Nutrition Chapter 5

Gluconeogensis stimulates

Lipolysis

Three most important monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Glucagon promotes ________ breakdown

Glycogen

____ stops working after food enters the stomachs acidic environment

Maltose

The average American consumes about ____ teaspoons of added sugars per day

22

Consuming these oligosaccharides may also: •_______ heart, GI and bone health •improve blood ______ and blood ______ levels •help control body _______ •improve a person's _____ within hours of consumption

benefit glucose, pressure weight mood

Examples of glucose

berries, grapes, potatoes, carrots

Insulin - a hormone secreted from the ________ cells of the p_________that contributes to a __________ in blood glucose levels

beta cells pancreas decrease

Type 1 diabetes - an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of the _______ cells of the _______; as a result, ________ must be supplied to the affected person regularly through exogenous sources

beta, pancreas, insulin

Normal blood glucose

between 70 and 99 mg/dL

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or _________ hemoglobin; blood test used to measure a person's average blood ______ over several months

glycolated glucose

According to food-labeling guidelines issued by the FDA, whole grains are intact _______, cracked, or _____ seeds of cereal grains

ground, flaked

Glycemic index (GI) - a tool to measure the body's ______ response to a _________-containing food

insulin Carbohydrate

Type 2 diabetes - the most common type of diabetes; beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, but the hormone's target cells are _______-______, leading to ________ blood glucose levels

insulin resistant evlevated

Ketoacidosis - condition in which ___________ bodies accumulate in the blood; can result in loss of consciousness and death in severe cases

ketone

Lactose intolerance (lactose maldigestion) - the inability to digest lactose properly because of a deficiency in ____________

lactase

Galactose is a monosaccharide that is a component of ________

lactose

Raffinose

nondigestible oligosaccharide made of 3 monosaccharides

Stachyose

nondigestible oligosaccharide made of 4 monosaccharides

Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs) have been established for certain ______ sweeteners

nonnutritive

Examples of raffinose and stachyose

onions, cabbage, broccoli, whole wheat, legumes

Cells use _____ to release the energy stored in glucose •Carbon dioxide and ______ form as a result

oxygen

Hyperinsulinemia - a condition in which the _______ releases an excessive amount of __________; over time, condition may contribute to the development of type ____ diabetes

pancreas insulin 2

solube fiber includes

pectins, gums, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses

Only ______ foods provide dietary fiber

plant

Dietary fiber - nondigestible _________ ___________; most types are _____saccharides

plant material poly

Starch is a storage _________ in plants

polysaccharide

"_____ sugar", ______ sugar, and some forms of ____ sugar are not as refined

raw, turbinado, brown

_______ ______ cells and brain and other nervous system cells BURN mostly glucose for energy during normal conditions

red blood cells

Sugar alcohols alternative sweeteners used to replace _______ in some sugar-free foods

sucrose

Monosaccharides is a simple ______ that is the basic molecule of _________; the major dietary ones are:

sugar, carbohydrates

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be decreased by _______ ______ ______

therapeutic lifestyle changes

Complex carbohydrates have _______ or more _______ bonded together

three, monosaccharides

Glycemic load (GL) - a tool to measure the body's insulin response to a carbohydrate-containing food; similar to the glycemic index, but also factors in the _________ carbohydrate content of a typical ________ ______ of the food

total serving size

Lipolysis - process by which ________ (fats) are broken down into _______ and fatty acids, which are released into the bloodstream

triglycerides glycerol

If hunger signals are ignored, the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete _______

Glucagon

•__________ of the pancreas may also cause hyperinsulinemia

tumors

A disaccharide is a simple sugar comprised of _____ monosaccharides

two

Popcorn has a high________ but a low _______

GI GL

Nutritive sweeteners

substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods

According to the 2020 to 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, people should limit their added sugar intake to less than ___% of total calories

10

prediabetes blood glucose

100-125 mg/dL

According to the RDA how many carbs is enough to prevent ketosis?

130 g/day

The typical american diet supplies only _____g/day of fiber

16

To reduce the oligosaccharide content of beans, and thus reduce the likelihood of unwanted GI side effects: • soak dried beans in water (1:3 parts) for ______ hours • before cooking the beans, discard the water containing ______ out oligosaccharides

16 leached

This is about ____% of added sugar energy in a diet that supplies 2,000 kcal/day

18

How many kcal does sugar alcohols provide?

