improve the foods tenderness, contribute to browning, and serve as a preservation

sugar

primary sources of added sugars in the typical american diet include _______

sugar sweetened beverages

______are a primary source of added sugars in american diets

sugar-sweetened soft drinks

Nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains

Fructose and glucose

which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid

aspartame

greatest fiber content to least fiber content per serving

black beans blackberries green apple slice of white bread romaine lettuce

Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal

eat meal elevated blood glucose insulin released from the pancreas blood glucose level returns to normal

When an individual's blood sugar level becomes abnormally elevated they are diagnosed as having

hyperglycemia

high fiber diets may lower your risks for

obesity

pair the fatty acid with its effect of blood clotting and inflammation

omega-3 -increases blood clotting and inflammation omega-6 -decreases blood clotting and inflammation

according to the 2015-2020 dietary guidelines _______ is a nutrient of public health concern

dietary fiber

a healthy snack that is not a rich source of added sugars is ____ peanuts or plain yogurt

fresh fruit

signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis include

fruity smelling breath excessive thirst blood glucose level above 250 mg/dl frequent urination

Acesulfame- K ______ approved for use as a nonnutritive sweetener by the FDA

has been

when an individual's blood sugar level falls below 70 mg/dl they are diagnosed with

hypoglycemia

red lentils are a type of

legume

what is another name for fructose

levulose

type 2 diabetes can be prevented or its onset delayed by

losing excess body fat increasing physical activity

lactose can be found in which animal products

milk

which of the following health conditions are linked to a very-high-sugar diet

obesity

replace soft drinks, sweet tea, and sugary commercial coffees with

plain water

nutrients generally have more than one role in the body. In many instances however a nutrient has a very important or primary role. the primary role of glucose is to _______ for cellular metabolism

provide energy

Which of the following is true about sugar and hyperactivity

research does not indicate that sugar increases a child's risk for hyperactivity ADHD

some types of plant oils, especially tropical oils such as coconut and palm oils, contain high amounts of ______ fats

saturated

large intestine

the bacteria in this organ ferment some of the crackers soluble in water

dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on

the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration

according to the food and nutrition board carbohydrates should provide ______% to ______% of total calories in the diet

45 to 65

classify the simple sugars as disaccharide or monosaccharide

Disaccharide sucrose lactose maltose Monosaccharide fructose glucose galactose

Which simple carbohydrate is the primary fuel for muscle cells

Glucose

*** drag the lipoprotein to its appropriate descriptor

HDL- transports cholesterol from cells to liver VLDL- contains only about 15% of the cholesterol in the bloodstream but carries the largest share of the triglycerides LDL- carries most of the cholesterol in the bloodstream and transports cholesterol to cells Oxidized LDL- damaged LDL that is taken up by the arterial cells and forms plaque chylomicron- carries and absorbed dietary lipids away from the intestinal tract

which of the following statements is true

***a. certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids b. omega-3 fatty acids increase the risk of cardiovascular disease c. trans fats are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids d. the human body converts dietary fiber into omega-3 fatty acids

the form of diabetes that is strongly associated with obesity is type _____

2

What are probable causes of hyperactivity

Genetic factors, environmental factors

classify high and low GI foods

LOW GI raw carrots cooked spaghetti peanuts low fat vanilla ice cream High GI banana jelly beans cornflake cereal plain bagel

at what age can type 1 diabetes first occur

any age

which types of lipids are synthesized by the body

cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids

the four major classes of lipoproteins are

chylomicrons, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein

For a grain to be classified as a whole grain it much contain the

Oily germ, Fiber rich bran seed, starchy endosperm

isabel's mother has type 2 diabetes. she wants to reduce her intake of foods that have high GIs as well as high GLs. based on this information which of the following foods would isabel eat cooked spaghetti, microwave popcorn, raw apple, french fries

raw apple

low blood sugar that occurs after a meal containing high amounts of refined carbohydrates is called________

reactive hypoglycemia

hypertension is sometimes called a _______ _______ but it is still very serious and can increase a person's risk for developing a stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease.

