Nutrition Ch 5+6
which of the following conditions is a common sign or symptom of untreated type 1 diabetes
Hyperglycemia
the lipoprotein that carries the highest concentration of cholesterol to cells in the body is____
LDL
what are some food sources of insoluble fiber
brown rice, whole wheat
the hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called
cholecystokinin
A lipid found only in the foods that contain animal products is
cholesterol
a healthy diet in conjunction with high fiber may reduce the risk of ______cancer
colorectal
smoking and elevated cholesterol levels and blood in early adulthood are associated with the formation of ______ calcium
coronary calcium
stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has
diabetes
high pressure inside the large intestine during bowel movements can cause small pouches called ____ to protrude through the small intestinal wall.
diverticula
which of the following signs is associated with metabolic syndrome
high fasting blood glucose
fats and cholesterol are _____, a class of nutrients
lipids
in people with type 1 diabetes who are not being treated for the condition blood sugar levels remain high for several hours after eating a meal because their ______
pancreas does not make and release insulin
Galactose
part of milk sugar
a _______ molecule functions as a major structural component of cell membranes
phospholipid
which of the following contribute to unwanted weight gain
physical inactivity, excess calorie consumption
what are some things you can do to reduce fat intake
steam meats, choose lean meats, trim fat
starch
storage form of glucose in plants
modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include
tobacco use
example of complex carbohydrates include
starch
bees make honey from flower nectar which is rich in
sucrose
What is added to food to improve the foods tenderness, contribute to browning, and serve as a preservation
sugar
primary sources of added sugars in the typical american diet include _______
sugar sweetened beverages
______are a primary source of added sugars in american diets
sugar-sweetened soft drinks
Nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains
Fructose and glucose
which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid
aspartame
greatest fiber content to least fiber content per serving
black beans blackberries green apple slice of white bread romaine lettuce
Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal
eat meal elevated blood glucose insulin released from the pancreas blood glucose level returns to normal
When an individual's blood sugar level becomes abnormally elevated they are diagnosed as having
hyperglycemia
high fiber diets may lower your risks for
obesity
pair the fatty acid with its effect of blood clotting and inflammation
omega-3 -increases blood clotting and inflammation omega-6 -decreases blood clotting and inflammation
according to the 2015-2020 dietary guidelines _______ is a nutrient of public health concern
dietary fiber
a healthy snack that is not a rich source of added sugars is ____ peanuts or plain yogurt
fresh fruit
signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis include
fruity smelling breath excessive thirst blood glucose level above 250 mg/dl frequent urination
Acesulfame- K ______ approved for use as a nonnutritive sweetener by the FDA
has been
when an individual's blood sugar level falls below 70 mg/dl they are diagnosed with
hypoglycemia
red lentils are a type of
legume
what is another name for fructose
levulose
type 2 diabetes can be prevented or its onset delayed by
losing excess body fat increasing physical activity
lactose can be found in which animal products
milk
which of the following health conditions are linked to a very-high-sugar diet
obesity
replace soft drinks, sweet tea, and sugary commercial coffees with
plain water
nutrients generally have more than one role in the body. In many instances however a nutrient has a very important or primary role. the primary role of glucose is to _______ for cellular metabolism
provide energy
Which of the following is true about sugar and hyperactivity
research does not indicate that sugar increases a child's risk for hyperactivity ADHD
some types of plant oils, especially tropical oils such as coconut and palm oils, contain high amounts of ______ fats
saturated
large intestine
the bacteria in this organ ferment some of the crackers soluble in water
dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on
the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration
according to the food and nutrition board carbohydrates should provide ______% to ______% of total calories in the diet
45 to 65
classify the simple sugars as disaccharide or monosaccharide
Disaccharide sucrose lactose maltose Monosaccharide fructose glucose galactose
Which simple carbohydrate is the primary fuel for muscle cells
Glucose
*** drag the lipoprotein to its appropriate descriptor
HDL- transports cholesterol from cells to liver VLDL- contains only about 15% of the cholesterol in the bloodstream but carries the largest share of the triglycerides LDL- carries most of the cholesterol in the bloodstream and transports cholesterol to cells Oxidized LDL- damaged LDL that is taken up by the arterial cells and forms plaque chylomicron- carries and absorbed dietary lipids away from the intestinal tract
which of the following statements is true
***a. certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids b. omega-3 fatty acids increase the risk of cardiovascular disease c. trans fats are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids d. the human body converts dietary fiber into omega-3 fatty acids
the form of diabetes that is strongly associated with obesity is type _____
2
What are probable causes of hyperactivity
Genetic factors, environmental factors
classify high and low GI foods
LOW GI raw carrots cooked spaghetti peanuts low fat vanilla ice cream High GI banana jelly beans cornflake cereal plain bagel
at what age can type 1 diabetes first occur
any age
which types of lipids are synthesized by the body
cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids
the four major classes of lipoproteins are
chylomicrons, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein
For a grain to be classified as a whole grain it much contain the
Oily germ, Fiber rich bran seed, starchy endosperm
isabel's mother has type 2 diabetes. she wants to reduce her intake of foods that have high GIs as well as high GLs. based on this information which of the following foods would isabel eat cooked spaghetti, microwave popcorn, raw apple, french fries
raw apple
low blood sugar that occurs after a meal containing high amounts of refined carbohydrates is called________
reactive hypoglycemia
hypertension is sometimes called a _______ _______ but it is still very serious and can increase a person's risk for developing a stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease.