2

Oligosaccharides

3-10 monosaccharides

The Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber is: •_______ g/day for young MEN •________ g/day for young WOMEN

38 25

Each gram of mono- or disaccharide supplies how many kcal?

4

Starch provides how many kcal?

4

Different forms of a food can vary in fiber content For example: •A 6-oz unpeeled raw apple has _____ g of fiber •6 oz of apple sauce contain _____ g of fiber •6-oz serving of apple juice provides _____ g of fiber

4.4 2.0 0.4

•A 16-oz hot espresso-based chocolate drink provides nearly _____ kcal and _____ g of sugar

400 40

Typical American diet supplies about ______% of kcal from carbohydrates

47

A typical 24-oz iced coffee beverage contains over _____ kcal and ____ g of sugars

500 70

About ________% of American adults consume a coffee beverage on a daily basis

60

Carbohydrate-sensitive people develop hyperinsulinemia after eating foods with GIs of ______ or more like bananas, potatoes, bagels, and white rice

70

According to the FAO of the United Nations, ______ of the 100 crop species that provide _________% of the food in the world are pollinated by bees

71, 90

diabetes blood glucose

>126 mg/dL

Chemical formula of glucose, fructose, and galactose

C6H12O6

As bacteria metabolize __________ for their energy needs, they produce acid that damages tooth enamel

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of 10 or more monosaccharides

HFCS contains about the same amount of ______ as is found in sucrose

Fructose

_____ tastes much sweeter than glucose

Fructose

Examples of fructose

Fruit, honey, some veggies (green beans & asparagus)

Examples of sucrose

Honey, maple syrup, carrots, pineapple

Main ingredients in prebiotic's

Inulin and oligofructose

Treatment for type 1 diabetes include pancreas transplants which is risky. What is a better option?

Pancreatic islet cell transplantation

Examples of complex carbohydrates

Polysaccharides, oligosaccarides

Gestational diabetes - a type of diabetes that can develop during ______

Pregnancy

______ (________) ______ is low blood glucose that occurs within 4 hours of eating

Reactive (postpandrial) hypoglycemia

Keeping bees healthy is vital to a __________ food system

Sustainable

Treatment for diabetes depends on?

Type, age, current health status

Carbohydrate counting

a diabetes management tool in which an individual tracks his or her daily carbohydrate intake

Excessive amount of ketone bodies can _____ the blood

acidify

Galactose and glucose are absorbed by ______ ______ Fructose is absorbed by _______ _______

active transport facilitated diffusion

Ketosis

adaptive metabolic state in which the body primarily uses fat for energy

Epinephrine (adrenaline) - a hormone produced by the ________ glands; secreted in response to _________ blood glucose levels

adrenal glucose

Glucagon - a hormone secreted from the __________ cells of the pancreas that contributes to an _________ in blood glucose levels

alpha increase

Starch is composed of ______ (___ polymer) and _______ (____ polymer)

amylose (linear) amylopectin (branched)

Glycogen is a highly branched storage polysaccharide in _______

animals

Carbohydrates

are a class of nutrients that is a major source of energy for the body

Much of the sucrose in the American diet is refined from sugar ______ and sugar _______

cane and beets

Plants make carbohydrates by using the sun's energy to combine ______, _____, and _______ from carbon dioxide and water

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

Glucose is a monosaccharide that is a primary fuel for _________ and other cells; aka "________ _________"

carbs blood sugar

Insoluble fiber includes

cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin

Inulin and oligofructose examples

chicory root, onions, garlic, leeks, legumes, asparagus, and wheat

Any fiber present in food slows the rate at which _________ empties from the stomach This delay promotes _________

chyme satiety

Disaccharides form as a result of _________ reactions

condensation

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) a syrup obtained from the processing of _____

corn

Excess calorie intake from beverages sweetened with HFCS or table sugar can contribute to increased risk for ______ and ____ disease

diabetes, heart

Treatment for diabetes involves

diet, exercise, injections, oral meds

The small intestine is the main site for carbohydrate ________ and ______

digestion, absorption

Soluble fiber - forms of dietary fiber that ________ or _________ in water

dissolve or swell

Insoluble fiber - forms of dietary fiber that generally _______ ______ dissolve in water

