Nutrition Chapters 10-12

Which pancreatic hormone could be said to be the one that opens the doorway to lipogenesis and fat storage?

Insulin

Salivary amylase is active in which of the following parts of the digestive system?

Mouth

Which nutrient is absorbed into the lymphatic system?

Fats.

When carbohydrates are eaten, your digestive system breaks them down into what simple sugar?

Glucose

Which movement within the small intestine is described as the contraction of circular smooth muscles that constrict the intestines into segments?

Segmentation.

Villi, the tiny, finger-like structures which aid in the absorption of fats, are located in which organ?

Small intestine.

What form must food be in to be absorbed and transported throughout your body?

Small, movable parts.

Which of the following systems is used to transport nutrients in your body?

Circulatory.

Which term describes movement within the small intestine cause by contraction and relaxation of the longitudinal muscles?

Pendular movement.

Which type of phosphorylation can take place in the cytoplasm or in the mitochondrial matrix?

Substrate-level phosphorylation.

The Process that occurs when information in DNA is copied into an RNA molecule is called .........?

Transcription.

Which of the following terms is used to describe the process by which ribosomes create proteins from information contained in mRNA?

Translation

Which type of phosphorylation produces a lot of ATP and involves the electron transport chain?

Oxidative phosphorylation.

Secretions from the .........., called ........., neutralize acid from the stomach in the small intestine.

Pancreas, bicarbonate.

Carbohydrates are broken down in the small intestine by which of the following?

Pancreatic Amylase.

What is the main form of food propulsion through the large intestine?

mass movement.

Which of the following best defines bile salts?

A fat emulsifier.

During oxidative phosphorylation, which enzyme assist with the generation of energy, contributing to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP?

ATP synthase.

Which of the following molecules, a product of glucose metabolism, begins the process of lipogenesis?

Acetyl-CoA.

What is the best way to encourage the growth of friendly bacteria in your large intestine?

Add onions, garlic and bananas to your diet.

Which of the following is the molecule that supplies energy for metabolic processes within your cells?

Adenosine triphophate

When does maximum secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach occur?

After food has entered the stomach.

All of the following statements are true concerning alcohol EXCEPT?

Alcohol cannot be absorbed through the lining of the stomach.

Proteins are made of ........ linked by ........?

Amino acids, peptide bonds.

Which of the following reactions produces large molecules, such as carbohydrates and proteins, and uses theses new molecules to build muscle tissue, create new cells and mineralize bone?

Anabolism

The amount of certain organelles present in a cell depends on the cell's functions. For example, cardiac cells have many mitochondria because they need a lot of energy. Why would a pancreatic cell have many ribosomes?

Because pancreatic cells need to produce a large amount of enzymes (Proteins).

IF glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver, why do people gain weight when they eat too many carbohydrates?

Because the liver can't hold all the glucose. Extra glucose is stored in the form of fat, which of accumulated int he body.

Orlistat is a drug commonly prescribed for weight loss that acts by preventing the absorption of fats in the intestines. Why should a person who is taking this drug monitor their levels of vitamins A, D, E, and K?

Because vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble and they are absorbed with dietary fat.

What do soluble and insoluble fiber have in common?

Both cannot be digested by the enzymes in the small intestine.

Which enzymes are found in the microvilli of the small intestine?

Brush Border Enzymes.

Sarah duffers from constipation. How can her digestion be improved?

By performing mild exercise, and adding fiber and water into her diet.

What are the three MAJOR categories of nutrients your body requires daily?

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

The amount of mitochondria in a cell depends on its functions and energy requirements. Which of the following types of cells will probably have more mitochondria to produce more ATP?

Cardiac cells that need a lot of energy.

ATP is created during ............. reactions, and used during .............. reactions?

Catabolic, anabolic.

When you eat a large meal, the ........... activity called digestion takes the biomolecules you consumed and breaks them down into smaller molecules.

Catabolic.

Redox reactions explain how we get energy from the foods we eat. They are also a good way to understand the process of oxidizing food molecules to make energy. The process is called?

