Nutrition Chapter 4: Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fiber

early childhood tooth decay

the decay of baby teeth in children due to continual exposure to fermentable sugary liquids

diverticulosis

the existence of diverticula in the lining of the intestine

bran

the indigestible outer shell of the grain kernel

glucose

the most abundant sugar in foods and the primary energy source for your body

Sugar can cause cavities. True or False?

True A sugary diet can promote tooth decay.

________ can go undiagnosed.

Type 2 diabetes

maltose

a disaccharide formed when two glucose monomers join together

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

germ

seed of grain kernel

sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, also known as table sugar

lactose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose, also known as milk sugar

galactose

A monosaccharide that links with glucose to create the sugar found in dairy foods.

fiber

A non-digestible polysaccharide

Which sugar substitute is made of two amino acids?

Aspartame Aspartame is comprised of the amino acids aspartic acid and phenyalanine.

empty calories

Calories that come with little nutrition. Jelly beans are an example of a food that provides lots of calories from sugar but few nutrients.

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about fiber?

Dietary fiber includes both simple sugars and starches.

insulin resistance

Glucose can't enter cells because the cells do not respond to insulin

hormones

Protein or lipid based chemical substances that act as "messengers" in the body to initiate or direct actions or processes. Insulin, glucagon, and estrogen are examples of hormones.

What type of carbohydrate is found in a potato?

starch

The minimum amount of carbohydrates needed daily is

130 g You should consume at least 130 grams of carbohydrates daily to supply your body, particularly your brain, with the glucose needed to function effectively.

Carbohydrates provide ____ kilocalories per gram.

4 Carbohydrates provide 4 kilocalories per gram. Their main role is to supply fuel to cells, primarily in the form of glucose. The brain in particular relies on glucose to function, as do red blood cells. Alcohol provides 7 kilocalories per gram. Fats provide 9 kilocalories per gram. Protein also provides 4 kilocalories per gram.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommendation is that _____ percent of an adult's total daily energy intake should come from carbohydrate.

45 to 65 The AMDR is the healthy range of intakes for the energy-yielding nutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The AMDR recommendation is that 45 to 65 percent of total daily energy intake should come from carbohydrate. Adults in the United States consume about half of their kilocalories from carbohydrate-rich foods, so they are easily meeting this optimal range. Fat should comprise 20 to 35 percent of an adult's daily energy intake. Proteins should comprise 10 to 35 percent of an adult's daily energy intake.

If a food contains 25 grams of carbohydrate and 200 kilocalories per serving, what percent of the kilocalories in this food come from carbohydrate?

50 percent A food containing 25 grams of carbohydrate and 200 kilocalories per serving has 50 percent of kilocalories from carbohydrate. Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal of energy per gram. 25 grams of carbohydrate × 4 = 100 kcal. These 100 kcal from carbohydrate make up half of the kcal in the 200-kcal food (100 kcal of carbohydrate/200 total kcal = .50, or 50 percent).

complex carbohydrates

A category of carbohydrates that contain many sugar units combined. A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about excess sugar in the diet? Excess sugar is stored as glycogen. Excess sugar is easily metabolized and the excess is excreted. Excess sugar can contribute to dental caries over time. Excess sugar can result in elevated levels of fat in your blood.

Excess sugar is easily metabolized and the excess is excreted.

Carbohydrates make you fat. True or False?

False Calories, not carbs, are what you need to monitor to avoid weight gain.

Your friend is arguing that fiber is bad for her intestines. What could you say to convince her that she is incorrect?

Fiber actually prevents diverticulosis and constipation due to its gel-forming and bulking effects.

Which of the following nutrients are added to enriched grains?

Folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron

While on a hike with your friends you become lost and have to spend the night outdoors. You did not pack more than water and a protein bar, which you have already consumed. What will happen to your blood glucose level throughout the night?

Glucagon will signal the start of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, which if prolonged, will lead to protein breakdown as a source of energy.

Which of the following is the storage form of glucose in your body?

Glycogen Glycogen is stored in your liver and muscles and provides a ready-to-use form of glucose for your body. Glucagon is the hormone that directs the release of glucose from the stored glycogen. Gluconeogenesis is the creation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

refined grains

Grain foods that are made with only the endosperm of the kernel. The bran and germ have been removed during milling.

polysaccharides

Many sugar units combined. Starch, glycogen, and fiber are all polysaccharides.

Reducing consumption of which item would have the biggest impact on decreasing the amount of added sugars that Americans consume?