do not

Insulin enables glucose to ______ cells

enter

In the "_____ ______", the body stores the extra glucose as glycogen until reaching maximum storage capacity - The liver converts any excess glucose to _______ -If cells need energy, they metabolize _______ to release the energy stored in the molecule

fed state fat glucose

Alternative sweeteners also referred to as "artificial" sweeteners or sugar substitutes) - substances that sweeten foods while providing ______ or _________ kilocalories

few, no

Fructose is a monosaccharide in _______, _________, and certain _______; aka "_______ sugar"

fruits, honey, vegetables

Oligosaccharides in food procedure ________ as waste products

gases

Sucrase - enzyme that splits sucrose into _____ and ______

glucose fructose

Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two _________ molecules; "_______ sugar"

glucose malt

Glycogenolysis ________ is released into the ___________, keeping its levels from dropping too LOW

glucose bloodstream

Lactase - enzyme that splits lactose into _______ and ______

glucose galactose

Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of a ________ and a ________ molecule; "_______ sugar"

glucose and fructose table

Lactose is a disaccharide composed of a ________ and a ______ molecule; "______ sugar"

glucose and galactose

Diabetes mellitus - a group of serious, chronic conditions characterized by abnormal ______, _____, and ______ metabolism

glucose, fat, protein

Nonnutritive sweeteners (also called "________-________ sweeteners") - a group of compounds that are ______ sweet tasting compared to sugar

high-intensity intensely

In industrialized nations, people tend to eat more _______ refined starches and added sugars

highly

Glucose is an important cellular fuel so the body relies on ________ to maintain proper blood ________ levels

hormones glucose

Metabolic syndrome - a condition that _________ risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD

increases

Three most important disaccharides

lactose, maltose and sucrose

Oligosaccharides are nondigestible and reach the _______ intestine intact, where ________ can use them for energy

large, bacteria

Condensation reaction happens when two molecules bond to form a _________ molecule, releasing ______ in the process

larger, water

The body has little need for fructose but certain cells in the _______ can convert it into glucose or ______

liver fat

Where are major storage sites of glycogen?

liver and muscles

Gluconeogenesis stimulates the ______ and _______ to produce glucose from certain _______ ______

liver, kidneys amino acids

Refined grains are usually _____ in fiber

low

_________ and __________ are modified starches often found in sports drinks and energy bars

maltodextrin and dextrin

Starch digestion begins in the mouth as salivary amylase converts some of the starch into ________

maltose

Maltase - enzyme that splits ______ into two ______ molecules

maltose glucose

examples of galactose

milk

•As carbohydrates from food are absorbed, blood glucose levels _________ •Insulin is ________ into the bloodstream •Enables glucose to enter cells •Enhances energy storage by promoting cellular ______, glycogen, and protein production •Blood glucose levels _______ to normal levels

rise secreted fat fall

Carbs are classified as ____ or ____

simple or complex

Absorption of monosaccharides mainly occurs in the ________ intestine

small

Fiber is not digested by human ______ intestine •Eventually enters _____ intestine •Beneficial gut bacteria ______ soluble fiber for energy •Insoluble or nonfermentable fiber does not fully breakdown and contributes to _______ feces

small large ferment softer

Examples of sugar alcohols

sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol

Pancreatic amylase enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down ______ into _____ molecules

starch, maltose

Resistant starches are ________ found in seeds, legumes, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables that _______ digestion and are _____ broken down in the human GI tract

starches resist not

ketone bodies are a result of

when blood glucose levels are low and cells metabolize fat for energy

The FDA allows products made from ground, cracked, or flaked cereal grains to be labeled as "_________ grains"

whole

Functions of Carbohydrates

• Serve as "glue" that holds cells together • Cell-cell recognition molecules • Lubrication

Reactive (postpandrial) hypoglycemia may be prevented by

• avoiding large amounts of sugary foods • Eating smaller, more frequent meals containing a mixture of macronutrients

diabetes meal plan should focus on:

•Whole grains •Vegetables •Fruits •Legumes •Poultry •Fish •Low-fat dairy foods