Cellular respiration.

Which process converts biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP molecules?

Cellular respiration.

Which of the following structures create a turbulent flow through the small intestine?

Circular folds.

Select the gel-like substance that contains the organelles in a cell.

Cytoplasm

Which of the following is the correct order in which these molecules participate in protein synthesis?

DNA, mRNA, tRNA, anticodon.

Which of the following structures contain the blueprints for protein synthesis inside the nucleus?

DNA.

The lymphatic system has three main functions. Which of these functions is the most well-known?

Defends against viruses and bacteria.

Which of the following is not a function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?

Digest the mucous layer covering the epithelium.

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?

Digestive enzymes.

Which of the following is FALSE concerning electrons?

Electrons do not exist by themselves, oxidation involves the loss of electrons, when electrons move it's a form of energy, and electrons always carry a negative charge.

What is the name of the mechanism that inhibits gastric motility and the secretion of gastric acid?

Enterogastric reflex.

Mr. Roady is secondary science teacher who is trying to find a real world connection for his class to explain the effect of the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase on alcohol metabolism. Which comparison should he use?

Enzymes are to alcohol metabolism as track coaches are to runners.

.......... are used in the digestive system to help break carbohydrates down into .............?

Enzymes, glucose.

Which of the following structures can be formed when amino acids combine into specialized proteins in your body?

Enzymes, hormones, and collagen.

Which of the following terms is used to describe a complex of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of acetyl-CoA to fatty acid during lipogenesis?

Fatty acid synthase.

Which of the following terms is used to describe the basic building blocks of fat?

Fatty acids.

Pancreatic lipase breaks fats down into which two digestive products?

Free fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Which processes will increase the glucose level in the blood?

Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis.

What is the term used to describe the process of converting non-carbohydrate molecules, like amino acids, into glucose?

Gluconeogenisis

Which of the following is defined as the creation of new glucose from molecules that are not carbohydrates, such as proteins and lipids?

Gluconeogenisis

If you eat a carbohydrate-rich meal your body will move the excess glucose out of your blood to store it as ..........., through a process known as ...........?

Glycogen, glycogenesis.

Which of the following is the BEST example of polysaccharide?

Glycogen, which is composed of around 30,000 glucose units.

Which structures secrete mucus?

Goblet cells.

Mitochondria are the organelles that produce energy for the cell. The amount of mitochondria in a given type of cell depends on its function. Which of the following cells would you expect to have the highest amount of mitochondria?

Heart cells.

Which organ is not part of your gastrointestinal tract?

Heart.

Nutrient-rich blood goes from the digestive system to the liver through the ......., then the liver is drained by the ...........?

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein.

BAC measures what?

How much alcohol is in your blood.

Which of the following terms describes the breakdown of a chemical compound using a water molecule?

Hydrolysis

The pyloric sphincter controls the flow of chyme as it passes out of the stomach and into the small intestine. Which of the following is a possible effect of a malfunctioning pyloric sphincter?

Inadequate nutrient digestion and absorption because the small intestine doesn't have enough time to digest food.

If a food molecule lost an electron, what happened to it?

It was oxidized.

Which of the following compounds are produced as byproducts from the breakdown of fatty acids and can be used by your cells for energy?

Ketone bodies.

After digestion, fats enter lymphatic capillaries known as .........?

Lacteals

Lymphatic tissue is found in all of the following organs EXCEPT?

Liver.

Most alcohol metabolism takes place in the ......?

Liver.

Martha is working out and she has not eaten for a while. How is her body obtaining glucose to use as energy?

Martha's body is pulling glycogen out of the liver and converting it to glucose through the process of glycogenolysis.

What is the name given to the small hair-like projections on the simple columnar epithelial cells lining the small intestine?

Microvilli.

What forms must carbohydrates and proteins take to be absorbed by the small intestine?

Monosaccharides and amino acids.

The small intestine can most easily absorb which of the following?

Monosaccharides.

How does the passive diffusion of nutrients work?

Nutrients move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Water is absorbed passively primarily through the action of ........?