silent disease

the two major kinds of carbohydrates are

simple and complex carbohydrates

the primary site of triglyceride digestion and absorption is the

small intestine

modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include

smoking, hypertension, excess body fat, type 2 diabetes

which of the following processed foods or beverage are high in added sugars

soda, cakes, ice cream

food labels are not required to provide information about which of the following

soluble fiber

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides

starch fiber glycogen

which of the following are food sources high in saturated fat

steak, whole milk

cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant _____ which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.

sterols

the most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include

stroke, coronary artery disease

which of the following are true about alternative sweeteners

substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no calories includes sugar alcohols such as xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol.

Nutritional comparison of selected sweeteners

table 5.1 pg 135

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides

they are made of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together they are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates

women are more likely to experience gestational diabetes during their pregnancy if

they have elevated blood pressure they have a family history of type 2 diabetes are chronically overweight

compared to foods made with unprocessed plant oils, partially hydrogenated oils are less likely to go rancid because

they have fewer double bonds

liver

this organ receives glucose molecules by the way of the hepatic portal vein

chylomicrons are transported in the lymphatic system to the ______ duct, where they enter the bloodstream through the left _______ ______ in the chest

thoracic duct, left subclavian vein

A ______ is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow. this can seriously affect health by blocking blood flow to the brain or getting lodged in an artery.

thrombus

while an _____ is a fixed bunch of clots that raims in place disrupting blood flow, an _______ is a clot that breaks free from where t forms and travels through the bloodstream.

thrombus, embolus

what is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body

to provide energy for the body

Why is sugar often added to foods

to serve as a preservative to improve food tenderness to increase the browning of the food

which of the following conditions is clearly associated with eating certain dietary carbohydrates, especially sticky sugars

tooth decay

_____ comprise about 95% of lipids in the body and in food. they are often referred to as fats and oils

triglycerides

the majority of americans with diabetes have _____, formerly called_____

type 2, adult-onset diabetes

plants need certain substances and conditions to make carbohydrates. of the following substances and conditions select all those that are needed for plants to make carbohydrates

water, sunlight, carbon dioxide

which of the following are sugar alcohols

xylitol mannitol sorbitol

Fats in foods..

add taste and contribute to "mouth feel"

the alternative sweetener that is made by combining the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic is called _____

aspartame

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the byproducts of partial breakdown of:

fat

why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking

helps mixtures from separating

is excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal veins can swell, causing _______

hemorrhoids

compared to nonsmokers, smokers are at an ______ risk of developing CVD

higher

Amylopectin

highly branched chain of glucose units

you can purchase __________ in packet forms of the brands Truvia and Sweetleaf

highly purified stevia leaf extracts

elevated blood levels of the amino acid ______ may be associated with cardiovascular disease, either by contributing to atherosclerosis or simply as a marker that indicates the presence of cardiovascular disease

homocysteine

Glucagon

increases blood glucose

which of the following foods has the highest glycemic index baked potato, shelled peanuts, raw apple, raw peach

baked potato

salivary amylase

begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth

Amylopectin has what type of shape

branched

Lipolysis

breakdown of fat

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen

lysis

breakdown of something

Lactase

breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose

plant fiber

composed of multiple linked glucose units -animals lack the enzymes to break bonds

ketoacidosis

condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketones

a low fiber diet can contribute to infrequent bowel movements, which is a condition called ______

constipation

What are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed

converted to glucose, converted to fat

which of the following foods are rich in polyunsaturated fat

corn oil, soybean oil

which of the following foods has a high glycemic index

cornflakes cereal

of the following nonnutritive sweeteners, which one is banned for sale in the united states because of controversial research that indicated the substance caused bladder cancer in mice

cyclamate

In which food category is galactose typically found

dairy

Lactose-containing foods fall into which food category

dairy

The hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar which causes a lowering of blood sugar is _____

insulin

______ is the hormone that helps glucose to enter cells

insulin

in order to manage their blood glucose levels, type 1 diabetic patients always require