silent disease
the two major kinds of carbohydrates are
simple and complex carbohydrates
the primary site of triglyceride digestion and absorption is the
small intestine
modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include
smoking, hypertension, excess body fat, type 2 diabetes
which of the following processed foods or beverage are high in added sugars
soda, cakes, ice cream
food labels are not required to provide information about which of the following
soluble fiber
Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides
starch fiber glycogen
which of the following are food sources high in saturated fat
steak, whole milk
cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant _____ which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.
sterols
the most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include
stroke, coronary artery disease
which of the following are true about alternative sweeteners
substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no calories includes sugar alcohols such as xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol.
Nutritional comparison of selected sweeteners
table 5.1 pg 135
Which of the following are true of polysaccharides
they are made of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together they are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates
women are more likely to experience gestational diabetes during their pregnancy if
they have elevated blood pressure they have a family history of type 2 diabetes are chronically overweight
compared to foods made with unprocessed plant oils, partially hydrogenated oils are less likely to go rancid because
they have fewer double bonds
liver
this organ receives glucose molecules by the way of the hepatic portal vein
chylomicrons are transported in the lymphatic system to the ______ duct, where they enter the bloodstream through the left _______ ______ in the chest
thoracic duct, left subclavian vein
A ______ is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow. this can seriously affect health by blocking blood flow to the brain or getting lodged in an artery.
thrombus
while an _____ is a fixed bunch of clots that raims in place disrupting blood flow, an _______ is a clot that breaks free from where t forms and travels through the bloodstream.
thrombus, embolus
what is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body
to provide energy for the body
Why is sugar often added to foods
to serve as a preservative to improve food tenderness to increase the browning of the food
which of the following conditions is clearly associated with eating certain dietary carbohydrates, especially sticky sugars
tooth decay
_____ comprise about 95% of lipids in the body and in food. they are often referred to as fats and oils
triglycerides
the majority of americans with diabetes have _____, formerly called_____
type 2, adult-onset diabetes
plants need certain substances and conditions to make carbohydrates. of the following substances and conditions select all those that are needed for plants to make carbohydrates
water, sunlight, carbon dioxide
which of the following are sugar alcohols
xylitol mannitol sorbitol
Fats in foods..
