Nutrition Chap 3 (Digestion)
more severe
____ ____ ulcers can cause life-threatening bleeding
feces
are a mixture of undigested, unabsorbed matter, dead cells, secretions from the GI tract, water, and bacteria.
absorption
besides some water, alcohol, and a few drugs, very little _____ occurs in the stomach.
feces
body waste, including unabsorbed food residue, bacteria, mucus, and dead cells, which is eliminated from the GI tract by way of the anus.
proteins
broken down into amino acids
carbohydrates
broken down into sugars
sensory input
can make your mouth water and stomach begin to secrete digestive substances
tissues
cells that are similar in structure and function form _____
metabolism
chemical reactions that break down molecules to provide energy and those that synthesize larger molecules
fiber
chewing breaks up ____, which traps nutrients. If these are not broken up, the body may not get some nutrients because they won't be absorbed/exposed
mechanical
chewing food begins the _____ aspect of digestion
gallstones
clumps of solid material that accumulate in either the gallbladder or bile duct
Esophagus
connects the pharynx with the stomach
fats
digested to produce molecules with long carbon chains called fatty acids
primary organ system
digestive system, which is the _____ _____ ______ responsible for moving nutrients into the body
systems that aid in digestion
endocrine, nervous, urinary, respiratory, and integumentary
lymphatic
fluid that collects in tissues between cells drains into the ______ system
24 to 72
in healthy adults, the transit time is ____ __ _____ hours, depending on the composition of the individual s diet and his or her level of physical activity, emotional state, health status, and use of medications.
lymph vessels
in the small intestine, the ___ ____ aid in absorption and transport of fat-soluble substances such as cholesterol, fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
lumen
inside of the GI tract tube. food inside this is not technically inside the body
large intestine
is about 5 ft long
colon rectum
large intestine is divided into _____ (largest part) and ____ (the last 8 inches)
cellular respiration
like cell breathing: oxygen goes into cell, carbon dioxide comes out.
high nutrient
mucosa has ____ _____ requirements and is one of the first parts of the body to be affected by nutrient deficiencies.
four types of tissue
muscle, nerve, epithelial, and connective
peristalsis
occurs more slowly in the large intestine than small intestine. promotes the growth of bacteria!
food allergies
occurs when the body sees proteins present in food as foreign substances and therefore initiates an immune response.
nutrients
once inside body's cells, ____ are used either for energy or to synthesize all the structural and regulatory molecules needed for growth and maintenance
hepatic portal vein
once water-soluble molecules including amino acids, sugars, water-soluble vitamins, and the water-soluble products of fat digestion in the small intestine are in the capillaries, these molecules are carried to the liver via the ____ ____ _____.
result from
peptic ulcers can _____ _____ GERD
segmentation
peristalsis in the small intestine, rhythmic constrictions mix the chyme!
celiac disease
protein gluten triggers an immune system response that damages or destroys the villi of the small intestine.
digested further
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats must be ____ _____
diarrhea
refers to frequent, watery, stools. Occurs when material moves through the colon too quickly for sufficient water to be absorbed or when water is drawn into the lumen from cells lining the intestinal tract
constipation
refers to hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass. It occurs when the water content of the stool is too low
absorption
small intestine is the primary site for the ______ of water, vitamins, minerals, and products of carbs, fat, and protein digestion.
heartburn
some of the acidic stomach contents leak up through the sphincter into the esophagus, causing this:
vomiting
sphincter relaxes, muscles contract and the stomach is forces contents upward
lymphatic
substances absorbed into the _____ system do not pass through the liver before entering the general blood circulation
stomach
temporary storage for food
hollow tube
the GI tract is a _____ _____, about 30 feet long, that runs from the mouth to the anus
endocrine
the GI tract is part of the ______ system as well as the digestive system. Releases hormones that help prepare different parts of the gut for the arrival of food!
without being broken
water, vitamins, and minerals are taken into the body ____ _____ ____ into smaller units
contracts
when the sphincter ____, the valve is closed. relaxes=open
blood
___ carries nutrients and oxygen to the cells of all organs and tissues in the body and removes carbon dioxide and other waste products
liver
____ acts as a gatekeeper between the body and substances absorbed from the intestine. Some nutrients are stored here, some are changed into different forms, and others are allowed to pass through unchanged.
antibodies
____ bind to antigens and help destroy them
mild
____ ulcers cause abdominal pain
small, carb rich
a ____, ____ ____ meal will leave your stomach far more quickly than a larger meal containing more protein, fiber, and fat!
high-fat
a ______-____ meal stays in the stomach longest!! liquids empty quickly, but solids linger until mixed with gastric juices and are liquefied.
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
a chronic condition in which acidic stomach contents leak into the esophagus, causing pain and damaging the esophagus.
bile
a digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder that is released into the small intestine, here it aids digestion and absorption
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
a high-energy molecule that the body uses to power activities that require energy
lacteal
a lymph vessel in the villi of the small intestine that picks up particles containing the products of fat digestion
allergen
a substance that causes an allergic reaction
cardiovascular system
after nutrients have been absorbed, they must be delivered to cells, which is done by the _____ ______
absorbed in colon
although most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, water and some vitamins and minerals are also ____ __ _____.
capillaries
amino acids from protein, single sugars from carbs, and soluble products of fat digestion are absorbed into _____
peptic ulcer
an open sore in the lining of the stomach, esophagus, or upper small intestine
organ system
an organ can be part of more than one ____ _____.
small intestine
main site for chemical digestion of food
metabolic pathways
many of the reactions of metabolism occur in a series known as _____ _____.
fiber
the _____ in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables cannot be digested and therefore is not absorbed into the body
enzyme systems
the liver also contains ____ _____ that protect the body from toxins absorbed by the GI tract
mucosal cells
the lumen is lined with these
H. pylori
these bacteria burrow into the mucus and destroy the protective mucosal layer