Nutrition Chapter 5
Gluconeogensis stimulates
Lipolysis
Three most important monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose and galactose
Glucagon promotes ________ breakdown
Glycogen
____ stops working after food enters the stomachs acidic environment
Maltose
The average American consumes about ____ teaspoons of added sugars per day
22
Consuming these oligosaccharides may also: •_______ heart, GI and bone health •improve blood ______ and blood ______ levels •help control body _______ •improve a person's _____ within hours of consumption
benefit glucose, pressure weight mood
Examples of glucose
berries, grapes, potatoes, carrots
Insulin - a hormone secreted from the ________ cells of the p_________that contributes to a __________ in blood glucose levels
beta cells pancreas decrease
Type 1 diabetes - an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of the _______ cells of the _______; as a result, ________ must be supplied to the affected person regularly through exogenous sources
beta, pancreas, insulin
Normal blood glucose
between 70 and 99 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or _________ hemoglobin; blood test used to measure a person's average blood ______ over several months
glycolated glucose
According to food-labeling guidelines issued by the FDA, whole grains are intact _______, cracked, or _____ seeds of cereal grains
ground, flaked
Glycemic index (GI) - a tool to measure the body's ______ response to a _________-containing food
insulin Carbohydrate
Type 2 diabetes - the most common type of diabetes; beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, but the hormone's target cells are _______-______, leading to ________ blood glucose levels
insulin resistant evlevated
Ketoacidosis - condition in which ___________ bodies accumulate in the blood; can result in loss of consciousness and death in severe cases
ketone
Lactose intolerance (lactose maldigestion) - the inability to digest lactose properly because of a deficiency in ____________
lactase
Galactose is a monosaccharide that is a component of ________
lactose
Raffinose
nondigestible oligosaccharide made of 3 monosaccharides
Stachyose
nondigestible oligosaccharide made of 4 monosaccharides
Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs) have been established for certain ______ sweeteners
nonnutritive
Examples of raffinose and stachyose
onions, cabbage, broccoli, whole wheat, legumes
Cells use _____ to release the energy stored in glucose •Carbon dioxide and ______ form as a result
oxygen
Hyperinsulinemia - a condition in which the _______ releases an excessive amount of __________; over time, condition may contribute to the development of type ____ diabetes
pancreas insulin 2
solube fiber includes
pectins, gums, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses
Only ______ foods provide dietary fiber
plant
Dietary fiber - nondigestible _________ ___________; most types are _____saccharides
plant material poly
Starch is a storage _________ in plants
polysaccharide
"_____ sugar", ______ sugar, and some forms of ____ sugar are not as refined
raw, turbinado, brown
_______ ______ cells and brain and other nervous system cells BURN mostly glucose for energy during normal conditions
red blood cells
Sugar alcohols alternative sweeteners used to replace _______ in some sugar-free foods
sucrose
Monosaccharides is a simple ______ that is the basic molecule of _________; the major dietary ones are:
sugar, carbohydrates
The risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be decreased by _______ ______ ______
therapeutic lifestyle changes
Complex carbohydrates have _______ or more _______ bonded together
three, monosaccharides
Glycemic load (GL) - a tool to measure the body's insulin response to a carbohydrate-containing food; similar to the glycemic index, but also factors in the _________ carbohydrate content of a typical ________ ______ of the food
total serving size
Lipolysis - process by which ________ (fats) are broken down into _______ and fatty acids, which are released into the bloodstream
triglycerides glycerol
If hunger signals are ignored, the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete _______
Glucagon
•__________ of the pancreas may also cause hyperinsulinemia
tumors
A disaccharide is a simple sugar comprised of _____ monosaccharides
two
Popcorn has a high________ but a low _______
GI GL
Nutritive sweeteners
substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods
According to the 2020 to 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, people should limit their added sugar intake to less than ___% of total calories
10
prediabetes blood glucose
100-125 mg/dL
According to the RDA how many carbs is enough to prevent ketosis?
130 g/day
The typical american diet supplies only _____g/day of fiber
16
To reduce the oligosaccharide content of beans, and thus reduce the likelihood of unwanted GI side effects: • soak dried beans in water (1:3 parts) for ______ hours • before cooking the beans, discard the water containing ______ out oligosaccharides
16 leached
This is about ____% of added sugar energy in a diet that supplies 2,000 kcal/day
18
How many kcal does sugar alcohols provide?