add taste and contribute to "mouth feel"
the alternative sweetener that is made by combining the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic is called _____
aspartame
If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the byproducts of partial breakdown of:
fat
why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking
helps mixtures from separating
is excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal veins can swell, causing _______
hemorrhoids
compared to nonsmokers, smokers are at an ______ risk of developing CVD
higher
Amylopectin
highly branched chain of glucose units
you can purchase __________ in packet forms of the brands Truvia and Sweetleaf
highly purified stevia leaf extracts
elevated blood levels of the amino acid ______ may be associated with cardiovascular disease, either by contributing to atherosclerosis or simply as a marker that indicates the presence of cardiovascular disease
homocysteine
Glucagon
increases blood glucose
which of the following foods has the highest glycemic index baked potato, shelled peanuts, raw apple, raw peach
baked potato
salivary amylase
begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth
Amylopectin has what type of shape
branched
Lipolysis
breakdown of fat
Glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen
lysis
breakdown of something
Lactase
breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose
plant fiber
composed of multiple linked glucose units -animals lack the enzymes to break bonds
ketoacidosis
condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketones
a low fiber diet can contribute to infrequent bowel movements, which is a condition called ______
constipation
What are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed
converted to glucose, converted to fat
which of the following foods are rich in polyunsaturated fat
corn oil, soybean oil
which of the following foods has a high glycemic index
cornflakes cereal
of the following nonnutritive sweeteners, which one is banned for sale in the united states because of controversial research that indicated the substance caused bladder cancer in mice
cyclamate
In which food category is galactose typically found
dairy
Lactose-containing foods fall into which food category
dairy
The hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar which causes a lowering of blood sugar is _____
insulin
______ is the hormone that helps glucose to enter cells
insulin
in order to manage their blood glucose levels, type 1 diabetic patients always require
insulin
the major type of diabetes is characterized by_______
insulin resistance
the treatment for type 1 diabetes always includes
insulin, usually by injecting the hormone into the body
pair the fatty acid chain length with its correct absorption
short and medium chain fatty acids- travel as a water soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver long chain fatty acid- reformed into the triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system
the brain's primary source of fuel is____
simple sugars
monosaccharide
simplest type of sugar and basic chemical unit of carbohydrates
the alternative sweetener ______ is made by chemically modifying a sucrose molecule so it escapes digestion and absorption
sucralose
Glucose and fructose bonded together form the disaccharide
sucrose
both sugars and sugar alcohols provide
sweetness
What is a hemorrhoid
swelling of a large vein in the anal region
small intestine
the starch in the cracker is digested and its component monosaccharides are absorbed in this organ
the source of energy for carbohydrate production by plants comes from
the sun
Lipoproteins
transport lipids in the bloodstream
a ___ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol
triglyceride
a ______ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
triglyceride
the glycemic load of a food is related to the glycemic index of the food
true
true or false the main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel
true
type 1 diabetes
is an autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the body's own beta cells. result, the immune system cells attack and destroy many of the beta cells and the infected person must obtain insulin.
Insouble Fiber
is in whole grain products including brown rice
dietary fiber
is not digested by the human body
choose the statement that describes how bile salts enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids
keeps lipids dispersed in small particles, increases surface area, forming a micelle
people with undiagnosed type 1 diabetes may experience excessive thirst frequent urination, a blood glucose of more than 250 mg/dl and breath with a fruity smell. these are all signs and symptoms of______
ketoacidosis
low carbohydrate diets lead to a condition which can disturb the body's normal acid-base balance and is called_____
ketosis
*** examine the following patient data. click and drag each item to indicate whether or not it is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
known CVD risk factor -smoking -inactivity -elevated C reactive protein (CRP) levels -HDL cholesterol= 31mg/dl Not a known CVD risk factor - blood triglyceride levels of 130mg/dl - total cholesterol HDL cholesterol ratio = 3:1 -blood triglyceride levels of 130 mg/dl
which of the following substances is an intestinal enzyme that breaks down lactose
lactase
chylomicrons are too large to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream and must pass through the larger opening of ______, which are lymphatic system vessels in each villus
lacteals
What are other names for sugar that may be listed on food products
lactose raw sugar maltodextrin
what enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free acids and glycerol in the bloodstream
lipoprotein lipase
____ are water soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream
lipoproteins
______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues
lipoproteins
where are the small cholesterol rich remnants of chylomicrons cleared from the bloodstream and used to synthesize new lipids and other lipoproteins
liver
where is glucose stored in the body
liver
margarine is
made from vegetable oil
Male, waist circumference 29 inches, fasting blood sugar 78 mg/dl, triglycerides 105 mg/dl, HDL 35 mg/dl, blood pressure 110/90 mm Hg
not metabolic syndrome
nutritive sweetener vs non nutritive
nutritive- sugar, corn syrup, fructose, sorbitol, dextrose non nutritive- sucralose, acesulfame K
type 2 diabetes is
often associated with excess body weight
what are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats
olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil
which food are rich in monounsaturated fats
peanuts, olives
When consuming a 2000 kcal diet, the daily value DV for carbohydrates is
300 grams
Normal blood glucose
70-99 mg/dL
Amylose
A long, straight chain of glucose units
In the United states _____ has been used for over 100 years
saccharin
sweet N' low (pink packet)
saccharin
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the uses of six high-intensity sweeteners
saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K, sucralose, neotame, and advantame.