insulin

the major type of diabetes is characterized by_______

insulin resistance

the treatment for type 1 diabetes always includes

insulin, usually by injecting the hormone into the body

pair the fatty acid chain length with its correct absorption

short and medium chain fatty acids- travel as a water soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver long chain fatty acid- reformed into the triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

the brain's primary source of fuel is____

simple sugars

monosaccharide

simplest type of sugar and basic chemical unit of carbohydrates

the alternative sweetener ______ is made by chemically modifying a sucrose molecule so it escapes digestion and absorption

sucralose

Glucose and fructose bonded together form the disaccharide

sucrose

both sugars and sugar alcohols provide

sweetness

What is a hemorrhoid

swelling of a large vein in the anal region

small intestine

the starch in the cracker is digested and its component monosaccharides are absorbed in this organ

the source of energy for carbohydrate production by plants comes from

the sun

Lipoproteins

transport lipids in the bloodstream

a ___ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol

triglyceride

a ______ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

triglyceride

the glycemic load of a food is related to the glycemic index of the food

true

true or false the main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel

true

type 1 diabetes

is an autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the body's own beta cells. result, the immune system cells attack and destroy many of the beta cells and the infected person must obtain insulin.

Insouble Fiber

is in whole grain products including brown rice

dietary fiber

is not digested by the human body

choose the statement that describes how bile salts enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids

keeps lipids dispersed in small particles, increases surface area, forming a micelle

people with undiagnosed type 1 diabetes may experience excessive thirst frequent urination, a blood glucose of more than 250 mg/dl and breath with a fruity smell. these are all signs and symptoms of______

ketoacidosis

low carbohydrate diets lead to a condition which can disturb the body's normal acid-base balance and is called_____

ketosis

*** examine the following patient data. click and drag each item to indicate whether or not it is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease

known CVD risk factor -smoking -inactivity -elevated C reactive protein (CRP) levels -HDL cholesterol= 31mg/dl Not a known CVD risk factor - blood triglyceride levels of 130mg/dl - total cholesterol HDL cholesterol ratio = 3:1 -blood triglyceride levels of 130 mg/dl

which of the following substances is an intestinal enzyme that breaks down lactose

lactase

chylomicrons are too large to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream and must pass through the larger opening of ______, which are lymphatic system vessels in each villus

lacteals

What are other names for sugar that may be listed on food products

lactose raw sugar maltodextrin

what enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free acids and glycerol in the bloodstream

lipoprotein lipase

____ are water soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream

lipoproteins

______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues

lipoproteins

where are the small cholesterol rich remnants of chylomicrons cleared from the bloodstream and used to synthesize new lipids and other lipoproteins

liver

where is glucose stored in the body

liver

margarine is

made from vegetable oil

Male, waist circumference 29 inches, fasting blood sugar 78 mg/dl, triglycerides 105 mg/dl, HDL 35 mg/dl, blood pressure 110/90 mm Hg

not metabolic syndrome

nutritive sweetener vs non nutritive

nutritive- sugar, corn syrup, fructose, sorbitol, dextrose non nutritive- sucralose, acesulfame K

type 2 diabetes is

often associated with excess body weight

what are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats

olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil

which food are rich in monounsaturated fats

peanuts, olives

When consuming a 2000 kcal diet, the daily value DV for carbohydrates is

300 grams

Normal blood glucose

70-99 mg/dL

Amylose

A long, straight chain of glucose units

In the United states _____ has been used for over 100 years

saccharin

sweet N' low (pink packet)

saccharin

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the uses of six high-intensity sweeteners

saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K, sucralose, neotame, and advantame.

