Nutrition chapter 5

gestational diabetes

10% of pregnant women develop this diabetes -the fetus receives too much glucose from its hyperglycemic mother. the fetus gains weight rapidly

adequate intakes for fiber are

38 and 25 g/day for young men and women -american diet supplies only about 16 g of dietary fiber/day

carbohydrates

a major source of energy for cells -holds cells together in tissues

resistant starches

are not broken down in the human GI tract.

how do disaccharides form?

as a result of condensation reactions

type 1 diabetes

autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the body's own beta cells.

lactase

breaks down the lactose from the milk into glucose and galactose molecules.

pancreatic amylase

breaks down the remaining polysaccharides in oat starch into maltose molecules

ketone bodies

chemicals that result from the incomplete breakdown of fat

glycemic index

classifying foods by comparing the rise in blood glucose that occurs after eating a sample of food that supplies 50 g of digestable carbohydrate to the rise that occurs after eating a standard source of carbohydrate such as 50 g of glucose or white bread.

epinephrine

hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands. -increases the supply of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream

rich sources of soluble fiber

oat bran, oatmeal, beans, apples, carrots, oranges and other citrus fruits, and psyllium seeds

hyperinsulinemia

occurs when the pancreas releases an excessive amount of insulin, and as a result, cells remove too much glucose from the bloodstream.

ketosis

occurs when these compounds accumulate in the blood. and the diet is low in carbohydrates

glycogenolysis

releases glucose into the bloodstream and as a result keeps blood glucose from dropping too low.

two types of carbohydrates

simple complex

disaccharide

simple sugar that has two monosaccharides linked together.

monosaccharide

simplest type of sugar basic chemical unit of carbohydrates

what is the main site for carbohydrate digestion and absorption

small intestine

nutritive sweeteners

sugars are this because they contribute energy to foods

two major types of diabetes

type 1 (can develop at any age) type 2

Acceptable daily intakes

(ADI's) for certain nonnutritive sweeteners

sucrose

(table sugar) consists of a molecule of glucose and one of fructose

oligosaccharides

complex carbohydrate comprised of 3-10 monosaccharides -bacteria can use this as a source of energy, producing waste products as a result

treatment for diabetes

diet, exercise, insulin injections, oral medications

high fructose corn syrup

contains approx. the same amount of fructose as is found in sucrose.

maltase

digests maltose into glucose molecules

major dietary disaccharides are

maltose, sucrose, lactose

type 2 diabetes

most common form beta cells of people with type 2 usually produce insulin, but the hormone's target cells are insulin-resistant, which means they do not respond properly to the hormone and do not allow glucose to enter them

galactose

not commonly found in foods. -needed as a component of lactose, the form of carbohydrate in milk

phenylketonuria

rare inherited disorder that results in abnormal phenylalanine metabolism

therapeutic lifestyle changes

reduce their risk of type 2 diabetes by avoiding excess body fat, exercising daily, and improving their diets

added sugars

such as sucrose and HFCS, are widely spread incorporated into foods during processing or preparation.

amino acids

the basic molecules that make up proteins.

lipolysis

the breakdown of triglycerides (fat) into glycerol and fatty acids

glycogen

the human body stores limited amounts of glucose as ____________ -stored in the muscles and liver

lactose

(milk sugar) forms when a galactose molecule bonds to a glucose molecule.

soluble types of fiber

(pectins and gums) dissolve or swell in water -sometimes referred to as viscous fiber

two types of dietary fiber

soluble fiber insoluble fiber

sugar alcohols

sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol -do not promote dental decay -used to replace sucrose in products

sucrase

splits each sucrose molecules from the brown sugar, forming on glucose and one fructose molecule in the process.

glycemic load

standards that reflect the body's insulin response to a carbohydrate containing food

only type of fiber that is not carbohydrate?

lignin

reactive hypoglycemia or postprandial hypoglycemia

low blood glucose that occurs within 4 hours of eating

hyperglycemia

primary sign of diabetes -abnormally elevated blood glucose levels

carbohydrate forms of fiber

cellulose hemicellulose pectin gums mucilages

fed state

individual is well fed and resting

fructose

is naturally found in fruit, honey, and a few vegetables. -body has little need for fructose. -certain cells can convert fructose into glucose or into fat

polysaccharides

starch and glycogen -contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together into large, chainlike structures

lactose intolerance

inability to digest lactose completely

most common oligosaccharides in foods are

raffinose and stachyose

Recommended Dietary Allowance for carbohydrate is

130 g/day

flatulence

bloating and intestinal gas

dietary fiber

complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that humans cannot digest

starch

composed of amylose, a liner chain of glucose molecules, and amylopectin, a branched chain of glucose molecules

hemoglobin

compound in red blood cells that carries oxygen

metabolic syndrome

condition characterized by three or more signs (large waist, elevated blood pressure, etc)

aspartame

consists of phenylalanine and aspartic acid

carbohydrate counting

determining a maximum daily carbohydrate intake that is appropriate for the individual

signs of hyperglycemia

excessive thirst frequent urination blurred vision poor wound healing

3 most important dietary monosaccharides are

glucose fructose galactose all of these contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

diabetes mellitus

group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.

syndrome

group of sign and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem

nonnutritive sweeteners

group of synthetic compounds that elicit an intensely sweet taste when compared to the same amount of sugar

maltose

has two glucose molecules bound together

complex carbohydrates

have three or more monosaccharides bonded together -also known as starch

insulin

helps reduce blood glucose to normal levels, because the hormone enables glucose to enter most cells.f

glucagon is released during times of _______(high/low) blood glucose levels

low

modified starches

maltodextrin and dextrin

insoluble forms of fiber

(cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin) generally do not dissolve in water

glucose

-also called dextrose, referred to as "blood sugar" -the most important monosaccharide in the human body because it is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells.

alternative sweeteners

(artificial sweeteners) substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no kcal

cyclamate

-a nonnutritive sweetener -was banned in 1970 by the FDA because it caused bladder cancer in mice.