Nutrition ch.6
Sterols/stanols
Although plant _____Are not well absorbed by the human intestinal tract, these substances can reduce cholesterol absorption, thus are added to certain foods, beverages, and dietary supplements
True
Americans with African, Mexican, or Native American ancestry are more likely to have heart disease then people with other racial or ethnic backgrounds
Homocysteine
Amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis
Unsaturated fatty acid
An _______ has two neighboring carbons within the chain that are missing two hydrogen atoms, and a double bond holds those particular carbons together
Gallbladder
Another function of the hormone CCK is stimulating the ______ to contract. This action forces some bile into the duodenum, where it mixes with chyme
Eggs
Are a relatively economical source of protein and many micronutrients
Phospholipids
Are naturally found in plant and animal foods
Trans fat
Are unsaturated fatty acid's that have at least one trans double bond in their chemical structure rather then the more common cis configuration
Lipoproteins
Are water- soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream
Hypertension
Arteriosclerosis contributions to the development of______, a chronic condition characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed
Partial hydrogenation
As a result of the _________ process, vegetable oil can be made into shortening or shaped into sticks of margarine
Decrease
As blood triglyceride levels increase, concentrations of HDL cholesterol tend to
Lipoprotein lipase
As chylomicrons circulate through the body,_____, an enzyme in the walls of the capillaries, breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
Cholecystokinin (CKK)
As the fatty chyme leaves the stomach and enters your small intestine, it stimulates certain intestinal cells to release the hormone
Lipase
As the food enters the stomach, the organs acid environment activates the _____, enabling some lipid break down to occur
Bile salts
Bile contains _____, compounds that enhance digestion and absorption by keeping lipids dispersed in small particles, increasing their surface area
True
Blood must be able to clot, especially when blood vessels have been injured; otherwise, a person could bleed to death from a minor bruise.
Patron, simplesse, and Olean
Brands of fat replacers used in a variety of processed foods
Emulsifier
By having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an
Coronary calcium
Calcium deposits in arteries of the heart later in life
Stroke
Can happen when a clot blocks an artery in the brain and brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die
Arachidonic acid (AA)
Cells can convert linoleic acid to
Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA)
Cells use alpha-linolenic acid to synthesize two other omega-3 fatty acids
B-6 and folate
Cells use to vitamins,______, to convert homocysteine into safer compounds
Saturated
Certain animal foods, especially beef and dairy foods such as cheese, cream, and butter, contain high percentages of ______ fatty acid's then most plant fats. Tropical oils contain more____then unsaturated fatty acid
kidneys, eyes, and legs
Certain arteries are more likely to be damaged by atherosclerosis; in addition to the blood vessels of the heart and brain, the blood supply in thr_________ is vulnerable
Antioxidants
Certain food additives, vitamins, and plant pigments function as
True
Certain lipoprotein's carry lipids from the liver to cells. Other lipoprotein's convey lipids from cells to the liver, where they may be converted into a new compounds
True
Chemists identify a fatty acid by its number of carbon Atoms and type of bond between carbon Atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
Chylomicrons
Cholesterol and the reassembled triglycerides are coated with a thin layer of protein, phospholipids, and cholesterol to form
Digestion
Cholesterol does not undergo ________; small intestinal cells can absorb cholesterol directly from your food
Sterols/stanols
Cholesterol lowering margarine's and other products that contain plant _____Are functional foods, because they are specifically manufactured to provide beneficial health effects
CVD
Chronic inflammation is involved in the development of
Coronary calcium
Cigarette smoking and elevated total cholesterol level in early adulthood are significantly associated with the
Adipose cells
Commonly called fat cells, remove acids and glycerol from circulation and reassemble them into triglycerides for storage
True
Compared to butter, a serving of margarine provides more unsaturated fat, less saturated fat, and cholesterol
Triglycerides
Compromise about 95% of lipids in your body and food; referred to as fats and oils
Hypertension
Consuming too much alcohol however contributions to_____and damages every organ of the body
Lecithin
Is the major phospholipid in foods; Egg yokes, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soybeans
Gallbladder
The ______ stores bile until it is needed for digesting lipids
2 to 3 tablespoons of vegetable fat daily, especially products made with canola and soybean oil's, and meals that contain fatty fish, such as salmon and tuna at least twice a week
The adequate intake (AI) for alpha-linoleic acid and linoleic acid can be met by eating
arterial plaque
The bodies immune system responds to the irritation by producing inflammation within the artery. Inflammation can stimulate healing, but the process can also trigger certain cells within the arterial wall to deposit cholesterol and other substances under the arteries lining.As a result, ________ forms; plaque roughens the lining of the artery and slows blood flow in the area and makes clots more likely to form