An _____ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms
saturated
solid fats generally have a high proportion of _____ fatty acids
saturated
dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as
saturated fat
***match the food with its major fatty component
saturated fat- beef, butter monounsaturated fat- olive oil, peanut oil polyunsaturated fat- soybean oil, fatty fish
Which of the following is another term for glucose
Dextrose
Which behavior is most likely to increase the risks of developing type 2 diabetes.
sedentary lifestyle
What is produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together
Maltose
Female, waist circumference 42 inches, fasting blood sugar 145mg/dl, triglycerides 200 mg/dl, HDL 65 mg/dl, blood pressure 132/92 mm Hg
Metabolic Syndrome
What american populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes
Native americans, latino/hispanic americans, african americans
approximately 5% of diabetes cases are ____, foramlly called _____
type 1, juvenile-onset diabetes
individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for developing
type 2 diabetes cardiovascular disease
ketoacidosis
undiagnosed type 1 diabetes- signs and symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, blood glucose level of more than 250 mg/dl, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, confusing
Rectum
very little carbohydrate from the cracker remains by the time food reaches this part of the digestive tract
fats are not soluble in ____
water
stomech
when the cracker reaches this organ, the digestion of the crackers starch stops
salivery glands
when you take a bite of a whole grain cracker, an enzyme released from these glands begins to digest some of the starch in the cracker
which of the following foods has the highest glycemic load per serving lowfat vanilla ice cream, white rice boiled, fat free milk, orange juice
white rice boiled
which of the following foods is the best source of soluble fiber
whole grain oat cereal
alternative sweeteners include
xylitol mannitol sorbitol
excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with
elevated LDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides
true or false individuals with type 1 diabetes may or may not require insulin
false
true or false: phospholipids are only found in fat cells
false- found in plant and animal
____ is a major risk factor for CVD that cannot be modified
genetics
Phospholipids contain a ______ portion, which attracts water, and a ______ portion, which repels water.
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
food labels for high-fiber food products may voluntarily indicate which of the following
insoluble fiber
which type of fiber is associated with increasing fecal bulk and increasing transit time
insoluble fiber
Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
lipids
populations who consume diets rich in ______ and trans fats have higher risk of cardiovascular disease than those whose diets contain ____ fats
saturated, unsaturated
_____ a commonly prescribed class of drug, interfere with the livers metabolism of cholesterol effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels
statins
which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels
statins
which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids
trans
______ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of _______ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process
trans, saturated
diabetic blood glucose levels
126mg/dl or more
a condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is called
hypertension
_________ __________ is a digestive enzyme that removes teo fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
pancreatic lipase
_____ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes liquid fat more solid at room temp.
partial hydrogenation
in metabolic syndrome which of the following may be elevated
triglycerides, fasting glucose, blood pressure
a sterol is more chemically complex than a triglyceride or a phospholipid
true
after her college graduation party, Jade's BAC was 0.16%. This level is ____ times the legal limit.
2
according to the dietary guidelines for americans, adults should keep daily distribution of fat calories between ______ to _______% of their total calories
20-35%
kunnan is a healthy 24 year old male. what happens in his body after he eats a meal ?
Kunnan's blood glucose level INCREASES. Kunnan's beta cells in the PANCREAS release INSULIN Kunnan's cells respond to insulin and take up GLUCOSE Kunnan's blood glucose level DECREASE to NORMAL LEVELS
the underlying cause of most cases of heart disease is
atherosclerosis
LDL can be damaged by chemically unstable substances called __________
free radicals
identify names of sugars that may be found in foods
honey, sugar, molasses
symptoms that include irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion are often observed during periods of low blood sugar called _____
hypoglycemia
After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases __________ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.