Sugar-sweetened beverages Sugar-sweetened beverages are the number-one source of added sugars in the American diet, so reducing the intake of these sugary beverages would go a long way in reducing the amount of added sugars that Americans consume. Reducing the amount of candy and desserts that Americans consume would also help reduce the added sugars in the diet but not as much as cutting back on sugar-sweetened beverages.

lactose malabsorption

The inability to digest lactose in foods due to low levels of the enzyme lactase

functional fiber

The nondigestible polysaccharides that are added to foods because of a specific desired effect on health.

glycogenesis

The process of converting excess glucose into glycogen in your liver and muscle.

remineralization

The repairing of teeth by adding back the minerals lost during tooth decay. Saliva can help remineralize teeth.

Which is an INCORRECT statement about how carbohydrates are broken down in the body?

The stomach uses salivary amylase and lipase for the majority of carbohydrate digestion.

glycogen

The storage form of glucose in humans and animals

Americans do not consume enough fiber. True or False?

True The average American consumes about half the amount of fiber that's recommended daily.

_______ begins in childhood.

Type 1 diabetes

________ is the more common type of diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes

The disaccharide lactose (milk sugar) is composed of ________.

a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose The disaccharides sucrose, maltose, and lactose are created from the monosaccharides glucose, fructose, and galactose. Lactose (milk sugar) is composed of a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose. When a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose join together, the disaccharide sucrose, or table sugar, is formed. When two molecules of glucose join together, the disaccharide maltose is created. There is no such disaccharide created from fructose and galactose

People with the inherited disorder known as phenylketonuria (PKU) are unable to metabolize which of the following sweeteners?

aspartame (NutraSweet or Equal) People with the inherited disorder known as PKU are unable to metabolize aspartame (NutraSweet or Equal). PKU is a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, the enzyme that enables people to metabolize phenylalanine (one of the amino acids in aspartame). As a result of this deficiency, people with PKU are unable to metabolize phenylalanine. People with PKU do not necessarily have to avoid aspartame, but they need to monitor their intake of it. Saccharin (Sweet 'n Low) is a sugar substitute that the body is not able to metabolize. Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol that has the chemical structure of sugar with an alcohol component added. Sucralose (Splenda) is produced by slightly changing the structure of the sucrose molecule.

The small bulging pouches that are sometimes found along the intestinal lining are called _____.

diverticula The small bulging pouches that are sometimes found along the intestinal lining are called diverticula. Diverticula are a condition of diverticulosis. When these pouches become inflamed, diverticulitis occurs. Diabetes is a chronic disease that results from poor regulation of blood glucose.

Which of the following can help someone who's lactose intolerant to enjoy dairy products?

drinking Lactaid milk Lactaid milk is pretreated to facilitate the breakdown of the lactose in the milk. Drinking milk on an empty stomach, eating a large bowl of ice cream before going to bed, and having a milkshake for an afternoon snack are all ways to consume a fair amount of lactose at one time and increase the symptoms of lactose malabsorption.

Which of the following nutrients are added to enriched grains?

folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron Folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron are nutrients that are added to enriched grains. These nutrients are added to restore some of the nutrition lost from refining whole grains. This improves their nutritional quality somewhat, but the fiber and the phytochemicals are lost.

What hormone, released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level, acts to raise blood glucose back to normal?

glucagon Glucagon is the hormone, released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level, that acts to raise blood glucose back to normal. It directs the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to raise the blood level of glucose. This breakdown of glycogen is called glycogenolysis. In addition, glucagon signals the liver to start gluconeogenesis. This is the creation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, mostly from protein. Insulin is a hormone that directs the uptake of glucose by the cells. Insulin also stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles (glycogenesis) and as triglycerides in fat tissue (lipogenesis).

The hormone that directs the breakdown of glycogen is

glucagon. When your blood glucose level drops too low, glucagon is released from your pancreas to direct the breakdown of glycogen in your liver to raise your blood level of glucose. Insulin is a hormone that directs the uptake of glucose by your cells. Galactose is a monosaccharide found in dairy foods.