Triglycerides
The body can convert excess glucose and certain amino acids into fatty acid's that are used to make
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid
The body cannot synthesize two polyunsaturated fatty acids
Omega-3
The body incorporates _____ fatty acid's into cell membranes and uses these lipid's to make compounds that can reduce inflammation, serum triglycerides, and blood clotting
Protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
The body makes three major types of lipoprotein. Each type of lipoprotein carries different proportions of
Triglycerides (fat)
The body stores energy as
Prostaglandins
The body uses EPA, DHA, and AA to make several compounds that have hormonelike functions, including
Linoleic acid
The primary oh mega-6 fatty acid,______, increases inflammation and blood clotting
True
The process of digesting phospholipids is similar to that of digesting glycerides
Enterohepatic circulation
The process of recycling bile from the intestinal tract is called
Atherosclerosis
The risk of_______increases as people grow older, and men are more likely to have heart attacks than women
50
The small intestine digests and absorbs nearly all of the triglycerides and phospholipids in food, but only about ______% of the dietary cholesterol is absorbed
Lipid digestion
The small intestines, however, is the primary site of
True
The typical American eats so far more omega -6 Foods then foods that contain omega -3 fatty acids
True
There are different types of LDL, and not all forms of the lipoprotein are unhealthy. LDL is needed to transport lipids to tissues, where the nutrients are used to make structures and vital compounds
Atherosclerosis
Because lipoprotein's transport lipid's, including cholesterol, in the bloodstream, these structures play major roles in the development of
Omega-3 fatty acid
Alpha-linolenic acid is an _____________ which is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid
Hydrogenation
Also converts many of the oils naturally occurring cis fatty acids into trans fatty acids
Saturated fat
Alters the structure of liver cell membranes so they no longer function properly. As a result, the liver removes less cholesterol from the bloodstream
Vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
Although cholesterol is not metabolized for energy, cells use the lipid to synthesize a variety of substances including
Cigarette smoking
Is one lifestyle behavior that increases the oxidation of LDL
Serum
Is the liquid portion of blood
Choline
Lecithin contains ________ A water soluble compounds that nervesused to produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Omega-6 fatty acid
Linoleic acid is an ______
Triglyceride
Lipid that has three fatty acid's attached to a three carbon compound called glycerol
Very - low - density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Lipoprotein that contains only about 15% of the cholesterol in the blood stream; carries a larger share of triglycerides and cholesterol
Emulsifier
Manufactures may add______to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from separating during storage
Acid group
The last carbon in the fatty acid molecules forms an
Atherosclerosis
Elevated hs-CRP May be a marker for
anger
Emotional stress, particularly _____, also plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis.
Lever
Even if you don't eat animal foods, your body produces cholesterol primarily in the
Lipoprotein
A chylomicron is a type of
Heart disease
Exposure to secondhand smoke is a risk factor for
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
Monoglycerides
Has a single fatty acid attached to the glycerol backbone of the molecule
Sterols and stanols
Plants also make small amounts of_____, lipid's that are chemically related to cholesterol
Secondhand smoke
Smokers expose other people and their environment to _______, which is a combination of the smoke from the burning end of cigarette and exhaled air of the person who is smoking
Glycerol and fatty acid molecules
Some triglycerides are completely broken down into
Inflammation
Some_____is necessary because it attracts immune system cells to disease causing microorganisms that have entered the body; however can also damage the inside of arteries
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
Special computerized images that show the body's internal structures, can detect coronary calcium deposits
Saturated fatty acid
Structurally, a trans fatty acid resembles a
Emulsifier
Substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other
Monounsaturated or polyunsaturated
Unsaturated fatty acid's can be either
Both substances contain fatty acids, but fats are solids and oils are liquid at room temperature
What is the difference between fats and oils
Gangrene
When an artery to a limb is blocked, The tissue in the extremity dies, causing_____to occur
Carotid arteries
When atherosclerosis occurs in the common __________ in the neck, blood flow to the brain can be decreased and clots conform that travel to the brain, causing a stroke
Atherosclerosis
When something in the bloodstream, such as excess cholesterol or glucose, compounds from cigarette smoke, or certain bacteria, irritates the lining of an artery, a cascade of events begins the results and
inactive lipase
When you eat a cheeseburger and french fries, an ________ in saliva mixes with the food.