An _____ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms

saturated

solid fats generally have a high proportion of _____ fatty acids

saturated

dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as

saturated fat

***match the food with its major fatty component

saturated fat- beef, butter monounsaturated fat- olive oil, peanut oil polyunsaturated fat- soybean oil, fatty fish

Which of the following is another term for glucose

Dextrose

Which behavior is most likely to increase the risks of developing type 2 diabetes.

sedentary lifestyle

What is produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together

Maltose

Female, waist circumference 42 inches, fasting blood sugar 145mg/dl, triglycerides 200 mg/dl, HDL 65 mg/dl, blood pressure 132/92 mm Hg

Metabolic Syndrome

What american populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes

Native americans, latino/hispanic americans, african americans

approximately 5% of diabetes cases are ____, foramlly called _____

type 1, juvenile-onset diabetes

individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for developing

type 2 diabetes cardiovascular disease

ketoacidosis

undiagnosed type 1 diabetes- signs and symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, blood glucose level of more than 250 mg/dl, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, confusing

Rectum

very little carbohydrate from the cracker remains by the time food reaches this part of the digestive tract

fats are not soluble in ____

water

stomech

when the cracker reaches this organ, the digestion of the crackers starch stops

salivery glands

when you take a bite of a whole grain cracker, an enzyme released from these glands begins to digest some of the starch in the cracker

which of the following foods has the highest glycemic load per serving lowfat vanilla ice cream, white rice boiled, fat free milk, orange juice

white rice boiled

which of the following foods is the best source of soluble fiber

whole grain oat cereal

alternative sweeteners include

xylitol mannitol sorbitol

excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with

elevated LDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides

true or false individuals with type 1 diabetes may or may not require insulin

false

true or false: phospholipids are only found in fat cells

false- found in plant and animal

____ is a major risk factor for CVD that cannot be modified

genetics

Phospholipids contain a ______ portion, which attracts water, and a ______ portion, which repels water.

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

food labels for high-fiber food products may voluntarily indicate which of the following

insoluble fiber

which type of fiber is associated with increasing fecal bulk and increasing transit time

insoluble fiber

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

lipids

populations who consume diets rich in ______ and trans fats have higher risk of cardiovascular disease than those whose diets contain ____ fats

saturated, unsaturated

_____ a commonly prescribed class of drug, interfere with the livers metabolism of cholesterol effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels

statins

which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels

statins

which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids

trans

______ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of _______ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process

trans, saturated

diabetic blood glucose levels

126mg/dl or more

a condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is called

hypertension

_________ __________ is a digestive enzyme that removes teo fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

pancreatic lipase

_____ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes liquid fat more solid at room temp.

partial hydrogenation

in metabolic syndrome which of the following may be elevated

triglycerides, fasting glucose, blood pressure

a sterol is more chemically complex than a triglyceride or a phospholipid

true

after her college graduation party, Jade's BAC was 0.16%. This level is ____ times the legal limit.

2

according to the dietary guidelines for americans, adults should keep daily distribution of fat calories between ______ to _______% of their total calories

20-35%

kunnan is a healthy 24 year old male. what happens in his body after he eats a meal ?

Kunnan's blood glucose level INCREASES. Kunnan's beta cells in the PANCREAS release INSULIN Kunnan's cells respond to insulin and take up GLUCOSE Kunnan's blood glucose level DECREASE to NORMAL LEVELS

the underlying cause of most cases of heart disease is

atherosclerosis

LDL can be damaged by chemically unstable substances called __________

free radicals

identify names of sugars that may be found in foods

honey, sugar, molasses

symptoms that include irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion are often observed during periods of low blood sugar called _____

hypoglycemia

After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases __________ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.

insulin

alcohol metabolism is not influenced by a person

level of caffeine consumption

Which of the following nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States

neotame, aspartame, acesulfame-K

interfering with enterohepatic circulation can ______ blood cholesterol levels because the liver must use cholesterol to make new bile salts

reduce

added sugars are a form of

refined carbohydrates

the body generally breaks down foods that contain various digestible carbohydrates at different rates

