Nutrition- Chapter 3 Mastering health

small intestines absorbs most nutrients by

crypts, microvilli, and villi

When we have not eaten for a while, blood glucose levels fall, which prompts a(n) ____ in insulin and a(n) ___ in glucagon.

decrease, increase

active transport

energy and specific carrier molecules promotes absorption against a concentration gradient glucose and amino acids

Immediately after a meal, ghrelin levels ______; high levels of ghrelin ______ hunger.

decrease, increase

The earliest phase of digestion is called the _____ phase.

A. cephalic B. initiation C. osmotic D. embryonic Answer: A

Without the flap of tissue at the back of the tongue called the epiglottis, food would enter the trachea during swallowing.

Chyme passes through the ileocecal valve that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.

The collective term for the carpet of microvilli that covers the enterocytes of the small intestine is the brush border.

Each villus contains a lymphatic vessel called a lacteal that absorbs fat-soluble nutrients into the lymph fluid.

What plays a key role in the development of most gastric ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

When using a hydrogen breath test to diagnose lactose intolerance, a(n) _______ of hydrogen suggests intolerance.

High level

Digestion and absorption Starch ex. bread

Mouth- Salivary enzyme starts chemical digestion Stomach- Acid interrupts chemical digestion of substrate Small intestine- site of absorption into blood circulatory system, intestinal enzymes chemically breakdown substrate to units ready for absorption, pancreatic enzymes released to chemically break down substrate to smaller units Large intestine- little to no chemical digestion occurs

Digestion and absorption Protein ex. milk and peanut butter

Mouth- little to no chemical digestion occurs Stomach- acids causes the denaturation of substrate, chemically broken down to smaller units but not in units ready for absorption Small intestine- pancreatic enzymes released to chemically break down substrate to smaller units, site of absorption into blood circulatory system, intestinal enzymes chemically breakdown substrate to units ready for absorption Large intestine- little to no chemical digestion occurs

Bicarbonate

Secreated by the pancreas, this secretion acts to neutralize acids in the chyme

Proteases

Secreated by the pancreases these enzymes act to digest proteins

Identify the correct order, from highest satiety value to lowest, of the following:

Solid foods, semisolid foods, beverages

The bolus passes through the gastroesophageal sphincter into the stomach to mix with gastric digestive juices.

The bolus slides down this tube, called the esophagus, which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

The three structural features of the small intestine that increase its surface area are the circular folds, the villi, and the microvilli.

The finger-like projections that cover the circular folds of the small intestine and contribute to the increased surface area of the small intestine are called villi.

The tiny blood vessels located in each villus that absorb water-soluble nutrients into the bloodstream are capillaries.

The first section of small intestine, receiving chyme from the stomach, is called the duodenum.

The absorptive cells that line the wall of the intestine are called enterocytes.

The hair-like projections that cover the surface of an enterocyte and contribute to the increased surface area of the small intestine are called microvilli.

Enzymes are proteins, which catalyze chemical reactions.

True Enzymes are complex proteins that facilitate change in other substances. They are known as "catalysts" in reactions because they are not consumed by the reactions they cause, nor do they alter the equilibrium of these reactions.

During mastication, teeth mechanically cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes them with saliva.

When fat enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes an emulsifier called bileto break up the large fat globules.

small intestine disorder

celiac disease

The absorption mechanism that requires a specific carrier molecule, but no energy, to move digested nutrients across the cell membrane is called __________.

facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion requires a specific carrier molecule, but no energy, to move nutrients across the cell membrane. Water-soluble vitamins, such as the B vitamins and vitamin C, are transported in this manner.

Small fat-soluble molecules, such as free fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, are absorbed through facilitated diffusion in the small intestine.

false

Which of the following nutrients is absorbed into the lymphatic system?

fats

stomach disorder

gastic ulcer

Simple diffusion

molecules move from high concentration to low concentration no assistance water and small lipids can pass back and forth freely through cell membranes

pancreas produces

pancreatic proteases

stomach

pepsin

Liver

produces bile

The nutrient with the highest satiety value is ____

proteins

facilitated diffusion

specific carrier molecule to help certain nutrients cross the cell membrane water molecules such as vitamins are examples that use this absorption

Which of the following nutrients' chemical digestion starts in the mouth?

starches, such as those found in bread

Which organ plays a role in mechanical digestion by churning food into chyme?

stomach

Chemical digestion __________.

A. occurs in the small intestine with the process known as segmentation B. occurs when enzymes break apart large molecules into smaller molecules C. begins in the mouth with the process known as mastication D. occurs through the process known as peristalsis Answer: B

Digestion and absorption Fiber ex. whole grain bread

Mouth- little to no chemical digestion occurs Stomach- little to no chemical digestion occurs Small intestine- little to no chemical digestion occurs Large intestine- Partially broken down by bacteria to generate fatty acid, gas, and water

Digestion and absorption Monosaccharides Ex. frutose in orange juice

Mouth- little to no chemical digestion occurs Stomach- little to no chemical digestion occurs Small intestine- little to no chemical digestion occurs, site of absorption into blood circulatory system Large intestine- little to no chemical digestion occurs

Digestion and absorption Disaccharides ex. lactrose in milk

Mouth- little to no chemical digestion occurs Stomach- little to no chemical digestion occurs Small intestine- site of absorption into blood circulatory system, intestinal enzymes chemically breakdown substrate to units ready for absorption Large intestine- little to no chemical digestion occurs

The middle portion of the small intestine is called the jejunum.

The last portion, or segment, of the small intestine is called the ileum.

Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called peristalsis, which move food down the esophagus and through the stomach.