Energy
When your body needs____, adipose cells breakdown some stored triglycerides into fatty acid and glycerol molecule's and release these substances into your bloodstream. Muscle and other cells then remove the fatty acid's from the circulation and metabolize them
Trans fat
Whole milk and whole milk products, butter, and meet naturally contain small amounts of
Nutritional facts panel
You can use information from the____to determine the percentage of calories that are from fat in a product
LDL, HDL
____Carries cholesterol too cells and____transports cholesterol away from cells
Alcohol
____Has many other effects on the body, some of which are beneficial to cardiovascular health
Genes
____May influence the way in which the circulatory and immune system's response to diet. Thus, some people may be protected against the development of atherosclerosis, where other persons with similar diets develop serious arterial plaques early in life and die prematurely
Monounsaturated
______ fatty acids generally lower LDL cholesterol without reducing HDL cholesterol levels
Prostaglandin
_______ produce a variety of important effects on the body, such as stimulating uterine contractions, regulating blood pressure, and promoting the immune system's inflammatory response
Essential fatty acids
________ are necessary in small amounts for good health
Polyunsaturated
________ fatty acid's tend to be beneficial because they do not promote atherosclerosis
Cholesterol
________ is found only in animal foods such as egg yolk, liver, meat, poultry, whole milk, cheese, and ice cream
True
10 to 12 hours after a meal, most chylomicrons have been reduced to small cholesterol-rich remnants. The liver clears these remnants from the bloodstream and uses their contents to synthesize new lipids and other lipoprotein's that are released into the general circulation
Neurotransmitters
A chemical that transmits messages between the nerve cells
Lipids
A class of nutrients that generally do not dissolve in water
Sleep apnea
A common disorder among overweight and obese people, may be a risk factor for atherosclerosis. While sleeping, a person will stop breathing intermittently and as a result the person wakes up several times and does not feel refreshed after sleeping
Arteriosclerosis
A condition commonly called "hardening of the arteries". Condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility
Zetia
A drug that works differently from a Statin. Inhibits intestinal absorption of cholesterol and as a result lowers LDL cholesterol levels
Hydrocarbon chain
A fatty acid is comprised of a ______, A chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and two hydrogen Adams
Polyunsaturated
A fatty acid that has two or more double bonds between carbons is a
9
A gram of fat supplies___kcal, whereas a gram of carbohydrate or protein provides only 4kcal
Coronary artery disease CAD
A major form of CVD
Hypertension
A major risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease.
Hydrophobic
A phospholipid molecule also has a _______ portion that avoids watery substances and attracts oily ones
Embolus
A thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream is in
20 to 35
According to the American heart Association, people should limit their fat intake to less than ______% of total calories and emphasize foods that are rich sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid's, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oil
1%
According to the American heart Association, people should limit their trans fat intake to less then _____ of daily caloric intake
Dietary guidelines for Americans 2010
According to the _________ adult should consume less than 10% of their total calories from saturated fatty acid's, keep their transfer intake as low as possible, and limit their cholesterol intake to 300 mg/day
Polyunsaturated
Diet containing high amounts of____ fatty acids may reduce blood levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol however in some individuals,it also reduces beneficial HDL cholesterol
Water soluble
Digesting lipids is a more complicated process because the majority of the lipids and food are not ________ and the digestion process involves considerable amount of water
Pancreatic lipase
Digests triglycerides by removing two fatty acid's from each triglyceride molecule; this action converts most triglycerides into monoglycerides
True
Drinking small amounts of alcohol can raise beneficial HDL cholesterol levels
Saturated fatty acid
Each carbon in the chain has two hydrogen atoms attached to it. This is a _________ because each carbon within the chain is saturated, which means it is completely filled with hydrogen atoms
Diet
Example that influences the likelihood of atherosclerosis and is highly modifiable
Lipids
Fat and cholesterol are
34
Fat contributes____% of the average Americans daily energy intake
Saturated fats or unsaturated fats
Fats an oil's that contain high amounts of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid's are commonly called
True
Fats that contain a high proportion of trans fatty acids are more solid at room temperature than those with a high proportion of cis fatty acids