Osmosis

Which of the following details the correct order in which proteins are digested?

Pepsin breaks down peptide bonds in the stomach, then the pancreatic enzymes complete the digestion in the intestines.

What propels food through the small intestine?

Peristalsis

The muscular valve at the bottom of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine is known as the?

Pyloric sphincter.

....... involve the gain of electrons, while ........ involves the loss of electrons. These processes are referred to collectively as ...........?

Reduction reaction, oxidation reactions, redox reactions.

Pancreatic cells are constantly producing proteins that function as digestive enzymes. Pancreatic cells need to have lots of ........ to produce these proteins?

Ribosomes.

Which of the following DOES NOT help improve absorption within the small intestine?

Rugae.

How do people gain weight when they eat to excess?

The glucose that is not needed for immediate energy is sent to muscle and liver cells for storage as glycogen. When those storage areas are full, the excessive carbohydrates get converted into fat and stored in adipose tissues.

What is the first source of energy for the body when we fast?

The glycogen stored in the liver cells.

............. provides electrons during cellular respiration so that ........., a series of compounds that pass electrons from one another, can produce energy in the form of ATP?

The krebs cycle, the electron transport chain.

When there is an excess of nutrients in the body, which of the following will occur?

The liver begins storing glucose.

Which of the following parts of a cell is the control center that contains DNA?

The nucleus.

What can occur when the bacteria within the large intestine metabolize some of the remaining nutrients?

The release of odorous gases.

Where does fat digestion take place?

The small intestine.

Which organelle is described as the cell's detoxification center?

The smooth ER.

What do amylase and pepsin have in common?

They are both Digestive enzymes.

How do probiotics benefit gastrointestinal health?

They stimulate the growth of helpful bacteria in your colon.

Which of the following is the function of dietary carbohydrates?

They supply the body with energy.

What happens to the excessive amino acids, which come from the proteins you eat, that don't find a storage space in the body?

They tend to get broken down for energy.

Nutrients are classified as macronutrients and micronutrients. Which of the following is NOT considered a macronutrient?

Vitamins.

Which of the following does the large intestine most likely absorb in digestion?

Water.

Debra Finished dinner a good thirty minutes ago, but she can't shake the discomfort in her stomach. She did has a glass of wine before she ate and another with her meal. She thinks this may be interfering with her digestion. Could she be accurate in her assessment?

Yes. The body works to break down alcohol before it will break anything else.

An inactive precursor of an enzyme that must go through a change to be activated is known as a?

Zymogen.

Jane has celiac disease. How can she fight against abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation?

by eating food that is free of gluten.

How is digesting food moved along the small intestine?

by peristalsis, which is the contraction of the smooth muscle to push food forward.

Which of the following statements is correct?

constipation occurs when too much water is absorbed in the large intestines.

What is the job of the anal sphincter?

control the passage of food into the large intestine.

All of the following statements about the digestion of fats are true, EXCEPT?

fats are reassembled in the muscular cells of the stomach.

Which of the following enzymes does NOT play a role in protein digestion?

hydrogenase.

Grains, carrots, cucumbers and tomatoes are examples of foods that contain ..............?

insoluble fiber.

Which of the following is a function of fiber?

it helps move through the digestive tract.

Which of the following statements is true about metabolism?

it involved all of the processes that break down and build up molecules in the body.

Which of the following statements about prebiotic fiber is FALSE?

it is found in only one fruit.

Why is your gastrointestinal tract essential part of your body?

it turns the food you eat into nutrients.

Which of the following is the basic building block of a carbohydrate?

monosaccharides.

How is active transport of nutrients defined?

nutrients are moved through the intestinal wall by a helper or carrier.

Which of the following describes the relationship between the villi and the microvilli?

the microvilli are the like hairs on the villi.

How do prebiotics help in digestion?

they support useful bacteria in our intestines.

What is the one reason that enzymes are present in the small intestine?

to break down protein to amino acids.

What would result if a disaccharide went through hydrolysis?

you would get two monosaccharides.