insulin
alcohol metabolism is not influenced by a person
level of caffeine consumption
Which of the following nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States
neotame, aspartame, acesulfame-K
interfering with enterohepatic circulation can ______ blood cholesterol levels because the liver must use cholesterol to make new bile salts
reduce
added sugars are a form of
refined carbohydrates
the body generally breaks down foods that contain various digestible carbohydrates at different rates
true
true or false to avoid constipation adequate fiber and water should be consumed
true
true or false. Dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials
false
Is milk a natural source of sucrose?
no
saturated fatty acid has
no double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain
***place the steps of triglyceride digestion and absorption in the correct order
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
List in order the body's preference for using nutrients for energy
1. Carbohydrate 2. Protein
Pre-diabetes blood glucose levels
100-125 mg/dL
Which of the following is a form of starch
Amylopectin
***determine whether each statement about alcohol is true or false
FALSE the majority of alcohol detoxification occurs in the stomach drinking coffee and taking multivitamins expedites alcohol detoxification generally speaking a woman who is of comparable size to a man will get drunk more quickly when she consumes the same amount of alcohol TRUE alcohol digestion is a complex process binge drinking is classified as five or more drinks per about 2 hours for males and 4 or more drinks per about 2 hours for females drinking alcohol on an empty stomach speeds up the rate at which alcohol enters the bloodstream when compared to drinking after eating
trans fatty acids are
a by-product of the hydrogenation process
what is emulsifier
a compound that helps water soluble and water insoluble compounds to mix with each other
disaccharide
a sugar composed of two monosaccharides
clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called
a thrombus
which of the following statements about fiber are true
adds bulk to feces a substance found in plants is a complex carbohydrate
which of the following structures stores triglycerides in the form of fat droplets
adipose cell
insulin _____
allows cells to take in glucose
aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two --- acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol
amino
identify the common types of starch made by plants
amylose, amylopectin
NutraSweet & Equal
aspartame
chose all of the following foods that are sources of refined carbohydrates
candy, donut, apple pie
(glycemic index x Grams of _________) / 100 = Glycemic Load
carbohydrate
ketosis occurs when the diet is low in
carbohydrates
which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram
carbohydrates
What substances do plants need to make carbohydrates?
carbon dioxide and water
individuals with metabolic syndrome are at risk of developing
cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes
what are some natural food sources of sucrose
carrots, maple syrup
Jennifer is not aware that she have type 2 diabetes. her blood sugar level remains high after a meal because her____
cells do not respond to insulin
glucose is the primary fuel for most of the body's cells however some cells only use glucose. these include
central nervous system red blood cells
ketone bodies
chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown
for several weeks darren has not been feeling well. He has a family history of type 2 diabetes, so when he developed some major signs and symptoms of the disease, he made an appointment with his physician to be tested for diabetes. based on this information, which of the following statements about darrens current state of health is true
darren has sores on his feet that are not healing darren has been thirstier than in the past darren has to make frequent trips to the bathroom to urinate
When sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized by bacteria into acids that dissolve the tooth enamel this results in tooth ______
decay
Insulin
decreases blood glucose
dietary changes that can benefit a patient with metabolic syndrome include
decreasing intake of saturated fat reducing salt intake
Which of the following is another term for glucose
dextrose
major modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, and excess body fat can be positively impacted by
dietary changes, physical activity
Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. She recognizes the importance of consuming adequate dietary calcium, but does not want to further aggravate her gastrointestinal system. There are several dietary practices that can help Lisa achieve her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms. SELECT ALL OF THE DIETARY PRACTICES THAT CAN HELP LISA MEET HER CALCIUM NEEDS. A) Eat hard cheeses and yogurt. B) Drink low lactose or lactase-treated milk such as Lactaid®. C) Drink milk on an empty stomach. D) Drink calcium-fortified soy milk that contains no lactose. E) Take pills that contain lactase before eating or drinking dairy foods.
eat aged cheeses and yogurt drink low-lactase or lactose-treated milk, such as Lactaid drink calcium-fortified soy milk take lactase pills before eating or drinking dairy foods
what are some good food sources of phospholipids
egg yolks, soy beans, wheat germ, peanut butter
what is an economical source of protein and many micronutrients the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical american diet, hidden in many commonly eaten foods, and does not increase the general population risk of cardiovascular disease?