Long - chain
Fatty acid's that have 14 to 24 carbons
Short - chain
Fatty acid's that have 2 to 4 carbons
Medium - chain
Fatty acid's that have 6 to 12 carbons
Saturated or unsaturated
Fatty acids can be
Longer
Foods made with partially hydrogenated fat can be stored for _____ periods of time then foods that contain CIS fatty acids
Safflower, corn, soy bean, and cottonseed oil's, as well as some types of sunflower seed oil
Foods rich and polyunsaturated fat include
Peanuts and peanut oil, canola oil, olives and olive oil, almonds, and avocados
Foods rich in monounsaturated fat include
Butter
Foods that are rich sources of long-chain saturated fatty acids tend to be more solid at room temperature such as
Genetics (Family history)
Is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and CVD that cannot be modified
Cholesterol
Is a sterol, lipid found in animal foods and precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D
Clotting
Is an important function of blood, but excess can increase the risk of strokes, heart attacks, and other serious blood vessel disorders
Alpha-linolenic
Is an omega-3 fatty acid that the body can convert to DHA and EPA; good sources include flaxseeds, soy beans, and walnuts
Phospholipid
Is chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acid's is replaced by chemical groups that contain phosphorus and often nitrogen
Hypertension
Is often referred to as A "silent disease," because people with the condition frequently feel healthy with no symptoms, however it is quite serious because it damages arterial walls and increases the risk of stroke, heart failure, can you disease
Monounsaturated
Has only one double bond linking two carbon atoms
There are 0 g of saturated, trans, and monounsaturated fats
If a food has less than 0.5 g of a specific type of fact, the amount can be reported as 0 g. When the fractions of fat are added together, however, the total changes
Myocardial infarction
If a thrombus completely blocks blood flow to a section of the heart muscle, the muscle dies and a_____occurs
Less efficient
If bile is not secreted into the duodenum, lipids clump together in large fatty globules, making lipid digestion ______
CVD
If your body makes too much cholesterol, the excess can increase your risk of
Arteriosclerosis
In addition to interfering with bloodflow, plaques reduce the flexibility of arteries causing
Insoluble
In general, lipids are ________ in water
Linoleic acid
In the United States, essential fatty acid deficiency is uncommon because most Americans eat plenty of fat, especially
lipids
Include fatty acid's, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol
Nonmodifiable risk factors
Increasing age, male sex, race/ethnic background, and family history are
DHA, EPA
Infants require _____ and _____ for nervous system development, and babies do not grow properly when their diets lack essential fatty acid
Blood cholesterol levels
Interfering with enterohepatic circulation can reduce____, because the liver must use cholesterol to make new bile salts
CT scan
Involves exposure to ionizing radiation
Cholesterol
Is a component of every cell membrane in the body
Thrombus
Is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow
Partial hydrogenation
Is a food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to some unsaturated fatty acid's in liquid vegetable oil
Lacteals
Lipoproteins must pass through the larger openings of _________, lymphatic system vessels in each villus
Atherosclerosis
Long term disease process in which plaque build up inside arterial wall
Avoiding tobacco use, limiting their intake of saturated fat, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy body weight
Many people can reduce the chances of developing atherosclerosis by
Statins
Millions of Americans take a class of prescription drugs called_____to reduce their elevated blood lipid levels
Hypertension, diabetes, elevated blood cholesterol, and excess body fat
Modifiable risk factors that can be influenced by diet and exercise
Cardiovascular disease
More than one in three adult Americans has one or more forms of
ileum
Most bile salts are absorbed in the____, where the compounds enter the bloodstream and travel to the liver
Atherosclerosis
Most cases of heart disease and stroke result from ______ A chronic process that negatively affects the functioning of arteries
Energy
Most cells can metabolize fatty acid's for _____. Fat is more energy dense than carbohydrate or protein
Adipose cells
Most cells in your body contain triglycerides, but____are designed to store large amounts of fat (triglycerides)
Triglycerides and phospholipids
Most fatty acid's, glycerol, mono glycerides, and phospholipid fragments are reassembled into ___________ within the absorptive cells of the small intestine
Fatty acids
Most lipids have _______ in their chemical structures
Hydrogenation
Most of the trans fat and processed food results from the _____ process
Unsaturated and saturated
Most triglycerides contain mixtures of ____________ fatty acids
Vitamin-like