true

true or false to avoid constipation adequate fiber and water should be consumed

true

true or false. Dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials

false

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

no

saturated fatty acid has

no double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain

***place the steps of triglyceride digestion and absorption in the correct order

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

List in order the body's preference for using nutrients for energy

1. Carbohydrate 2. Protein

Pre-diabetes blood glucose levels

100-125 mg/dL

Which of the following is a form of starch

Amylopectin

***determine whether each statement about alcohol is true or false

FALSE the majority of alcohol detoxification occurs in the stomach drinking coffee and taking multivitamins expedites alcohol detoxification generally speaking a woman who is of comparable size to a man will get drunk more quickly when she consumes the same amount of alcohol TRUE alcohol digestion is a complex process binge drinking is classified as five or more drinks per about 2 hours for males and 4 or more drinks per about 2 hours for females drinking alcohol on an empty stomach speeds up the rate at which alcohol enters the bloodstream when compared to drinking after eating

trans fatty acids are

a by-product of the hydrogenation process

what is emulsifier

a compound that helps water soluble and water insoluble compounds to mix with each other

disaccharide

a sugar composed of two monosaccharides

clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called

a thrombus

which of the following statements about fiber are true

adds bulk to feces a substance found in plants is a complex carbohydrate

which of the following structures stores triglycerides in the form of fat droplets

adipose cell

insulin _____

allows cells to take in glucose

aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two --- acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol

amino

identify the common types of starch made by plants

amylose, amylopectin

NutraSweet & Equal

aspartame

chose all of the following foods that are sources of refined carbohydrates

candy, donut, apple pie

(glycemic index x Grams of _________) / 100 = Glycemic Load

carbohydrate

ketosis occurs when the diet is low in

carbohydrates

which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram

carbohydrates

What substances do plants need to make carbohydrates?

carbon dioxide and water

individuals with metabolic syndrome are at risk of developing

cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes

what are some natural food sources of sucrose

carrots, maple syrup

Jennifer is not aware that she have type 2 diabetes. her blood sugar level remains high after a meal because her____

cells do not respond to insulin

glucose is the primary fuel for most of the body's cells however some cells only use glucose. these include

central nervous system red blood cells

ketone bodies

chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown

for several weeks darren has not been feeling well. He has a family history of type 2 diabetes, so when he developed some major signs and symptoms of the disease, he made an appointment with his physician to be tested for diabetes. based on this information, which of the following statements about darrens current state of health is true

darren has sores on his feet that are not healing darren has been thirstier than in the past darren has to make frequent trips to the bathroom to urinate

When sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized by bacteria into acids that dissolve the tooth enamel this results in tooth ______

decay

Insulin

decreases blood glucose

dietary changes that can benefit a patient with metabolic syndrome include

decreasing intake of saturated fat reducing salt intake

Which of the following is another term for glucose

dextrose

major modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, and excess body fat can be positively impacted by

dietary changes, physical activity

Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. She recognizes the importance of consuming adequate dietary calcium, but does not want to further aggravate her gastrointestinal system. There are several dietary practices that can help Lisa achieve her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms. SELECT ALL OF THE DIETARY PRACTICES THAT CAN HELP LISA MEET HER CALCIUM NEEDS. A) Eat hard cheeses and yogurt. B) Drink low lactose or lactase-treated milk such as Lactaid®. C) Drink milk on an empty stomach. D) Drink calcium-fortified soy milk that contains no lactose. E) Take pills that contain lactase before eating or drinking dairy foods.

eat aged cheeses and yogurt drink low-lactase or lactose-treated milk, such as Lactaid drink calcium-fortified soy milk take lactase pills before eating or drinking dairy foods

what are some good food sources of phospholipids

egg yolks, soy beans, wheat germ, peanut butter

what is an economical source of protein and many micronutrients the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical american diet, hidden in many commonly eaten foods, and does not increase the general population risk of cardiovascular disease?

eggs

____ levels of c-reactive protein may be an indicator of CVD

elevated

fatimah makes the hot oatmeal recipe in the recipe for healthy living feature in ch 5, but she adds a tablespoon of butter and tablespoon of wheat germ to the single serving recipe. after she adds the butter and wheat germ, the oatmeal supplies abour 407 kcal, 15 g fat, 54g carb, and 14 g protein. calculate the approximate calories contributed by fat, by protein, and by carbs. and calculate percentages.

fat- 135 and 33% carb- 216 and 53% protein- 56 and 14% ****fat 9cal, carb and protein 4cal****