The process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called ________.

gluconeogenesis The process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate sources—mostly from protein—is called gluconeogenesis. Glucagon signals the liver to start gluconeogenesis, stimulating the conversion of amino acids to glucose. It is important to consume an adequate amount of carbohydrates in order to prevent protein from being broken down to make glucose. When there is surplus glucose in the blood, it is stored in long, branched chains called glycogen. The process of generating glycogen for later use is called glycogenesis. Glycogenolysis is the process in which glycogen is broken down into glucose to help raise blood glucose levels. Glycolysis is a sequence of chemical reactions that converts glucose to pyruvate.

diabetes mellitus

individual has high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin or insulin resistance

starch

storage form of glucose in plants

naturally occurring sugars

sugars such as fructose and lactose that are found naturally in fruit and dairy foods

added sugars

sugars that are added to processed foods and sweets

ketoacidosis

the buildup of ketone bodies to dangerous levels, which can result in coma or death

ketone bodies

the by-products of the incomplete breakdown of fat

dental caries

tooth decay

disaccharide

two sugar units combined. There are three types: sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Daily insulin is required for ________.

type 1 diabetes

Insulin resistance is associated with ________.

type 2 diabetes

Patient overweight is associated with ________.

type 2 diabetes

lactose intolerant

when malabsorption lactose results in symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea

simple carbohydrates

A category of carbohydrates that contain a single sugar unit or two sugar units combined. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are simple carbohydrates.

Which of the following is a reason for someone trying to lose weight to consume real fruit rather than fruit-flavored candies? You are getting much more vitamin C and fiber in the real fruit. The fiber in the real fruit will fill you up and make you feel full longer. The water in the real fruit will create a stronger sensation of fullness than the candy.

All of these answers are correct.

There is more fiber in dark-colored bread than in white bread. True or False?

False Dark bread doesn't necessarily have more fiber than white bread.

Sugar free equals calorie free. True or False?

False Foods that contain sugar alcohols such as sorbitol or other sugar substitutes can be labeled "sugar free," but they still provide calories.

People who are lactose intolerant need to avoid all dairy products. True or False?

False Many people who have lactose malabsorption may still be able to enjoy some dairy products, especially if they are eaten with meals. In fact, dairy foods may be just what the doctor ordered.

The major source of added sugars in the diet is candy. True or False?

False The major source of added sugars in the diet is from sweetened beverages.

diverticulitis

Infection of the diverticular - Stomach pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, cramping, and chills - Consume diet with adequate diet to prevent

Which organ is NOT involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates during the chemical digestion of food?

Stomach

glucagon

The hormone that direct glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis to increase glucose in the blood. Glucagon is produced in and released from the pancreas.

insulin

The hormone, produced in and released from the pancreas, that facilitates the movement of glucose from the blood into cells.

A diet high in added sugars can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. True or False?

True Eating excess amounts of added sugars may increase the risk of developing diabetes.

You need to eat a minimum of carbohydrates daily for good health. True or False?

True You need a minimum amount of carbohydrates daily to fuel your brain.

________ is an autoimmune disease.

Type 1 diabetes

photosynthesis

a process by which green plants create carbohydrates using the energy from sunlight

Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate? Starch Fiber Glycogen

all options are correct All options are correct. Carbohydrates are divided into two categories, based on the number of units that are joined together. Both monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose) and disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose) are examples of simple carbohydrates. The polysaccharides starch, fiber, and glycogen are examples of complex carbohydrates. Polysaccharides consist of long chains of monosaccharides linked together. These chains contain many combined glucose units, which is why they are called complex carbohydrates.

dietary fiber

nondigestible polysaccharides found naturally in foods

Eating foods high in soluble fiber may help to reduce high blood cholesterol levels. The best source of soluble fiber is _____.

oatmeal Eating foods high in soluble fiber may help to reduce high blood cholesterol levels. The best source of soluble fiber is oatmeal. Oatmeal is rich in beta-glucan, a viscous, soluble fiber that can help lower cholesterol when eaten as part of a heart-healthy diet. Nuts and seeds are good sources of fiber. However, per serving, peanut butter contains less fiber and a smaller percentage of soluble fiber than oats. Low-fat milk is rich in nutrients but does not contain fiber. Chocolate chip cookies won't help lower cholesterol.