The secretions called saliva are produced in the glands located behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

Pancreatic amylase

This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and acts to digest carbohydrates

Amino acids are absorbed through the process known as active transport.

True Active transport, which requires the combination of energy and a carrier to promote absorption against a concentration gradient, is the process by which nutrients such as amino acids and glucose are absorbed.

Digestion and absorption Fat ex. milk and peanut butter

Mouth- little to no chemical digestion occurs Stomach- little to no chemical digestion occurs Small intestine- pancreatic enzymes released to chemically break down substrate to smaller units, bile released from the gall bladder to emulsify substrate, intestinal enzymes chemically breakdown substrate to units ready for absorption, site of absorption into blood circulatory system Large intestine- little to no chemical digestion occurs

An adult who has symptoms such as thirst, light-headedness, dark-colored urine, and dry skin is likely suffering from _____.

dehydration

There are ______ common allergenic foods that must be clearly identified on food labels.

eight

esophagus disorder

heartburn

Food allergies are _______ than food intolerances, and potentially ________ .

less common, more serious

Bile is produced by the____.

liver

The ______ is responsible for regulating nutrients in the blood after absorption.

liver

A person with Celiac disease planning a gluten-free meal would include _______.

A. A turkey sandwich on rye bread B. Graham crackers C. A hamburger patty D. pasta Answer: C

Which of the following statements accurately describes a process occurring during the digestion and absorption of fat?

A. Bile is released from the gallbladder to emulsify fat. B. Bacteria in the large intestine partially break fat down to fatty acids, gas, and water. C. Stomach acid denatures fat. D. Salivary enzymes in the mouth start the digestion process. Answer: A

A patient with symptoms of intestinal distress, skin reactions, and respiratory symptoms likely has _______.

A. Celiac disease B. food poisoning C. lactose intolerance D. a milk allergy Answer: D

Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?

A. Enzymes are specific to specific chemical reactions. B. Some enzymes require a coenzyme to be active. C. The shape of the enzyme's active site determines its activity. D. All of these statements are true. Answer: D

What is the first enzyme that starts to digest food?

A. Proteases B. Intrinsic factor C. Salivary amylase D. Pancreatic amylase Answer: C

Gallbladder

-Concentrates and stores bile

Pancreatic lipase

-This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and acts to digest lipids

Bile

-This secretion is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder -This secretion acts to emulsify fats

large intestine disorder

-constipation -irritable bowel syndrome

more than one organ

-lipase -amylase

pancreas

-produces pancreatic lipase -produces insulin

Stomach

-secretes hydrochloric acid (HCL) -secreates the hormone gastrin

Which of the following accurately describes a process occurring during the digestion and absorption of protein?

A. Proteins are chemically broken down into smaller units in the stomach, but must be further broken down in the small intestine before absorption. B. No chemical changes occur until protein reaches the small intestine. C. The digestive end products are absorbed into the lymph. D. Bacteria in the large intestines partially break protein down to amino acids, gas, and water. Answer: A

Which of the following statement(s) regarding digestion is/are correct?

A. The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the gallbladder and the pancreas to release bile and pancreatic juice. B. The gallbladder secretes bile, which emulsifies the fat, breaking it into smaller particles. C. Mechanical digestion in the stomach mixes and churns the bolus until it becomes a liquid called chyme. D. All of these statements are correct. Answer: D

The gold standard for diagnosing celiac disease is _________.

A. a blood test B. a skin "scratch" test C. a biopsy of the small intestine D. a hydrogen breath test Answer: C

Food that has been moistened with saliva and then swallowed through the esophagus is called __________.

A. bolus B. pepsin c. epiglottis D. chyme Answer: A

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the __________.

A. cecum B. gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter C. ileocecal valve D. pyloric sphincter Answer: B

DNA, which is found in the nucleus of cells, provides instructions for cells to make ______.

A. fats B. proteins C. carbohydrates D. organs Answer: B

Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine, resulting in malabsorption?

A. gastroenteritis B. ulcerative colitis C. irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) D. celiac disease Answer: D

To reduce symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), patients are counseled to ______.

A. have a glass of wine with dinner B. eat small meals C. lie down after meals D. eat citrus fruits Answer: B

Celiac disease is a disorder characterized by autoimmune reactions in response to consumption of _________.

A. lactose B. certain bacteria C. fermented foods D. gluten Answer: D

The absorption of the majority of ingested nutrients takes place largely in the __________.

A. large intestine B. mouth C. small intestine D. stomach

Which of the following do NOT require enzymes to break them down to smaller units before being absorbed?

A. monosaccharides B. proteins C. starches D. disaccharides Answer: A

A food allergy is a(n) _______ reaction of the immune system.

A. normal B. artificial C. underreaction D. hypersensitivity Answer: D

The ________ prompts hunger in response to various signals.

A. nose B. hypothalamus C. spinal column D. stomach answer: B

Dermatitis herpetiformis is a(n) ___________.

A. parasite B. itchy skin rash C. acid reflux condition D. gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorder Answer: B

Appetite is a(n) ______ desire to consume specific foods.

A. physiologic B. detrimental C. psychological D. unnatural Answer: C

Symptoms of food ______ can be prevented by avoiding the offending foods.

A. rejection B. toxicity C. poisoning D. intolerance Answer: D

What meal provides the highest satiety value?

A. slice of cheese pizza with soda B. pasta with marinara sauce C. chicken sandwich on whole-wheat bun D. Meal-replacement beverage Answer: C

The neuromuscular system regulates activities of the _________.

A. stomach B. liver C, pancreas D. gastrointestinal (GI) tract Answer: D