2
Oligosaccharides
3-10 monosaccharides
The Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber is: •_______ g/day for young MEN •________ g/day for young WOMEN
38 25
Each gram of mono- or disaccharide supplies how many kcal?
4
Starch provides how many kcal?
4
Different forms of a food can vary in fiber content For example: •A 6-oz unpeeled raw apple has _____ g of fiber •6 oz of apple sauce contain _____ g of fiber •6-oz serving of apple juice provides _____ g of fiber
4.4 2.0 0.4
•A 16-oz hot espresso-based chocolate drink provides nearly _____ kcal and _____ g of sugar
400 40
Typical American diet supplies about ______% of kcal from carbohydrates
47
A typical 24-oz iced coffee beverage contains over _____ kcal and ____ g of sugars
500 70
About ________% of American adults consume a coffee beverage on a daily basis
60
Carbohydrate-sensitive people develop hyperinsulinemia after eating foods with GIs of ______ or more like bananas, potatoes, bagels, and white rice
70
According to the FAO of the United Nations, ______ of the 100 crop species that provide _________% of the food in the world are pollinated by bees
71, 90
diabetes blood glucose
>126 mg/dL
Chemical formula of glucose, fructose, and galactose
C6H12O6
As bacteria metabolize __________ for their energy needs, they produce acid that damages tooth enamel
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of 10 or more monosaccharides
HFCS contains about the same amount of ______ as is found in sucrose
Fructose
_____ tastes much sweeter than glucose
Fructose
Examples of fructose
Fruit, honey, some veggies (green beans & asparagus)
Examples of sucrose
Honey, maple syrup, carrots, pineapple
Main ingredients in prebiotic's
Inulin and oligofructose
Treatment for type 1 diabetes include pancreas transplants which is risky. What is a better option?
Pancreatic islet cell transplantation
Examples of complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharides, oligosaccarides
Gestational diabetes - a type of diabetes that can develop during ______
Pregnancy
______ (________) ______ is low blood glucose that occurs within 4 hours of eating
Reactive (postpandrial) hypoglycemia
Keeping bees healthy is vital to a __________ food system
Sustainable
Treatment for diabetes depends on?
Type, age, current health status
Carbohydrate counting
a diabetes management tool in which an individual tracks his or her daily carbohydrate intake
Excessive amount of ketone bodies can _____ the blood
acidify
Galactose and glucose are absorbed by ______ ______ Fructose is absorbed by _______ _______
active transport facilitated diffusion
Ketosis
adaptive metabolic state in which the body primarily uses fat for energy
Epinephrine (adrenaline) - a hormone produced by the ________ glands; secreted in response to _________ blood glucose levels
adrenal glucose
Glucagon - a hormone secreted from the __________ cells of the pancreas that contributes to an _________ in blood glucose levels
alpha increase
Starch is composed of ______ (___ polymer) and _______ (____ polymer)
amylose (linear) amylopectin (branched)
Glycogen is a highly branched storage polysaccharide in _______
animals
Carbohydrates
are a class of nutrients that is a major source of energy for the body
Much of the sucrose in the American diet is refined from sugar ______ and sugar _______
cane and beets
Plants make carbohydrates by using the sun's energy to combine ______, _____, and _______ from carbon dioxide and water
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
Glucose is a monosaccharide that is a primary fuel for _________ and other cells; aka "________ _________"
carbs blood sugar
Insoluble fiber includes
cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin
Inulin and oligofructose examples
chicory root, onions, garlic, leeks, legumes, asparagus, and wheat
Any fiber present in food slows the rate at which _________ empties from the stomach This delay promotes _________
chyme satiety
Disaccharides form as a result of _________ reactions
condensation
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) a syrup obtained from the processing of _____
corn
Excess calorie intake from beverages sweetened with HFCS or table sugar can contribute to increased risk for ______ and ____ disease
diabetes, heart
Treatment for diabetes involves
diet, exercise, injections, oral meds
The small intestine is the main site for carbohydrate ________ and ______
digestion, absorption
Soluble fiber - forms of dietary fiber that ________ or _________ in water
dissolve or swell
Insoluble fiber - forms of dietary fiber that generally _______ ______ dissolve in water
do not
Insulin enables glucose to ______ cells