Your blood cholesterol level is too high, so you would like to eat additional viscous high-fiber foods to help lower it. A good choice would be

oatmeal Oatmeal is rich in beta-glucan, a viscous fiber that can help lower your cholesterol when eaten as part of a heart-healthy diet. Though nutrient dense, the orange juice and milk do not contain fiber. Cookies won't help lower your cholesterol.

monosaccharide

one sugar unit. There are three kinds: glucose, fructose, and galactose

enriched grains

refined grain foods that have folic acid, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and iron added

hypoglycemia

blood glucose level below 70 milligram/deciliter - Symptoms: hunger, shakiness, dizziness - May occur in people with diabetes when they don't eat regularly to balance effects of insulin or blood glucoselowering medication ▪ Can cause fainting, coma - Uncommonly, may occur after eating (reactive hypoglycemia) or fasting (fasting hypoglycemia)

Sucrose is a _____.

disaccharide Sucrose is a disaccharide. It is made up of two sugar units: glucose and fructose. Carbohydrates are divided into two categories, based on the number of units that are joined together: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Monosaccharides (mono = one, saccharide = sugar) and disaccharides (di = two) are examples of simple carbohydrates. Polysaccharides (poly = many) are several monosaccharides joined together are considered complex carbohydrates. Starch contains many units of glucose linked together and is therefore a polysaccharide.

Sucrose is a

disaccharide. Sucrose contains the two monosaccharides glucose and fructose, and is therefore a disaccharide. Starch contains many units of glucose linked together and is therefore a polysaccharide.

The hormone that directs the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is _____.

glucagon The hormone that directs the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is glucagon. When the blood glucose level drops too low, glucagon is released from the pancreas to direct the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to raise the level of glucose in the blood. Insulin is a hormone that directs the cells' uptake of glucose. Galactose is a monosaccharide found in dairy foods. previous

The most abundant carbohydrate in nature is ________.

glucose Fructose, glucose, and galactose are the three monosaccharides that are found in nature. The most abundant is glucose. Plants synthesize an estimated 145 billion tons of carbohydrates a year. This equals about 23 tons per person in the world. Fructose is the sweetest of the simple sugars and is found abundantly in fruit. Galactose is found in dairy foods. When two glucose units join together, the disaccharide maltose is created. Maltose is the sugar found in grains, such as barley. It is used in the process of brewing beer. previous

whole grains

grain foods that are made with the entire edible grain kernel: the bran, the endosperm, and the germ

type 2 diabetes

seen in people who have become insulin resistant - 90 to 95 percent of diabetes cases - Cells are resistant to insulin; eventually insulin-producing cells are exhausted and medication and/or insulin is required - People 45 and older or at risk for diabetes should be tested

diverticula

small bulges at weak spots in the colon wall

ketosis

the condition of increased ketone bodies in the blood

endosperm

the starchy part of the grain kernel

Which of the following can help someone who is lactose intolerant enjoy dairy products? Drinking lactose-reduced milk Consuming small amounts of dairy throughout the day Consuming breakfast cereal with yogurt instead of milk

all options are correct All options are correct. Drinking lactose-reduced milk, consuming a bowl of cereal with yogurt instead of milk, and consuming small amounts of dairy throughout the day can help someone who is lactose intolerant enjoy dairy products. Many lactose-intolerant individuals can ingest small amounts of lactose with few or no symptoms. Consuming small amounts of dairy foods throughout the day can be better tolerated than having a large amount at one time. The natural bacteria in yogurt pre-digest the lactose sugars, and lactose-reduced milk contains no lactose.

People with a deficiency of the enzyme lactase cannot properly digest ________.

lactose (milk sugar) People with a deficiency of the enzyme lactase cannot properly digest lactose (milk sugar), the principal carbohydrate found in dairy products. Undigested lactose draws water into the digestive tract, causing diarrhea. Bacteria in the colon ferment undigested lactose and produce various gases, causing bloating, flatulence, and cramps. The enzyme sucrase breaks down sucrose (table sugar) into the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants. Starchy foods with highly branched glucose chains, such as potatoes, rice, bread, pasta, and cereals, are digested more rapidly than foods rich in straight chains, such as legumes. Sorbitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener. It is incompletely absorbed in the digestive tract and can cause diarrhea.

prediabetes

may be precursor to type 2 - Blood glucose higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes - Heart disease and stroke can occur

The autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas is called ______________ .

type 1 diabetes The autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas is called type 1 diabetes. Symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, constant blurred vision, hunger, weight loss, and fatigue are common with type 1 diabetes, as glucose can't get into the cells of the body. Insulin resistance is the inability of cells to respond to insulin. People with type 2 diabetes typically produce insulin but their cells have become insulin resistant. Diverticulitis is an infection of diverticula, small bulges at weak spots in the colon wall, which can lead to stomach pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, cramping, and chills.

Which of the following can help reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes?