eggs
____ levels of c-reactive protein may be an indicator of CVD
elevated
fatimah makes the hot oatmeal recipe in the recipe for healthy living feature in ch 5, but she adds a tablespoon of butter and tablespoon of wheat germ to the single serving recipe. after she adds the butter and wheat germ, the oatmeal supplies abour 407 kcal, 15 g fat, 54g carb, and 14 g protein. calculate the approximate calories contributed by fat, by protein, and by carbs. and calculate percentages.
fat- 135 and 33% carb- 216 and 53% protein- 56 and 14% ****fat 9cal, carb and protein 4cal****
_____ acids can be saturated or unsaturated
fatty
dietary fats in foods are often composed of
fatty acids
what are the by-products of phospholipid digestion
fatty acids, glycerol, phosphorus compounds
if you are trying to lose weight it may be helpful to add more high-_______ foods to your diet because these foods tend to be more filling resulting in satiety
fiber
lentils are an excellent source of
fiber
match the activity of dietary fiber to its health benefit
fiber rich foods has lower energy content than the same volume of low fiber food- helps promote weight loss fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion- reduces cardiovascular disease risk fiber increases fecal (stool) size and softness- promotes colon health
Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.
fibers
which of the following are leading sources of fat in the mediterranean diet
fish, olive oil
cholesterol is
found only in animal foods
Fructose
fruit sugar (high fructose corn syrup)
After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release ______________ to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.
glucagon
glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone
glucagon
___ is also known as dextrose or blood sugar
glucose
______ is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells
glucose
during times of low blood glucose levels, the liver can break down glycogen and release which of the following
glucose
glycogen is a branched structure composed of many _____ units bonded together
glucose
the body converts some of the monosaccharide ______ into fat, but much of the excess is burned for energy
glucose
Sucrose
glucose + fructose (table sugar)
Lactose
glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
Maltose
glucose + glucose (malt sugar)
3 most important monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose- often found of foods
how many americans shows signs of decreased lactose digestion
millions
the main product of lipid digestion is
monoglycerides
what are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine
monoglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol
The three most important single sugars or _____ are glucose, fructose, and galactose.
monosaccharide
enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down the disaccharides into ______
monosaccharides
rich source of soluble fiber vs insoluble fiber
SOLUBLE oatmeal, citrus fruit, apples, carrots, beans INSOLUBLE whole grain bread, brown rice
brita was a binge drinker during the first 3 months of her pregnancy. her baby was born with FAS. which of the following conditions is a sign of FAS.
Thin upper lip
Sucrase
breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose
which type of fiber either dissolves or swells when put into water
soluble fiber
Sucrose
splenda
brandy and her brothers james mel and bradley have a family history of type 2 diabetes. recently she and her brothers underwent blood testing to determine their risk of diabetes. match each of the fasting blood sugar values with its correct classification
brandy 85 mg/dl -normal fasting blood glucose levels mel 63 mg/dl -hypoglycemia bradley 120 mg/dl -pre-diabetic james 138 mg/dl -diabetes
Maltase
breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose
true or false: cholesterol cannot be synthesized by the body
false
the type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called_______. women who have this condition are at increases risk for developing type 2 diabetes after giving birth
gestational diabetes
which of the following substances is a polysaccharide
glycogen
straining due to constipation can result in the small rectal veins becoming swollen making then likely to bleed and cause discomfort and itching. these cluster of veins are called
hemorrhoids
what are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
ice cream, eggs, chicken
non modifiable risk factor for CVD include
increasing age, family history of CVD
non modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include ______
increasing age, male sex, family history (genetics)
____ is a common example of a phospholipid
lecithin
isabel wants to consume a snack with a relatively low GL (less than 15) based on this information, which of the following foods should she eat? low fat milk, corn flakes cereal, fruit flavored jelly beans, french fries
low fat milk
manufactures add plant sterols to certain foods because they may
lower blood cholesterol
people gain body fat when their total intake of kilocalories from _______ and the nonnutrient ______ exceeds their energy needs
macronutrients, alcohol
which of the following substances is a disaccharide
maltose
for thousands of years people living ____ have eaten lentils
mediterranean countries
Female, waist circumference 34 inches, fasting blood sugar 110mg/dl, triglycerides 100 mg/dl, HDL 45 mg/dl, blood pressure 135/90mm Hg
metabolic syndrome
what is the major food source of lactose
milk
Simple carbohydrates include __________, which contain only one sugar unit, and ________, which are compounds of two sugar units
monosaccharide, disaccharide
simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides and disaccharides (1 or 2 units of sugar)
peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, almonds, and avocados are all rich in
monounsaturated fat
when people consume adequate fiber they experience
more regular bowel movements softer stools
compared to butter, solid margarine has
more unsaturated fat, less cholesterol, more trans fat
Glycogen
multiple linked glucose units- found in humans and animals
Polysaccharides
multiple monosaccharides linked together-starch, glycogen, fiber
The primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. Glycogen is stored in the liver and _____
muscles
choose the correct descriptions of whole grain
must contain the starchy endosperm, oily germ, and fiber rich bran examples include wheat, oats, corn, rice, rye, barley, and sorghum intact, ground, cracked or flaked seeds of cereal grains
over time untreated or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus causes much harm to the body. which of the following disorders conditions or events is a serious health consequence of poorly controlled diabetes including gestational diabetes?
