Nutrition chapter 5
gestational diabetes
10% of pregnant women develop this diabetes -the fetus receives too much glucose from its hyperglycemic mother. the fetus gains weight rapidly
adequate intakes for fiber are
38 and 25 g/day for young men and women -american diet supplies only about 16 g of dietary fiber/day
carbohydrates
a major source of energy for cells -holds cells together in tissues
resistant starches
are not broken down in the human GI tract.
how do disaccharides form?
as a result of condensation reactions
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the body's own beta cells.
lactase
breaks down the lactose from the milk into glucose and galactose molecules.
pancreatic amylase
breaks down the remaining polysaccharides in oat starch into maltose molecules
ketone bodies
chemicals that result from the incomplete breakdown of fat
glycemic index
classifying foods by comparing the rise in blood glucose that occurs after eating a sample of food that supplies 50 g of digestable carbohydrate to the rise that occurs after eating a standard source of carbohydrate such as 50 g of glucose or white bread.
epinephrine
hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands. -increases the supply of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream
rich sources of soluble fiber
oat bran, oatmeal, beans, apples, carrots, oranges and other citrus fruits, and psyllium seeds
hyperinsulinemia
occurs when the pancreas releases an excessive amount of insulin, and as a result, cells remove too much glucose from the bloodstream.
ketosis
occurs when these compounds accumulate in the blood. and the diet is low in carbohydrates
glycogenolysis
releases glucose into the bloodstream and as a result keeps blood glucose from dropping too low.
two types of carbohydrates
simple complex
disaccharide
simple sugar that has two monosaccharides linked together.
monosaccharide
simplest type of sugar basic chemical unit of carbohydrates
what is the main site for carbohydrate digestion and absorption
small intestine
nutritive sweeteners
sugars are this because they contribute energy to foods
two major types of diabetes
type 1 (can develop at any age) type 2
Acceptable daily intakes
(ADI's) for certain nonnutritive sweeteners
sucrose
(table sugar) consists of a molecule of glucose and one of fructose
oligosaccharides
complex carbohydrate comprised of 3-10 monosaccharides -bacteria can use this as a source of energy, producing waste products as a result
treatment for diabetes
diet, exercise, insulin injections, oral medications
high fructose corn syrup
contains approx. the same amount of fructose as is found in sucrose.
maltase
digests maltose into glucose molecules
major dietary disaccharides are
maltose, sucrose, lactose
type 2 diabetes
most common form beta cells of people with type 2 usually produce insulin, but the hormone's target cells are insulin-resistant, which means they do not respond properly to the hormone and do not allow glucose to enter them
galactose
not commonly found in foods. -needed as a component of lactose, the form of carbohydrate in milk
phenylketonuria
rare inherited disorder that results in abnormal phenylalanine metabolism
therapeutic lifestyle changes
reduce their risk of type 2 diabetes by avoiding excess body fat, exercising daily, and improving their diets
added sugars
such as sucrose and HFCS, are widely spread incorporated into foods during processing or preparation.
amino acids
the basic molecules that make up proteins.
lipolysis
the breakdown of triglycerides (fat) into glycerol and fatty acids
glycogen
the human body stores limited amounts of glucose as ____________ -stored in the muscles and liver
lactose
(milk sugar) forms when a galactose molecule bonds to a glucose molecule.
soluble types of fiber
(pectins and gums) dissolve or swell in water -sometimes referred to as viscous fiber
two types of dietary fiber
soluble fiber insoluble fiber
sugar alcohols
sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol -do not promote dental decay -used to replace sucrose in products
sucrase
splits each sucrose molecules from the brown sugar, forming on glucose and one fructose molecule in the process.
glycemic load
standards that reflect the body's insulin response to a carbohydrate containing food
only type of fiber that is not carbohydrate?
lignin
reactive hypoglycemia or postprandial hypoglycemia
low blood glucose that occurs within 4 hours of eating
hyperglycemia
primary sign of diabetes -abnormally elevated blood glucose levels
carbohydrate forms of fiber
cellulose hemicellulose pectin gums mucilages
fed state
individual is well fed and resting
fructose
is naturally found in fruit, honey, and a few vegetables. -body has little need for fructose. -certain cells can convert fructose into glucose or into fat
polysaccharides
starch and glycogen -contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together into large, chainlike structures
lactose intolerance
inability to digest lactose completely
most common oligosaccharides in foods are
raffinose and stachyose
Recommended Dietary Allowance for carbohydrate is
130 g/day
flatulence
bloating and intestinal gas
dietary fiber
complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that humans cannot digest
starch
composed of amylose, a liner chain of glucose molecules, and amylopectin, a branched chain of glucose molecules
hemoglobin
compound in red blood cells that carries oxygen
metabolic syndrome
condition characterized by three or more signs (large waist, elevated blood pressure, etc)
aspartame
consists of phenylalanine and aspartic acid
carbohydrate counting
determining a maximum daily carbohydrate intake that is appropriate for the individual
signs of hyperglycemia
excessive thirst frequent urination blurred vision poor wound healing
3 most important dietary monosaccharides are
glucose fructose galactose all of these contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
diabetes mellitus
group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.
syndrome
group of sign and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem
nonnutritive sweeteners
group of synthetic compounds that elicit an intensely sweet taste when compared to the same amount of sugar
maltose
has two glucose molecules bound together
complex carbohydrates
have three or more monosaccharides bonded together -also known as starch
insulin
helps reduce blood glucose to normal levels, because the hormone enables glucose to enter most cells.f
glucagon is released during times of _______(high/low) blood glucose levels
low
modified starches
maltodextrin and dextrin
insoluble forms of fiber
(cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin) generally do not dissolve in water
glucose
-also called dextrose, referred to as "blood sugar" -the most important monosaccharide in the human body because it is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells.
alternative sweeteners
(artificial sweeteners) substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no kcal
cyclamate
-a nonnutritive sweetener -was banned in 1970 by the FDA because it caused bladder cancer in mice.