Nutrition chapters 13-16

What is the function of MFP factor and what foods is it found in?

Enhances absorption of non-heme iron from foods eaten at the same meal. Found in Meat, Fish, and Poultry.

What foods have iron added to them in fortification?

Enriched breads

Critical Period

Finite periods of intense development and rapid cell division. The development of each organ and tissues is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its own critical period.

What are the components of fitness?

Flexability Muscle Strength and endurance Cardiorespiratory endurance

What nutrients are required in higher amounts due to their role in red blood cell synthesis?

Folate (600 mcg/day) B12 (2.6 mcg/day) Iron (27 mg/day) Zinc (11 mg/day)

What condition results from iodine deficiency?

Goiter - enlarged thyroid gland

What should be the composition of the pregame meal in the athlete?

High fluids, light and easy to digest 300-800 kcal High carbohydrate Low fiber, low fat

What advantages does breast feeding have over formula?

Immunologic protection: *Colostrum containing antibodies and WBC *Bifidus factors - promoting friendly bacteria *Lactoferrin *Lactadherin - helps prevent diarrhea *Growth factor *Lipase enzyme *Sterile

What is the major cause of iron deficiency?

Inadequate intake

What mineral is necessary for thyroxine production?

Iodine

Which nutrients are particularly difficult to meet the RDA during pregnancy?

Iron and Calcium

Which nutrients increase their absorption in pregnancy?

Iron and Calcium

What factors enhance the absorption of iron?

MFP Factor (meat, fish, poultry), Vitamin C, & Acids (citric acid, lactic acid from foods, some sugars)

What is the recommendation for alcohol in pregnancy issued by the Surgeon General?

NONE

What are the best food sources of zinc?

Protein containing foods such as shellfish, meats, poultry, milk, cheese, and legumes

Know the nutrient differences between cow's milk compared to human breast milk

Protein is to high in cow's milk poor iron source low in vitamin C high in Calcium, sodium and protein

What is the first cereal introduced to infants? Why?

Rice cereal - because it is the least allergenic

What practices should be totally eliminated during pregnancy?

Smoking, alcohol or other drug use, dieting

What deficiency would a low level of hemoglobin indicate?

Stage 3 Iron-deficiency anemia

What are the benefits of cardiorespiratory conditioning?

*Cardiac output is encreased and enhances oxygen delivery *Heart stronger-pumps more blood per beat *Resting heart rate decreases *Breathing becomes more efficient *Improves circulation *Reduces blood pressure

What characteristics might you see in children who skip breakfast?

*Directly affects academic performance. *Poor concentration *Shorter attention span *Lower score on I.Q. Tests

Zinc deficiency may result in what conditions?

*Growth retardation *Arrested sexual maturation *Diarrhea *Impaired immune response *Damage central nervous system and brain, poor motor development and cognitive performance *Vitamin A deficiency

Know what a pregnant woman can do to alleviate her nausea

*On waking, arise slowly *Eat dry toast or crackers *Chew gum or suck hard candies *Eat small, frequent meals *Avoid foods with offensive odors *When nauseated, drink carbonated beverages instead of citrus juice, water, milk, coffee or tea.

What are the likely reasons for the increase in childhood obesity over the past 30 years?

*Parent obesity *poor diet and physical inactivity *convenience foods/ meals eaten away from home *non-nutritous choices at school *sedentary activities - watching TV *energy-dense soft drinks

Know the characteristics of adolescent food habits and intakes

*Snacks provide ¼ of the teenagers energy intake *About 1/3 of their meals are eaten away from home *Eat fast food *They often skip breakfast *They drink soft drinks instead of milk or juice *Influenced by their peers

What nutrients may need to be supplemented in the breast fed infant?

*Vitamin D *Iron and flouride - after 6 months

Who is most susceptible to iron deficiency?

*Women in reproductive years *Pregnancy *Infants and young children *Adolescence

Know what foods should be avoided in infants

*concentrated sweets *products with sugar alcohols that may cause diarrhea *canned vegetables contain too much sodium *honey & corn syrup - botulism risk *choking hazards - carrots, cherries, gum, hard or gel-like candies, hot dogs, marshmallows, nuts, peanut butter, popcorn, raw celery, whole beans, and whole grapes

What effect do nutritional inadequacies have on the milk of a lactating woman?

*reduces the quantity not quality of milk *milk quality is maintained at the expense of maternal stores *may need an iron supplement

Know the difference between food intolerance and a food allergy

*true allergies will have anaphylactic shock with antibody production *intolerance is an adverse reaction to foods and has symptoms wihtout antibody production

When is taking folate to lower birth defects the most effective?

1 month before pregnancy and in the first trimester

At what age can you introduce whole milk to a child?

