Nutrition Chapter 4

RDA for Carbs

130 g/day

The artificial sweetener that is a potassium salt is:

Acesulfame K

Monosaccharides cross the basolateral membrane then?

circulate in the blood directly to the liver via the hepatic portal system.

Pancreas

composed of hormone secreting cells, Plays a major role in glucose homeostasis. The cells produce insulin and glucagon.

The type of dietary fibers degraded by intestinal bacteria, leading to fuel for colon cells, are

fermentable fibers

Gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

All of the following are rich food sources of dietary fiber except: fruits, milk and dairy products, whole grains, or vegetables

milk and dairy products

insoluble dietary fiber

remains relatively unchanged, non fermentable

Lactose

the most abundant carbohydrate in milk, and is the only disaccharide that has a beta glycosidic bond between the monosaccharides. Combines glucose and galactose.

Glucose

the most abundant monosaccharide in the body. created through photosynthesis. Primary function of glucose is to provide cells with a source of energy(ATP). Body can store glucose as glycogen.

Soluable dietary fiber

tends to dissolve or swell in water, fermentable.

Glycogenesis

the process that transfers glucose into glycogen so that it can be stored.

Total fiber

the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber

Glycogen

Body stores small amounts of glucose in the form of glycogen. Body turns to glycogen when glucose availability is low. Liver glycogen plays an important role in blood glucose regulation.

Maltose

Breakdown of starch to maltose, maltose is fermented by bacteria to produce the alcohol found in beer. Combines glucose and glucose

Digestion of Starch

Chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth when salivary glands release the enzyme, salivary a-amylase resulting in dextrin. once dextrin enter the small intestine, they encounter pancreatic a-amylase, transforming dextrin into disaccharide maltose. Last maltase finishes the job of starch digestion resulting in 2 glucose molecules.

Disaccharides

Consist of 2 monosaccharides. Most common are lactose, maltose, and sucrose. A condensation reaction chemically joins monosaccharides together by a glycosidic bond.

Ketogenesis

Occurs in the liver, ketones are released into the blood and used for energy. lessens the bodies demand for glucose and minimizes muscle loss.

Many of the foods in the ? group from MyPlate are not sources of carbohydrates.

Protein

2 kinds of carbohydrates

Simple and complex

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules, made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ratio 1:2:1. glucose, fructose and galactose.

RDA carbs during pregnancy and lactation

175 g and 210 g a day

Oligosaccharides

3-10 monosaccharides. present in dried beans, soybeans, peas and lentils. raffinose and stachyose are 2 most common types of oligosaccharides. they are components of cell membranes and allow cells to recognize and interact with one another. also made in the breasts and in human milk.

AMDR of carbs

45-65% of kcal

Dietary Fiber

Cannot be digested in the small intestine because they contain glycosidic bonds that are resistant digestive enzymes. Intestinal bacteria breaks down fiber by producing gas and lipids. occurs naturally in plants.

Galactose

Few foods contain galactose in its free state. Most of the galactose in our diet comes from the disaccharide lactose in dairy products. Majority of galactose is converted to glucose and used as ATP.

Functional fiber

fiber added to food as an ingredient. Provides health benefits.

Which of the following dietary fibers is not technically classified as a carbohydrate? cellulose, pectin, lignin, or hemicellulose?

ligin

Polysaccharides

made of many monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bonds. the types and arrangements of the sugar molecules determine the shape and the form of the polysaccharide. the 3 most common polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber.

What is the most abundant insoluble dietary fiber in food?

Cellulose

High GI and Low GI

High= GI>70. Low= GI<55

Starch digestion begins in which segment of the gastrointestinal tract?

Mouth

One of the first artificial sweeteners, which goes by the name Sweet 'N Low and Sugar Twin is:

Saccharin

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen

Insulin triggers the storage of glucose in muscle and the liver by the process called:

glycogenesis

Once monosaccharides are formed, they enter the intestinal cells and then travel to the liver by the:

hepatic portal system

Carbohydrate loading is a technique used to:

increase muscle and liver glycogen

The specific type of dietary fiber generally recognized to help relieve constipation is:

insoluble dietary fiber

The hormone responsible for blood glucose homeostasis following a meal is:

insulin

simple carbohydrates

monosaccharides and disaccharides

What is the most abundant monosaccharides found in food include all of the following expcept: galactose, fructose, ribose, or glucose

ribose

Some monosaccharides are converted into?

ribose(ATP, RNA, and DNA)

Where are disaccharides digested?

small intestine

The enzyme that cleaves table sugar is:

sucrase

Sucrose

Found in many plants, often added to processed foods. Combines fructose and glucose

The hormone that maintains blood glucose levels between meals and while fasting is:

Glucagon

The process of the release of glucose from glycogen stores in muscle and the liver is called:

Glycogenolysis

Muscle protein and glucose are spared when carbohydrate and energy are low by forming:

Ketones

Gylcemic response

The change in blood glucose following the ingestion of a specific food.

Glycemic Load

The typical portion of food consumed.

The most common form of diabetes is?

Type 2

glycemic index

a method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose from 0-100

Fructose

a naturally occurring monosaccharide found primarily in honey, fruits, and vegetables. Majority of fructose in Western diet is comes from high-fructose syrup.

Monosaccharide digestion

absorbed from the small intestine into the blood. Glucose and galactose are absorbed across the lumenal membrane via active transport where fructose uses facilitated transport.

The straight chain arrangement of glucoses forms this polysaccharide:

amylose

Which of the following is not classified as a complex carbohydrate? polysaccharides, disaccharide, starch, or oligosaccharides?

disaccharides

The most prevalent disaccharides digested by the body include all of the following except: sucrose, maltose, galactose, or lactose?

galactose

The physiological functions of oligosaccharides in humans include all of the following except: immune function of breast milk, component of cell membranes, important source of energy, or production of flatulence?

Important source of energy

starch

Plants convert glucose to starch. The 2 forms of starch are amylose and amylopectin. starchy food include grains, pasta and bread, legumes, potatoes and squashes.

complex carbohydrates

consists of many monosaccharides bonded together in a variety of arrangements. oligosaccharides and polysaccharides