_____ acids can be saturated or unsaturated

fatty

dietary fats in foods are often composed of

fatty acids

what are the by-products of phospholipid digestion

fatty acids, glycerol, phosphorus compounds

if you are trying to lose weight it may be helpful to add more high-_______ foods to your diet because these foods tend to be more filling resulting in satiety

fiber

lentils are an excellent source of

fiber

match the activity of dietary fiber to its health benefit

fiber rich foods has lower energy content than the same volume of low fiber food- helps promote weight loss fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion- reduces cardiovascular disease risk fiber increases fecal (stool) size and softness- promotes colon health

Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.

fibers

which of the following are leading sources of fat in the mediterranean diet

fish, olive oil

cholesterol is

found only in animal foods

Fructose

fruit sugar (high fructose corn syrup)

After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release ______________ to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.

glucagon

glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone

glucagon

___ is also known as dextrose or blood sugar

glucose

______ is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells

glucose

during times of low blood glucose levels, the liver can break down glycogen and release which of the following

glucose

glycogen is a branched structure composed of many _____ units bonded together

glucose

the body converts some of the monosaccharide ______ into fat, but much of the excess is burned for energy

glucose

Sucrose

glucose + fructose (table sugar)

Lactose

glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

Maltose

glucose + glucose (malt sugar)

3 most important monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose- often found of foods

how many americans shows signs of decreased lactose digestion

millions

the main product of lipid digestion is

monoglycerides

what are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine

monoglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol

The three most important single sugars or _____ are glucose, fructose, and galactose.

monosaccharide

enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down the disaccharides into ______

monosaccharides

rich source of soluble fiber vs insoluble fiber

SOLUBLE oatmeal, citrus fruit, apples, carrots, beans INSOLUBLE whole grain bread, brown rice

brita was a binge drinker during the first 3 months of her pregnancy. her baby was born with FAS. which of the following conditions is a sign of FAS.

Thin upper lip

Sucrase

breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose

which type of fiber either dissolves or swells when put into water

soluble fiber

Sucrose

splenda

brandy and her brothers james mel and bradley have a family history of type 2 diabetes. recently she and her brothers underwent blood testing to determine their risk of diabetes. match each of the fasting blood sugar values with its correct classification

brandy 85 mg/dl -normal fasting blood glucose levels mel 63 mg/dl -hypoglycemia bradley 120 mg/dl -pre-diabetic james 138 mg/dl -diabetes

Maltase

breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose

true or false: cholesterol cannot be synthesized by the body

false

the type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called_______. women who have this condition are at increases risk for developing type 2 diabetes after giving birth

gestational diabetes

which of the following substances is a polysaccharide

glycogen

straining due to constipation can result in the small rectal veins becoming swollen making then likely to bleed and cause discomfort and itching. these cluster of veins are called

hemorrhoids

what are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

ice cream, eggs, chicken

non modifiable risk factor for CVD include

increasing age, family history of CVD

non modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include ______

increasing age, male sex, family history (genetics)

____ is a common example of a phospholipid

lecithin

isabel wants to consume a snack with a relatively low GL (less than 15) based on this information, which of the following foods should she eat? low fat milk, corn flakes cereal, fruit flavored jelly beans, french fries

low fat milk

manufactures add plant sterols to certain foods because they may

lower blood cholesterol

people gain body fat when their total intake of kilocalories from _______ and the nonnutrient ______ exceeds their energy needs

macronutrients, alcohol

which of the following substances is a disaccharide

maltose

for thousands of years people living ____ have eaten lentils

mediterranean countries

Female, waist circumference 34 inches, fasting blood sugar 110mg/dl, triglycerides 100 mg/dl, HDL 45 mg/dl, blood pressure 135/90mm Hg

metabolic syndrome

what is the major food source of lactose

milk

Simple carbohydrates include __________, which contain only one sugar unit, and ________, which are compounds of two sugar units

monosaccharide, disaccharide

simple carbohydrates

monosaccharides and disaccharides (1 or 2 units of sugar)

peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, almonds, and avocados are all rich in

monounsaturated fat

when people consume adequate fiber they experience

more regular bowel movements softer stools

compared to butter, solid margarine has

more unsaturated fat, less cholesterol, more trans fat

Glycogen

multiple linked glucose units- found in humans and animals

Polysaccharides

multiple monosaccharides linked together-starch, glycogen, fiber

The primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. Glycogen is stored in the liver and _____

muscles

choose the correct descriptions of whole grain

must contain the starchy endosperm, oily germ, and fiber rich bran examples include wheat, oats, corn, rice, rye, barley, and sorghum intact, ground, cracked or flaked seeds of cereal grains

over time untreated or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus causes much harm to the body. which of the following disorders conditions or events is a serious health consequence of poorly controlled diabetes including gestational diabetes?

nerve damage kidney failure heart disease vision loss miscarriage

the less common form of diabetes is an autoimmune disease the results in _________

no pancreatic insulin

Male, waist circumference 44 inches, fasting blood sugar 95 mg/dl, triglycerides 135 mg/dl, HDL 30 mg/dl, blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg

not metabolic syndrome

diets high in fiber can lower the risk for developing which of the following

obesity, heart disease, diabetes

both starch and glycogen contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together and are thus types of ______

polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates

polysaccharides or many units of sugar

Homocysteine is an

possible marker for cardiovascular disease

marcias fasting blood glucose is 118 mg/dl she has

pre-diabetes

Glucose

primary cell energy source- found in food

During low carbohydrate consumption which of the following will occur

production of ketone bodies

Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, eating meat, fish, and poultry is a good source of carbohydrate.

false

true or false: a person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl does not have a risk for atherosclerosis

false

what is glucose in the human cell used for

to obtain energy

select all of the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development

-replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats -reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total calories

outline the process of enterohepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine

1. bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2. bile salt travels through the blood to the liver 3. the liver recycles used salts to make new bile

***place the fats in order from the one that contains the greatest percentage of saturated fatty acids (1) to the one that contains the lowest percentage of saturated fatty acids (5)

1. coconut oil 2. butter 3. palm oil 4. olive oil 5. canola oil

list in order from 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine

1. fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2. cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3. pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules

which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber

apples

phospholipids

are partially water-soluble

____ which is often called hardening of the arteries is a condition the reduces the flexibility of arteries

arteriosclerosis

_____ is a condition that can inhibit the blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, heart, and brain

atherosclerosis

most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder which causes destruction of the insulin producing cells of the pancreas called ______cells.

beta

place the following foods in order of dietary fiber content, from highest to lowest

black beans, cooked 1c kellogg's all bran cereal 1/2c baked potato with skin almonds 1oz

to check for risk of cardiovascular disease, young people should have their _____ and ______ measured regularly

blood pressure and lipids

which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes

blurred vision, extreme thirst, frequent urination

although _______ is not metabolized for energy, cells use the lipid to synthesize a variety of substances, including vitamin D and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone

cholesterol

pair the type of fatty acid with its corresponding chemical structure

cis fatty acid- hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond trans fatty acids- hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond

a healthy diet in conjunction with high fiber may reduce the risk of _________cancer

colorectal

place each polysaccharide in its appropriate category

digestible amylopectin glycogen nondigestible cellulose gums pectins mucilages

soluble fibers

dissolve in water are metabolized by intestinal bacteria

when these pouches are painfully inflamed (diverticula), the condition is known as ____

diverticulitis

for the general population, egg consumption ______ increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

does not

match the dietary change with its outcome as a way to lower risk for cardiovascular disease.

eat rich source of fiber- reduce LDL avoid sucrose and fructose- decreases triglyceride levels drink small amounts of alcohol - raise beneficial HDL cholesterol levels

signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus

elevated blood pressure excessive thirst frequent urination blurry vision vaginal yeast infections foot pain, abdominal pain numbness, especially in the feet impotence sores that do not heal increased appetite with weight loss breath that smells like fruit confusion

You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases _____, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.

epinephrine