nerve damage kidney failure heart disease vision loss miscarriage
the less common form of diabetes is an autoimmune disease the results in _________
no pancreatic insulin
Male, waist circumference 44 inches, fasting blood sugar 95 mg/dl, triglycerides 135 mg/dl, HDL 30 mg/dl, blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg
not metabolic syndrome
diets high in fiber can lower the risk for developing which of the following
obesity, heart disease, diabetes
both starch and glycogen contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together and are thus types of ______
polysaccharides
complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides or many units of sugar
Homocysteine is an
possible marker for cardiovascular disease
marcias fasting blood glucose is 118 mg/dl she has
pre-diabetes
Glucose
primary cell energy source- found in food
During low carbohydrate consumption which of the following will occur
production of ketone bodies
Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, eating meat, fish, and poultry is a good source of carbohydrate.
false
true or false: a person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl does not have a risk for atherosclerosis
false
what is glucose in the human cell used for
to obtain energy
select all of the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development
-replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats -reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total calories
outline the process of enterohepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine
1. bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2. bile salt travels through the blood to the liver 3. the liver recycles used salts to make new bile
***place the fats in order from the one that contains the greatest percentage of saturated fatty acids (1) to the one that contains the lowest percentage of saturated fatty acids (5)
1. coconut oil 2. butter 3. palm oil 4. olive oil 5. canola oil
list in order from 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine
1. fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2. cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3. pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules
which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber
apples
phospholipids
are partially water-soluble
____ which is often called hardening of the arteries is a condition the reduces the flexibility of arteries
arteriosclerosis
_____ is a condition that can inhibit the blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, heart, and brain
atherosclerosis
most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder which causes destruction of the insulin producing cells of the pancreas called ______cells.
beta
place the following foods in order of dietary fiber content, from highest to lowest
black beans, cooked 1c kellogg's all bran cereal 1/2c baked potato with skin almonds 1oz
to check for risk of cardiovascular disease, young people should have their _____ and ______ measured regularly
blood pressure and lipids
which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes
blurred vision, extreme thirst, frequent urination
although _______ is not metabolized for energy, cells use the lipid to synthesize a variety of substances, including vitamin D and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
cholesterol
pair the type of fatty acid with its corresponding chemical structure
cis fatty acid- hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond trans fatty acids- hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond
a healthy diet in conjunction with high fiber may reduce the risk of _________cancer
colorectal
place each polysaccharide in its appropriate category
digestible amylopectin glycogen nondigestible cellulose gums pectins mucilages
soluble fibers
dissolve in water are metabolized by intestinal bacteria
when these pouches are painfully inflamed (diverticula), the condition is known as ____
diverticulitis
for the general population, egg consumption ______ increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
does not
match the dietary change with its outcome as a way to lower risk for cardiovascular disease.
eat rich source of fiber- reduce LDL avoid sucrose and fructose- decreases triglyceride levels drink small amounts of alcohol - raise beneficial HDL cholesterol levels
signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus
elevated blood pressure excessive thirst frequent urination blurry vision vaginal yeast infections foot pain, abdominal pain numbness, especially in the feet impotence sores that do not heal increased appetite with weight loss breath that smells like fruit confusion
You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases _____, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.
epinephrine
