Nutrition chapter 2

a ____________ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

variable

in order to test hypotheses, research scientists conduct ____________. A. experiments B. evaluations C. analyses D. observations

A

information based on the results of scientific studies is called ____________ _________ information. A. evidence based B. Anecdote based C. Testimonial based

A

popular sources of nutrition information such as news media and web sites ________ peer-reviewed A. are not B. are

A

which types of studies cannot establish cause and effect? A. Epidemiological B. Laboratory experimental

A

observational epidemiological research includes.... (select all that apply) A. case-control studies B. cohort studies C. treatment groups

A B

which of the following studies involve human subjects? (check all that apply) A. observational studies B. experimental (interventional) studies C. in vitro studies

A B

A retrospective study.... A. follows a group of healthy people over time to determine whether those with a certain characteristic develop a disease and those without that characteristic remain disease free B. follows a group of people who already suffer from a disease and compares them to a group of people with similar characteristics who do not have the disease

B

Dr. Black is conducting a scientific study in which codes are used to identify a subject's group membership and this information is not revealed until the end of the study. Dr. Black is conducting a .... A. single-blind study B. double-blind study C. cohort study

B

_________ can produce beneficial as well as harmful effects on the body. A. supplement B. dietary aid C. drug

C

a ________ is a substance, natural or man-made, that alters body function. A. supplement B. dietary supplement C. drug

C

consumers are often unaware that the FDA regulates dietary supplements as _____ A. medications B. herbs C. food

C

in a ______ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time. A. experimental B. bias C. cohort D. case-controlled

C

some botanical products can cause _______ reactions that result in skin, sinus, or respiratory signs and symptoms A. delayed B. hypnotic C. allergic

C

____________ is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and cause of health problems in populations. A. double-blind B. placebo C. anecdote D. epidemiology

D

an example of an internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a ...... A. .org website B. .edu website C. .gov website D. .com website

D

intervention studies and observational studies can be two types of ___________ research A. descriptive B. in vitro C. comparative D. human

D

use of dietary supplements, especially medicinal herbs, should be shared with health care providers because... A. supplement use must be documented for research purposes B. dietary supplements often improve health conditions without use of prescription medications C. physicians must report supplement use to FDA D. herbal ingredients may interact with prescription medications or other dietary supplements

D

"our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take two inches off your waistline in the first week!" this claim raises which of the following red flags that indicate unreliable nutrition information? A. attacks on conventional science B. scare tactics C. recommendations based on a single study D. testimonials E. promises a quick fix

E

A drug is only human- made. True or False?

False

a drug is a substance, natural or human-made, that alters body function. as a result, drugs can produce beneficial as well as harmful effects on the body. True or False?

True

we are ultimately responsible for protecting ourselves when it comes to supplement use because the FDA does not regulate products until they enter the marketplace. True or False?

True

a(n) ___________ is a report of personal experiences.

anecdote

when two variables have a relationship they are said to be in ______________ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship.

correlation

A(n) ___________ is a possible explanation for observation that guides scientific research.

hypothesis

before an article can be publishes, a critical analysis of the article is conducted by fellow research colleagues. this process is called _______________ ________________.

peer review

cohort studies can be retrospective or ____________

prospective

__________ is the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

pseudoscience

using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of _________.

quackery

_________ assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that members of treatment and control groups have similar characteristics. this enhances the validity of the study results.

random

Nutrition researchers rely on the _________________ method, which involved making observations, asking questions, and developing hypotheses.

scientific

consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health-related claims because..... (check all that apply) A. promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers B. the FDA cannot regulate nutrition-and-health-related claims on product labels C. the FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation D. nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources

A C D

The use of dietary supplements _______ be shared with your doctor. A. doesn't need to B. should

B

experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as..... A. in vivo experiments B. in utero experiments C. in vitro experiments

A

research from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published? A. a researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study B. a researcher from the University of Texas who specializes in breast cancer and who analyzed tumor biopsies for the study C. an editor of ScienceDaily.com who regularly reviews scientific journal articles to report the findings to the public D. an expert on soy isoflavones who works for the company that sponsored the research study

A

which of the following are true statements about pseudoscience ? (check all that apply) A. it uses vague or unproven claims B. it does not adhere to valid scientific methodology C. it is a presentation of inaccurate information D. in can be reliably tested and reproduced

A B C

Nutrition misinformation, or nutrition fiction, _______________. (choose all that apply) A. is widespread in our culture B. promotes purchase of special products C. is usually presented in peer-reviewed journals D. uses personal testimonials

A B D

________ has blood thinning effects similar to aspirin. (check all that apply) A. garlic B. St. John's wort C. Vitamin E D. Ginseng

A C D

a placebo pill is considered to be __________ because the substance in the pill do not produce measurable physical changes. A. unnecessary B. inert C. effective D. experimental

B

comfrey, pennyroyal, sassafras, and kava are all examples of herbal supplements that.... A. can provide health benefits B. should be avoided C. are useful in strengthening the immune system

B

which is true about a case-control study? A. individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals who have similar characteristics who also has the health condition B. individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics

B

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ...... (check all that apply) A. not receiving proper medication B. poor diets C. lack of proper nutrition D. taking non nutrient dietary supplements

B C

a drug... (check all that apply) A. cannot be regulated by FDA, according to DHSEA B. may be natural or man-made C. may have beneficial as well as harmful effects D. is a substance that alters body functions

B C D

which of the following should be considered when choosing a multivitamin and mineral supplement? (check all that apply) A. if your friend is taking a supplement B. physician's thoughts C. any chronic diseases D. current food consumption

B C D

which of the following is true about control groups? A. all conditions differ between the control group and treatment group B. scientific studies do not require control groups and are valid with or without them C. the results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used

C

the participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the _________ group

control

generally, a sham medicine or treatment used to mimic the treatments given to the participants in an experiment is called a(n) _________________

placebo

studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influences of diet on health. True or False?

true

the dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantial findings. True or False?

true

a prospective study ....... A. follows a group of healthy people over time to determine whether those with a certain characteristic develop a disease and those without that characteristic remain disease free B. follows a group of people who already suffer from a disease and compares them to a group of people with similar characteristics who do not have the disease

A

consumers are often unaware that .... A. the FDA evaluates supplements as food, not medication B. the FDA has carefully evaluated the supplement C. manufacturers evaluate the safety of their products

A

nutritional scientists conduct ______ studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices A. experimental B. observational C. independent

A

which are examples of food/drug interactions? (check all that apply) A. ginseng increasing bleeding B. bran working as a diuretic C. kava acting as a sedative

A C

which of the following are examples of whole foods? (check all that apply) A. fruits B. whole-grain cereals C. vegetables D. multivitamins

A B C

The _____ is the federal agency responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of new medications. A. USDA B. FDA C. FTC D. EPA

B

who are the subjects in a case-control study? (check all that apply) A. healthy people assigned to receive a placebo B. healthy people assigned to a specific treatment C. person(s) without the disease to condition under investigation D. person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation

C D

the FDA strictly regulates the development, production, and marketing of which substance? A. supplement B. dietary aid C. drug

C

a(n) _________ is a personal endorsement of a product. these endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products

testimonial

a member of a treatment group..... A. is given a placebo treatment by researchers B. receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated

B

a person in a research study who receives a fake treatment with an inert substance yet reports improvement in his health is experiences a(n) A. treatment outcome B. placebo effect C. research bias D. outlier effect

B

the _________ group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

control