Eating a high-fiber, plant-based diet lower in added sugars Unfortunately, if you want to try to prevent diabetes, playing sedentary computer games, watching TV, and eating a high-calorie, high-fat diet aren't healthy approaches. However, eating a high-fiber, plant-based diet lower in added sugars, getting regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight are all part of the best approach, at present, to help reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Why are commercially packaged foods not necessarily the best source of carbohydrates?

They frequently contain added sugar and fats which provide additional calories.

fructose

The sweetest of the monosaccharides, also known as fruit sugars.

_______ is the rarer type of diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes

Dietary fiber is associated with a reduced risk for________. heart disease certain cancers constipation, diverticulosis, and diverticulitis

all options are correct All options are correct. Dietary fiber is associated with a reduced risk for heart disease, certain cancers, and constipation, diverticulosis, and diverticulitis. Adequate intake of insoluble and soluble fibers decreases constipation. Soluble fiber is viscous and moves slowly through the digestive system, while insoluble fibers typically move more quickly through the digestive system and act as a laxative—both types of fiber help to alleviate constipation. Long-term constipation can lead to diverticulosis, in which increased pressure in the colon may cause weak spots along the colon wall to bulge out, forming diverticula. Infection of the diverticula is known as diverticulitis. Dietary fiber can reduce the risk for certain cancers, including breast cancer. Research also suggests that as fiber consumption increases, the incidence of colorectal cancer is reduced. Soluble fibers help lower elevated blood cholesterol levels. They may reduce the rate at which fat and carbohydrates are absorbed, which may help improve sensitivity to the hormone insulin. High blood cholesterol, high levels of fat in the blood, and a decreased sensitivity to insulin are considered risk factors for heart disease. Fiber from cereal (insoluble fiber) has been associated with a reduction in blood pressure. High blood pressure is a risk factor for both heart disease and stroke.

sugar substitutes

alternatives to table sugar that sweeten foods for fewer calories

What hormone is needed to move glucose (obtained from the food consumed) from the blood into the body's cells?

insulin Insulin is the hormone needed to move glucose (obtained from the food consumed) from the blood into the body's cells. When blood glucose levels increase after a meal, the pancreas secretes insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin alters cell membranes to allow the transport of glucose into the cells by increasing the number of glucose transporters on the cell membrane. Insulin also stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles (glycogenesis) and as triglycerides in fat tissue (lipogenesis). Glucagon is the hormone released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level. It acts to raise blood glucose back to normal by directing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase glucose in the blood. Vasopressin is a hormone that helps regulate the blood pressure. It is not involved in the regulation of glucose.

Which of the following foods contains the least amount of fiber? one serving of meat one baked potato (skin included) one peach (skin included) six whole-grain crackers

one serving of meat One serving of meat contains no fiber, the nondigestible polysaccharide produced by plants. Meat and dairy products do not contain fiber. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignins are types of fiber found in the bran portion of whole grains (such as that in whole-grain crackers), cereal fiber, seeds, and many fruits and vegetables (such as an unpeeled peach and a baked potato with skin included).

Which of the following types of grains provide the most micronutrients and dietary fiber? Whole grains Refined grains Enriched grains All grains are equally nutritious.

whole grains Whole grains provide the most micronutrients and fiber. Whole grains contain the entire edible grain kernel: the fiber-rich bran, the endosperm, and the germ. Whole grains have an abundance of vitamins and minerals; moreover, they are rich in fiber and phytochemicals. Refined grains go through a milling process that strips out the bran and germ, leaving only the endosperm of the kernel. As a result, some, though not all, of the B vitamins, iron, and dietary fiber are removed. To restore some of the nutrients lost from refined grains, folic acid, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and iron are added to enriched grains. This improves their nutritional quality somewhat, but some micronutrients and much of the fiber are lost.

The minimum amount of carbohydrates needed daily is _____ grams.`

130 The minimum amount of carbohydrates needed daily is 130 grams. The latest Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for carbohydrates recommend that adults and children consume at least this amount daily to supply the body, particularly the brain, with the glucose needed to function effectively. This may sound like a lot, but it is less than the amount a person would consume by eating the minimum recommended daily servings for each food group in MyPlate.

When should someone be encouraged to consume sugar substitutes in place of sugar? If the person has diabetes and is attempting to better manage his/her blood glucose. If the person had a history of excessive cavities or other dental issues. If the person were trying to lose weight.

All of these answers are correct.

Saccharin causes cancer in humans. True or False?