enter
In the "_____ ______", the body stores the extra glucose as glycogen until reaching maximum storage capacity - The liver converts any excess glucose to _______ -If cells need energy, they metabolize _______ to release the energy stored in the molecule
fed state fat glucose
Alternative sweeteners also referred to as "artificial" sweeteners or sugar substitutes) - substances that sweeten foods while providing ______ or _________ kilocalories
few, no
Fructose is a monosaccharide in _______, _________, and certain _______; aka "_______ sugar"
fruits, honey, vegetables
Oligosaccharides in food procedure ________ as waste products
gases
Sucrase - enzyme that splits sucrose into _____ and ______
glucose fructose
Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two _________ molecules; "_______ sugar"
glucose malt
Glycogenolysis ________ is released into the ___________, keeping its levels from dropping too LOW
glucose bloodstream
Lactase - enzyme that splits lactose into _______ and ______
glucose galactose
Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of a ________ and a ________ molecule; "_______ sugar"
glucose and fructose table
Lactose is a disaccharide composed of a ________ and a ______ molecule; "______ sugar"
glucose and galactose
Diabetes mellitus - a group of serious, chronic conditions characterized by abnormal ______, _____, and ______ metabolism
glucose, fat, protein
Nonnutritive sweeteners (also called "________-________ sweeteners") - a group of compounds that are ______ sweet tasting compared to sugar
high-intensity intensely
In industrialized nations, people tend to eat more _______ refined starches and added sugars
highly
Glucose is an important cellular fuel so the body relies on ________ to maintain proper blood ________ levels
hormones glucose
Metabolic syndrome - a condition that _________ risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD
increases
Three most important disaccharides
lactose, maltose and sucrose
Oligosaccharides are nondigestible and reach the _______ intestine intact, where ________ can use them for energy
large, bacteria
Condensation reaction happens when two molecules bond to form a _________ molecule, releasing ______ in the process
larger, water
The body has little need for fructose but certain cells in the _______ can convert it into glucose or ______
liver fat
Where are major storage sites of glycogen?
liver and muscles
Gluconeogenesis stimulates the ______ and _______ to produce glucose from certain _______ ______
liver, kidneys amino acids
Refined grains are usually _____ in fiber
low
_________ and __________ are modified starches often found in sports drinks and energy bars
maltodextrin and dextrin
Starch digestion begins in the mouth as salivary amylase converts some of the starch into ________
maltose
Maltase - enzyme that splits ______ into two ______ molecules
maltose glucose
examples of galactose
milk
•As carbohydrates from food are absorbed, blood glucose levels _________ •Insulin is ________ into the bloodstream •Enables glucose to enter cells •Enhances energy storage by promoting cellular ______, glycogen, and protein production •Blood glucose levels _______ to normal levels
rise secreted fat fall
Carbs are classified as ____ or ____
simple or complex
Absorption of monosaccharides mainly occurs in the ________ intestine
small
Fiber is not digested by human ______ intestine •Eventually enters _____ intestine •Beneficial gut bacteria ______ soluble fiber for energy •Insoluble or nonfermentable fiber does not fully breakdown and contributes to _______ feces
small large ferment softer
Examples of sugar alcohols
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
Pancreatic amylase enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down ______ into _____ molecules
starch, maltose
Resistant starches are ________ found in seeds, legumes, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables that _______ digestion and are _____ broken down in the human GI tract
starches resist not
ketone bodies are a result of
when blood glucose levels are low and cells metabolize fat for energy
The FDA allows products made from ground, cracked, or flaked cereal grains to be labeled as "_________ grains"
whole
Functions of Carbohydrates
• Serve as "glue" that holds cells together • Cell-cell recognition molecules • Lubrication
Reactive (postpandrial) hypoglycemia may be prevented by
• avoiding large amounts of sugary foods • Eating smaller, more frequent meals containing a mixture of macronutrients
diabetes meal plan should focus on:
•Whole grains •Vegetables •Fruits •Legumes •Poultry •Fish •Low-fat dairy foods