Nutrients often classify choline as a_________nutrient
Monounsaturated; unsaturated
Olive oil is a rich source of_____fatty acids; and liquid corn oil contains a greater proportion of_____ then saturated fatty acid
Scaly skin, hair loss, and poor wound healing
Other signs of essential fatty acid deficiency include
Soluble fiber
Plants contain substances, such as____, that interfere with cholesterol and bile absorption
Cardiovascular disease
Populations that consume diet rich in saturated fat and trans fat have higher risk of ____________ then populations whose diets contain more unsaturated then saturated fat
True
Populations that consume diets rich in saturated fat's generally have higher rates of heart disease than populations that eat less saturated fat
Trans fat
Processed foods and margarines contribute the largest share of _______ in the American diet
Fatty acid
Provides energy for muscles and most other types of cells
Mediterranean diet
Recommends eating more fish and seafood in smaller amounts of red meat, using heart healthy unsaturated fatty acid's, engaging and regular physical activity, and drinking a glass of wine daily; also emphasizes phytochemical rich fruits, vegetables, beans, and nuts
To determine the risk of atherosclerosis
Regular health check ups that include blood pressure and lipid measurements (Lipoprotein profile)
Phopholipase
The enzyme ________ removes two fatty acids from a phospholipid molecule. The remaining structure contains the lipids phosphate group
Omega, methyl end
The first carbon in the molecule has three hydrogen Atoms attached to it. Chemists call this part of the molecule ______ or the ______
True
The hearts of a person with hypertension must work harder to circulate blood through abnormally stiff arteries. Furthermore, elevated blood pressure can cause hardened arteries to tear or burst, causing serious bleeding problems and even sudden death, depending on the artery size and location
glucose
The liver clears the glycerol molecule's from the bloodstream and converts them into ________ molecules that cells can also use for energy
High-sensitivity C - reactive protein (hs-CRP)
The liver response to certain kinds of inflammation or producing and releasing ________ into the bloodstream
Bile
The liver use his cholesterol to make __________, an emulsifier that facilitates lipid digestion
New bile
The liver uses the bile salts to make
Egg yolk
The most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical American diet
alcohol
The non-nutrient _____ stimulates triglycerides synthesis, and excess body fat can accumulate as a result of alcohol consumption
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid
These lipids are essential fatty acids because they must be supplied by the diet
True
To obtain beneficial long chain omega-3 fatty acid's such as DHA, the dietary guidelines recommend that Americans eat 8 ounces of cold water fatty fish, such as sardines, salmon, and tuna, a week
10
To reduce the populations risk of CVD, US dietary guidelines 2010 recommended limiting saturated fat intake to less than___percent of total energy intake
Heart disease
Trans fat function like certain saturated fat's, raising blood cholesterol levels, which may increase the risk of
Oxidation
Trans fatty acids are less likely to undergo ________, A chemical process that alters the compounds structure
High- density lipoprotein (HDL)
Transports about 20% of cholesterol in the blood stream. Conveys lipids away from tissues and to the liver, where they can be processed and eliminated; The cholesterol carried by this is often called a good cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation
Low- density lipoprotein (LDL)
Transports about 45% of the cholesterol in the blood stream. The cholesterol carried by this is often referred to as a bad cholesterol because it conveys the lipid to tissue, including cells in the arterial walls that make atherosclerotic plaque
Lipases
Triglycerides and phospholipids need to be broken down by special enzymes called_______because they can be absorbed
Phospholipid
Type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells, including those in the brain
Oxidation
Unsaturated fatty acid's that have the CI S double bond arrangement are very susceptible to
Hypertension, heart attack, and stroke
Untreated sleep apnea can contribute to
does not
Vinegar is 95% water, oil is 100% lipid, therefore the oil ________ dissolve in water to make a solution
Statins
_________ interfere with the livers metabolism of cholesterol, effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels as a result; are relatively safe when taken as directed
Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid
___________ fragments are the end products of lipid digestion
Hydrophilic
phospholipids are partially water-soluble because the phosphorus containing portion of the molecule is
Cholecystokinin (CKK)
signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase into the deodenum of the small intestine
Heart disease, coronary artery disease, and stroke
the most common forms of CVD, are among the top for leading causes of death in the US