1 year

What is the energy requirement for infants (per kilogram)

100 kcalories per kg

What is the minimum recommended weight gain for a pregnant obese woman?

11 lbs

Approximately what percentage of iron is normally absorbed overall?

18% normally (10% in vegetarian diets)

Know what period of pregnancy would the most damage occur from alcohol

1st trimester

During vigorous physical activity, how long until glycogen reserves are depleted?

2 hours

How many hours per day does the AAP recommend limiting TV to?

2 hrs per day

What percent of body water loss will affect physical performance?

2%

Know when can low fat milk be introduced to a child

2-5 years of age

What is the minimum time cardio- respiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for maximum benefits?

20 minutes or longer

Ideally how much weight should a normal woman gain during pregnancy?

25-35 lbs

Approximately what percentage of U.S. children are overweight?

32%

Know how many extra calories are needed per day during lactation

330 kcal/day 1st 6 months 400 kcal/day 2nd 6 months

How many extra calories are needed per day in the 2nd and 3rd trimester?

340 kcal/day in 2nd 450 kcal/day in 3rd

What is the average lifespan of the RBC?

4 months

At what age is an infant ready to swallow solid foods?

4-6 months depends on developmental readiness

At what stage in pregnancy is there a beating heart and complete nervous system?

8 weeks

What is the energy that drives immediate muscle contractions?

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

What can result from iodine deficiency during pregnancy?

Cretinism in the child

Know the composition of formula compared to human breast milk

Breast Milk = 6% protein 55% fat 39% carbohydrates Formula = 9% protein 49% fat 42% carbohydrates

Know which foods most often cause allergies

eggs, milk, soy, peanuts

What fuel is used predominantly by muscle cells after about 20 minutes of low or moderate physical activity?

fat

What is the major storage form of iron?

ferritin protein in liver, bone marrow & spleen

What binds with zinc and limits its bioavailability?

fiber & phylates

Why should you avoid fiber in the pregame meal?

fiber retains water in your GI tract - you don't want to feel to full when your running around

What are the best sources of fluoride?

fluorinated drinking water, tea, seafood

What nutrient is depleted when a runner "hits the wall"?

glucose

What type of diet promotes superior performance in athletes?

high carbohydrate diet

What is the progressive overload principle?

to slightly increase comfortable capacity in each area; asking a little more from your body in each training workout * Increase frequency, intensity and or duration.

What nutrient is depleted most rapidly with exercise?

water

What is the expected weight gain of an infant in the first year?

infant weight triples by one year (20-25 lbs.)

What is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. children?

iron

What substance builds up in tissues when those tissues are deprived of oxygen?

lactic acid

What foods reduce the absorption of iron?

legumes, whole grain & rice (phylates), soybeans, legumes & nuts (vegetable proteins), milk (calcium), coffee, tea (tannic acids)

What are the recommended behaviors to help prevent obesity

limit consumption of sugar beverages eat good breakfast eat recommended amounts of fruit and veggies eat age appropriate foods diet rich in calcium and fiber balanced diet limit TV time limit frequency of resteraunt meals

High intakes of milk may lead to what deficiency in children?

milk anemia - iron deficiency

muscle hypertrophy

muscle gain in size and strength, the result of repeated work

muscle atrophy

muscle loss in size and strength, the result of lack of activity.

What protein carries oxygen in the muscle cells?

myoglobin

Know the common gastrointestinal problems associated with pregnancy

nausea, constipation and hemorrhoids, heartburn, food cravings and aversions, non-food cravings

What are the best food sources of iodine?

processed foods, iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants

What is "nursing bottle" tooth decay?

prolonged exposure to formula when sleeping, can be caused by formula, milk, or juice

What is the function of the placenta?

respiration, absorption, and excretion for the fetus

How can you help avoid allergies in infants when starting solids?

start with single food ingredients one at a time, in small portions 4-5 days between foods start with rice cereal first- wheat last

Know the process of iron absorption and recycling.

Transferrin carries iron in blood > Bone marrow incorporates iron into hemoglobin of red blood cells and stores excess iron in ferritin > Iron containing hemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen > Liver & spleen dismantles red blood cells, packages iron into transferrin, and stores excess iron in ferritin.

Know the process of zinc absorption and recycling.

Zinc in food > Mucosal cells in the intesting store excess zinc in metallothionein > SLIDE 34

What transports zinc?

albumin and transferrin

Know the best indicator of an infant's overall health status

baby's birth weight

The neural tube forms the initial part of what structure?

brain and spinal cord

What nutrient raises muscle glycogen concentration?

carbohydrates

What iron containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream?

hemoglobin

What is pica?

non-food cravings (cravings for ice, clay, dirt) associated with iron deficiency anemia

What condition does fluoride deficiency result in?

susceptibility to tooth decay

What protein carries iron in the bloodstream?

transferrin