False Though saccharin once bore the stigma of being a cancer causer, it's no longer thought to cause cancer in humans.

Which is a FALSE statement about diabetes? Type 1 diabetics do not produce insulin. Diabetes is considered an epidemic in the U.S. because of the total number of individuals affected. If you have previously had gestational diabetes, then you are more prone to developing diabetes. There is no way to prevent the progression of type 2 diabetes after you are diagnosed as prediabetic.

There is no way to prevent the progression of type 2 diabetes after you are diagnosed as prediabetic.

Which of the following behaviors can help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes? limiting added sugar eating a balanced, high-fiber, healthy diet exercising regularly exercising regularly and eating a balanced, high-fiber, healthy diet

all options are correct All options are correct. Research has suggested that exercising regularly; eating a balanced, high-fiber, healthy diet that is low in added sugars; and shedding some excess weight can help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. A study by the Diabetes Prevention Program showed that people with prediabetes who lost weight, exercised for 2.5 hours a week, ate a plant-based, heart-healthy diet were 58% less likely to develop type 2 diabetes than people with prediabetes who did not make those life-style changes.

type 1 diabetes

an autoimmune disease that usually beings in childhood or early adult years - 5 to 10 percent of diabetes cases - Autoimmune disease: insulin-producing cells in pancreas destroyed—insulin injections required

_____ is the storage form of glucose in the body.

glycogen Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in the body. It is found in the liver and in muscle cells. The glycogen stored in the liver can be converted to raise glucose levels in the blood, while the glycogen stored in muscles is used only to giver energy to muscles. Like glycogen, starch and fiber are polysaccharides. Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants. Fiber is the part of the plant that people eat but cannot digest. Glucagon is the hormone that directs the release of glucose from the stored glycogen.

Where in the body are disaccharides digested and absorbed?

small intestine The disaccharides—maltose, lactose, and sucrose—are absorbed in the small intestine. A variety of enzymes, such as maltase, lactase, and sucrase, are housed in the microvilli in the small intestine. These enzymes break down the disaccharides into monosaccharides, specifically glucose, fructose, and galactose. Then, the monosaccharides are absorbed into the blood and travel to the liver. No digestion or absorption of disaccharides occurs in the stomach. Salivary amylase, released in the mouth, breaks down starches but is deactivated in the stomach. The arrival of the food in the small intestine signals the pancreas to release pancreatic enzymes such as amylase, which breaks down starch units into maltose. The pancreas is an accessory organ of digestion and does not participate in absorption. Although disaccharides are absorbed in the small intestine, the fiber proceeds to the colon, where some of it is broken down by bacteria. However, the majority of the fiber is eliminated from the body in stool.

Reducing the consumption of _______ will have the biggest impact on decreasing the amount of added sugars that Americans consume.

sodas, energy drinks, and sports drinks Reducing the consumption of sodas, energy drinks, and sports drinks will have the biggest impact on decreasing the amount of added sugars that Americans consume. Added sugars come from many sources and are found in many products. The major sources of added sugars in the United States are sweetened sodas, fruit drinks, sweetened coffees and teas, and energy and sports drinks. Reducing the amount of candy, cakes, cookies, and pies consumed would also help reduce the added sugars in the diet, but not as much as cutting back on soda. Watermelon and apples contain naturally occurring sugars but no added sugars.

Which of the following provides at least one serving of a whole-grain food? three-fourths cup of cooked oatmeal with fat-free milk a cheeseburger on an enriched hamburger bun a ham sandwich on white bread four celery sticks stuffed with peanut butter and raisins

three-fourths cup of cooked oatmeal with fat-free milk Three-fourths cup of oatmeal with fat-free milk provides at least one serving of a whole-grain food. A whole-grain food such as oatmeal contains the three edible parts of a grain kernel: the bran, the endosperm, and the germ. A cheeseburger on an enriched hamburger bun does not contain whole grains. The bun made with enriched flour lacks the bran and the germ. To restore some of the nutrition missing in refined grains, they are enriched with folic acid, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and iron. This improves the nutritional quality somewhat, but the fiber and the phytochemicals are lost. A ham sandwich on white bread does not contain whole grains. In refined grains, such as white bread, the grain kernel goes through a milling process that strips out the bran and germ. As a result, some, though not all, of the B vitamins, iron, phytochemicals, and dietary fiber are removed. Whole-wheat bread contains all three parts of the kernel. Though a healthy snack, a serving of four celery sticks stuffed with peanut butter and raisins does not contain whole grains.